2009年高考英语优秀书面表达背诵篇
（读写任务篇）
读写任务1
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Some years ago, leaving the farm to work in the city, three brothers were employed by the same company and on the same pay. But three years later, they received different wages. So their father was confused and decided to pay a visit to the boss, who told him that he would let his sons explain for themselves.
The three brothers were asked by the supervisor to go to the airport to get a cargo inventory at different times. Jim, who received 500 dollars a months, got the information on the phone instead of going to the airport himself. Frank, the 1000 dollars a month brother with a list of more cargoes. George, the 1500 dollars a month brother came back with detailed information and also did something extra without being told.
[写作内容]
1．概括该故事的内容要点，该部分的字数大约30词左右；
2．就“态度决定一切”这个主题发表你的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点，该部分的字数大约120词左右。
1）你认为是什么导致三兄弟的薪酬差异;
2）你从这个故事得到什么启示;
3）你对 “态度决定一切”如何理解?
4) 举一对比事例说明不同的学习态度产生不同的结果。
[写作要求]
你可以使用实例可其他论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
参考范文
Three brothers, who worked for the same company , received different wages due to their different attitudes towards their work, which shows right attitude is of great help to one’s life.
Their different attitudes towards their work result in their different wages. From the story I can conclude that those who take positive attitude towards work will be rewarded.
Different attitudes lead to different results. Take Xiao Hua as an example. They are both my classmates. Not only does he put his heart into study but he is also helpful both to teachers and students. So he has become a top student in our class, even in the grade. With his diligence and concentration, he is bound to succeed in entering his ideal university. However, Xiao Li never cares about his study because he is addicted to playing games, he turns a deaf ear to the teachers’ advice. As a result, he falls far behind others in his study.
In my opinion, attitude is everything. No matter what you do, you must do it well even if you may fail many times. Sooner or later you will be rewarded for your positive attitude towards your work or life.
读写任务2
阅读下面短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Snacks can be a good way to stop your hunger and get the vitamins your body needs. But you need to pay attention to what you eat. Choosing healthy snacks means shopping smart. Be careful of the health claims on food packages. Just because something says “all natural” or “pure” it doesn’t always mean it’s good for you. Be careful of low-fat food claims, too. If the fat has been cut back the amount of sugar in the food may have been increased to keep the food tasting good. Many low-fat foods have nearly as many calories as their full-fat versions. Here are some ways to make healthy snacking part of your everyday routine.
*Keep healthy snacks with you. Keep plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables at home, so you can take them with you when you go out.
*Satisfy cravings (渴望) with healthier foods. If you’re crazy about chocolate, try a hot chocolate drink instead of a chocolate bar. Trade ice-cream for yogurt. If you want something salty, eat whole grain biscuits instead of potato chips.
*Pay attention to the amount you eat. As with everything, moderation (适度) is the key to smart snacking.
[写作内容]
1.概括短文的内容要点，该部分的词数大约30词左右；
2.针对本文所陈述的内容发表自己的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点，该部分的词数约120：
1)简述摄取过多的脂肪和热量的负面影响。
2)你对周围爱吃零食的人的合理化建议。
[写作要求]
你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料的句子。
Possible version:
The author of the passage intends to inform us of the necessity for teens to choose healthy and moderate snacks, which is beneficial to their health. He also suggests to us some ways to make healthy snacking part of our daily life.
As we know, some snacks are high in fat or sugar. Taking too much fat can result in obesity. And most fat people act and react slowly, which has a bad effect on their work and study. Worse still, they are liable to some diseases, such as high blood pressure, high blood sugar, heart trouble and so on.
It’s highly advisable that those who are crazy about snacks should eat snacks when necessary. For example, after you take exercise and feel hungry, you’d better have some healthy snacks, such as fresh fruit, nuts, raisins and so on, which is much enough to add the necessary calories or nutrients.
读写任务3
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Dear Wei Hua,
I’d like to tell you that I managed to achieve a full score of 120 points in Canada, where the iBT TOEFL was launched earlier this year. I decided to take the test only one month before the due date in June.
You may wonder how I did it. Now let me tell you .I went over several TOEFL vocabulary books and practiced a lot of model tests on the computer. Apart from my preparations for the test, my solid language skills also led to my new TOEFL success. In 2004, I participated in the third “21 st Century Cup” National High School English Speaking Competition held by China Daily as a Junior 3 student and won the top prize.
Testing speaking skills is an added part of the new TOEFL test. My good performance in this test mostly resulted from my speech practice before I moved to live and study in Canada last year. To prepare for the speaking competition, my teacher asked me to make speeches in the canteen at lunch breaks. Surrounded by many students, I heard them saying, “What’s wrong with that girl? Is she crazy?” I had to be brave and confident enough to stand on the stage when the day came,”
I also believe that Rome wasn’t built in one day. To learn English well, we have to keep practicing: listening, speaking, reading and writing.
Yours,
Chang Mengsu
[写作内容]
假设你就是这电子邮件中的Wei Hua, 你的好友Chang Mengsu在你刚进入高三时写了这个电子邮件。今天你准备以电子邮件的形式祝贺她。以下是邮件的内容（开头和结尾已经为你写好）：
1.以约30个词概括Chang Mengsu的成功经验；
2.以约120个词就“新学年学英语的打算”为主题发表自己的看法，并包括如下要点：
(1)你从Chang Mengsu的来信中得到什么启示；
(2)谈谈你对“Practice makes perfect.”的理解。
(3)你打算在新学期如何提高听说读写能力；
[写作要求]
1.作文中可使用自己的真实打算或虚构的打算，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子;
2.文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
Dear Mengsu,
Congratulations on your success in getting such a high mark in TOEFL. …
….
I hope you will give me more advice on how to learn English well and wish you a
good journey to Canada.
Yours,
Wei Hua
Possible version:
Dear Mengsu,
Congratulations on your success in getting such a high mark in TOEFL. Your efforts have paid off. From your e-mail I know your success resulted from full preparations and your solid language but the most important factor is that you keep practicing.
A famous saying goes that “Practice Makes Perfect”. It means it is practice that enables us to do something efficiently, esp. learning a foreign language. Any perfect accomplishment of task is the result of longtime practice. If we understand this saying and apply it to our English study, we’ll benefit a lot from it.
With the coming of the 2008 College Entrance Examination, we are busy preparing for it. In order to improve my listening, I’ll keep on listening to some programmes on VOA and BBC and also the tapes that go with the listening materials. I’ll seize every opportunity to speak English so that I can develop an instinctive feel for the English language. I’ll read all available English newspapers and magazines to enlarge my vocabulary. Keeping a diary is a good way of improving my written English. When in trouble, I’ll turn to my teachers or my classmates for help.
I hope you will give me more advice on how to learn English well and wish you a good journey to Canada.
读写任务4
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
One
day, Zeng’s wife decided to go out for shopping, but her little son insisted on
going with her to the market. Thinking that she would come back very soon, and
that the naughty boy would bring her a lot of
trouble, she was unwilling to do so.
In order to persuade the boy to stay home, she told him, “Oh, come on, good boy, if you listen to Mom and then Mom will give you a present when I am back.”
“What present are you going to give me, Mom?” asked the son.
“We haven’t eaten meat for a long time, so I will kill our pig and let you enjoy a big nice dinner.” The mother comforted the boy when it happened that their pig was wandering in front of the house. Just at that time, her husband came back and heard what she said. Thinking of the nice meal, the boy gave in.
Not very soon, the mother came back, but what she saw shocked her. It was her husband who had killed the only pig of the poor family.
“Why did you kill it? You know that it is very important for my family.” she scolded him.
“I did that just for your promise!” Mr. Zeng answered.
[写作内容]
以约30个词概括这则中国寓言故事“曾子”的品质；
以约120个词，从“曾子”或者“曾子之妻”的行为任选一个角度发表你的看法，
并包括如下要点:
(1) 你认为“曾子”或者“曾子之妻”的不同的做法对孩子的教育会导致的结果是什么样的，并说出理由；
(2) 叙述你一次诚实守信的经历，并谈谈你的感受。
[写作要求]
1．可以使用实例来支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容论述，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2．标题自定。
Possible version
Stick to what you promise
As described in the passage, Mr Zeng firmly kept his wife’s promise to his child, form which we learn that Mr. Zeng is worth depending on and good at educating children.
I can’t agree more with Mr. Zeng’s education method. Had I been his child, I would have formed a deep impression on it and gradually cultivated this quality. Just as an old saying goes, “Action speak louder than words.” If our parents themselves can do what they promise, we are likely to follow them.
The passage so well retained me the remembrance of an experience. Once, I made a promise to myself that I wouldn’t play basketball that week. Nevertheless, it is so fascinating that I even tried to persuaded myself to enjoy it. In time, I resisted the temptation and kept my promise. Since then, I have realized that it is keeping our promise that makes us feel a sense of fulfillment and wins respect from others. So, please stick to your promise.
读写任务5
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
An old man went to live with his son, daughter-in-law, and four-year-old grandson. The family ate together at the table, but his shaky hands and failing sight made eating difficult. Peas rolled off his spoon onto the floor. When he grasped the glass, milk spilled on the tablecloth. The son and daughter-in-law became angry with the mess. So they set a small table in the corner. There Grandfather ate alone while they enjoyed dinner.
Since Grandfather had broken a dish or two, his food was served in a wooden bowl. Still, the only words the couple had for him were sharp when he dropped a fork or spilled food. The grandson watched silently. One evening, the father noticed the son playing with wood scraps and asked the child sweetly, “What are you making?” The boy responded, “Oh, I am making a bowl for you and mum to eat your food in when I grow up.”
The words struck the parents so hard that they were speechless. Then tears started to stream down their cheeks. The son took gently led Grandfather back to their table. From then on, he ate every meal with them. Neither of them seemed to care any longer when a fork was dropped, milk spilled, or the tablecloth soiled.
[写作内容]
1. 以约30个词概括故事的主要情节；
2. 以约120个词就“关爱老人”这个主题发表你的看法，并包括如下要点：
(1)结合你的实际生活，谈谈在关爱老人方面，你平时是怎样做的。
(2)就老年人应该得到的待遇发表你的看法并阐明理由。
［写作要求］
作文中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容,
但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2.文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
［评分标准］概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
Possible version
The story tells us that the grandfather was treated badly by his son and daughter-in-law and the change of the couple’s attitudes after they saw their son was preparing a bowl for them. (33 words)
As for me, I always showed my respect and love to the old. When I was young, I brought my questions to them for help often, which made them busy but happy. I formed a habit to take a walk with them after dinner, talking about my study, ambitions and their rich experience.
In my opinion, we should treat the old people just like what we want to be treated when we are old. Honor and respect should be given to them by their relatives and the whole society, because they are in poor health, bad mental conditions, and can’t manage everything by themselves. Besides, they’ve already contributed a lot to their family and society and they deserve love from us all. (122 words )
读写任务6
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
We Have Different Ideas!
This may be the most important choice―the turning point in my life. Never before have I been so serious. For me, a Senior Three student, which university to choose is really a hard question, especially when I hold a completely different opinion from my parents.
I’m longing for Wuhan University for its long history, beautiful campus and academic atmosphere. Besides, it’s a good chance to experience a different culture.
But to my great surprise, when my parents heard this, they are strongly against my idea. Moreover, I was shocked to find mum crying! She asked in tears, “Why don’t you stay in Guangzhou? So young a girl, how can you take good care of yourself? Wuhan, oh! It’s too far away. What if I want to see you or you want to see me?” My father also asked me a serious question, “Are you sure you can find a good job in Guangzhou after graduation?”
Actually, I’ve thought about all these. As an independent and active girl, I certainly can handle all the problems. I insist on my choice, but I really value my parents’ agreement.
【写作要求】
1. 概括短文要点，字数为30词左右；
2. 假设你是这位学生的班主任，该生向你求助，希望你能帮她说服她的父母，请写下你要对家长说的话，字数为120词左右，至少包括以下内容：
（1）客观分析去外地读大学和留在广州读大学的利与弊；
（2）陈述你支持这位学生的理由。
3. 标题自拟。
One possible version：
Where to Go for University?
The author described a conflict between her parents and herself on whether to go to Wuhan University. As an independent girl, she wants to experience more in another city while her parents worry a lot.
As her head teacher, I have the responsibility to help solve the problem even without her begging. Firstly, I should admit I really understand your feelings. Parents always love and care for their children no matter how old they are. It actually is a great challenge for a young girl to study in another city. What’s more, when in the 4th year, she may have to come back to Guangzhou several times to seek a good job here.
As an old saying goes, every coin has two sides. If you see it in a more optimistic way, you’ll find more benefits. In my memory, she’s always independent and strong. No matter what happens, she remains calm and intelligent. As a consequence, I believe she could handle everything. Additionally, Wuhan University is a most famous university in China, so, if she spares no efforts to study, she’ll certainly get a dreaming job. Most importantly, it’s a good opportunity to broaden her horizons and make more friends.
All in all, I’m fully convinced that to study in another city is really a good way to enrich one’s life experience.
读写任务7
阅读下面的短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
An English proverb goes like this , " Spare the rod and spoil the child ." It implies that in order to enable a child to grow healthily , parents must make him eat bitter foods, do hard work and be sent to places where he can get the fullest training and knowledge.
First of all , eating bitter foods is necessary for a child . Poor food can help cultivate in him the frugal (节俭的 ) habit and make him realize what we eat daily is the fruit of the sweat of the laboring people . Consequently , he will not be wasteful when he grows up . Secondly , parents should also make the child do hard work . Doing hard work will give him an opportunity to taste the bitterness of labor. Moreover, hard work may also enable him to cherish the fruit of other's labor. Finally , children should be sent to somewhere where life is hard if possible . Human society is full of tests and trials . Flowers from a greenhouse can never withstand a storm . Therefore, children should be allowed to face the world and brave the storm . It is in difficult conditions that young people can get the most training and learn how to solve the problems in various circumstances .
【写作内容】
1. 概括短文的内容要点，该部分的词数大约为30；
2． 就"童年时代需要艰难生活的磨砺"这一主题发表你的看法，该部分的词数大约为120。短文至少包括以下的内容：
（1）描述你的童年生活
（2）你对童年时期的生活有怎样的认识
【写作要求】
你可以使用实例或其他方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭材料中的句子。
One possible version：
1）.We know sometimes difficult conditions can really make a man, so parents should let their children eat bitter foods, do hard work and experience a hard life.
I grew up in an ordinary family, which is not so well off. I could understand the hardships my parents were bearing at that time. Therefore, I work very hard now in the hope of entering the university and change the situation of my family and me.
I think that in a certain sense, difficult situations can stimulate a person's potential and pave the way for him to success. One can be strong, brave and faithful after all these hardships he has gone through. All in all, as far as I am concerned, I think that flowers from a greenhouse can never withstand a storm and that a hard life is good for children.
2）.To make the child grow strong, parents should make him eat poor food, do hard work, and experience life in bad conditions, with which a child will value the labour and be capable of facing hardship.
I lived a happy childhood. Not only did my parents love me form the bottom of heart, but also they gave me chances to increase my ability. My parents attached primary importance to the management of my pocket money, which led to the consequence that often I could only watch my friends eating candies with my empty pocket. This experience helped me wake up to the truth that my parents worked hard to earn a life, and so would I in the future.
As the saying goes, "No pains, no gains." it is obvious that the way one lives his childhood plays an important part in his development. If one is brought up in a family that is wasteful, he is likely to be lazy when he grows up. On the other hand, a child who lives a hard life in his childhood, learning that one must be independent and frugal to face challenge, is bound to be strong. On parents' part, they can teach the child to help support the family. More can be done apart from food, hard work and bad conditions.
Instead of being spoiled, children should eat bitter food to learn to be frugal, do hard work to learn to cherish, and be sent to somewhere tough to learn to be brave.
读写任务8
随着电脑的普及，网上购物不再是什么新鲜的话题，请阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Many people believe that in the future computers will be used in lots of everyday activities . It is thought that we won’t go shopping because many goods are available on the Internet . There will be no more books because all books will be available from electronic libraries . The Internet will be used to book holidays, rent films and order food. Most telephone calls will be made over the Internet as well . Some people are excited about these new developments . Others , however, do not think that computers will replace our present ways of shopping and communicating .
In Internet shopping as much fun as traditional shopping ? Many people say it is not . It is fun to go into shops and look as good in person . It is also unlikely that may people will want to read large texts on our computers because paper books will possibly be more user- friendly . Maybe , computers won’t change these habits.
【写作内容】
1．以约30个词概括材料中心内容。
2．以约120个词表达如下要点：
（1）描述你周围的同学对网上购物的看法。
（2）你喜欢传统的购物方式还是网上购物？
（3）结合自己的生活例子说明你喜欢的理由。
【写作要求】
1．作文中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子。
2. 题目自拟。
【评分标准】
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
One possible version：
Which is better ,internet shopping or traditional shopping ?
This passage mainly talks about different uses of internet shopping such as buying goods . electronic books, booking holidays , renting films and so on . It also describes different attitudes to it.
My classmates have different attitudes to it. Some think that it is very convenient to shop on line. Others believe that it is unsafe to buy goods with credit cards and it is impossible to check the quality .
As for me , I prefer traditional shopping. It is really fun to go into shops and look at the goods in person . We can choose what we really need and have a good bargain. We can talk freely with others instead of a cold machine. I often go shopping with my parents on weekends and we have a very good communication every time. Indeed, everything is available on line and we needn’t even leave our home . However ,we may be cheated and waste money. So traditional shopping is better that internet shopping.
读写任务9
请根据以下任务说明和写作要求,写一篇幅150词左右的英文短文。
Teenagers’ secrets should be kept to themselves and no one else ,their parents included ,has the right to stick their nose into their private life .As we know , teenagers are going through a special period of development both physically and psychologically .They are curious about and puzzled by the unexpected changes in their body and mind. What’s more ,exposed to a world of adults ,it is only too natural for them to begin imitating (模仿) adults’ behaviors in secret .Boys begin to smoke and girls begin to spend time doing their hair .Some even begin to date with a girlfriend or boyfriend without their parents’ knowledge .They are doing al this in secret because they are still unsure whether it is right to do so and afraid that ,if found out by their parent, they will get misunderstood and even punished .And in fact , in many cases ,the parents can not deal with the matter well and hurt their children’s feelings badly ,making children no longer willing to communicate with their parents .When this happens ,it hurts terribly the whole family feeling .So it seems right that teenagers should keep their secrets to themselves and their parents should allow their children that right .
【写作内容】
概括短文内容要点,该部分词数约30左右.
就“青少年的秘密该不该让父母知道”这一话题发表你的看法，至少包含以下内容要点；该部分词数约120左右：
A： 你是否与父母分享你的秘密；
B： 你是如何看待你的做法的
C： 父母对你的做法有何反应。
D： 你是如何看待父母的看法或做法的？为什么？
One possible version：
Teenagers’ Secrets Should be Shared with Their Parents
This passage mainly says that many teenagers have their own secrets but parents always want to know them ,which will probably hurt children’s feeling .As a result ,children won’t like to share their secrets with their parents.
Some people believe that parents should allow their teenage children to keep their own secrets. Teenagers are going through a special period .Wondering about and puzzled by changes of their body and mind, afraid to get misunderstood when their parents know it, they choose to copy adults’ behavior secretly. Parents should respect the right of their children.
This idea sounds right but is actually wrong. Most of the teenagers’ secrets, if not at all, should be shared by their parents. Many of their secrets kept to themselves may do them unimaginable harm. I am speaking from my experience .Unlike many of other teenagers, I always let my parents know my secrets. They are always ready to offer me valuable advice about how to deal with my troubles and puzzles. I am happy to have such understanding parents who can share my secrets with me and help me to live a happy life in this special time.
读写任务10
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and dangerous. Today the picture has changed. Science has improved transportation and communication facilities a great deal. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical.
Traveling―whether within one’s country or abroad―brings many invaluable benefits. People travel for pleasure, business or for education and knowledge. In the world of yesterday most people were only able to read about strange and fascinating places across the mountains and seas. Later, with the coming of the cinema and television, man’s curiosity about faraway places with strange sounding names was further stirred up. Today man’s curiosity can be satisfied in luxurious comfort. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take him where his dreams lie.
We travel to increase our knowledge of the world in which we live. Knowledge obtained from books alone is not enough. New knowledge of different land and peoples enriches our mind and soul. Books generally do not give us a very true picture of lands beyond our shores. Some of them are even misleading.
【写作内容】
1. 以约30个词概括短文的要点；
2. 然后以约120个词就“交通的发展给我们带来什么”这个主题发表你的看法，并包括以下要点：
（1) 简述从古到今交通方式的变化；
（2) 现代交通给我们带来的好处，如快捷性、舒适性、经济性及帮助我们扩大视野等；
（3) 现代交通给我们带来的一些负面影响；
（4) 你如何评价现代交通？
【写作要求】
1. 可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2. 标题自定。
3. 答案请写在答题卷的相应位置上。
One possible version：
What Does Modern Transportation Bring Us?
Science has made traveling much more convenient than before, and in turn, traveling brings us lots of benefits. We get happiness and know more about different places through the comfortable and convenient traveling.
Transportation has changed a lot during the past years. In ancient times, the fast way to travel was to ride a horse or carriage, while most people just walked. Then, people had bicycles, ships, cars and trains and now we have planes or even spaceships, which are much faster. Modern transportation helps us a lot. It offers us quicker and more comfortable traveling and brings people to closer contact. We can also get more knowledge through traveling. With the help of more economical traveling and modern media, people’s curiosity about things in other places can be satisfied. However, it also brings about negative things like lack of energy and air pollution. So nothing is really perfect, isn’t it?
任务型写作11
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Students should think now about what extracurricular (课外的) activities they'd like to participate in. Participating in extracurricular activities may help you deepen your physical, creative, social, political, and career interests by bringing you into communication with other like-minded people you didn’t previously know.
You can join groups as a way to get support from other students. A club or group can also be a great way to meet people who are different from you. Lots of youth programs bring people together with those who are different as a way to break down the barriers between people.
Participating in extracurricular activities helps you in other ways, too. It looks good on college and job applications and shows admissions officers and employers you're well-rounded and responsible. Specific activities help with specific goals.
The most basic reason for joining a club or team is that it gives you something better to do than staring at the wall, wandering the hall, or sleeping all afternoon. People who are participating are less likely to pick up bad habits, like smoking or drinking.
[写作内容]
1．概括短文的内容要点，该部分的字数大约30词左右；
2．就“学生是否应该参与课外活动”这个主题发表你的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点，该部分的字数大约120词左右：
a) 简述你们学校有哪些课外活动；
b) 你认为课外活动能给你的学习生活带来什么；
c) 你认为学生应如何处理好学习和课外活动之间的关系。
[写作要求]
你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的观点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
One possible version:
The author (The passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people. (30 words)
Our school offers many different kinds of after-school activities. These include sports, music and drama. I’m one of the members of drama club. I think it is very important for students to participate in extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities can improve our social life, introducing us to new people outside our class or school. In addition, they can reduce the stress and pressure we experience as the result of our studies. Also, they can bring us a lot of enjoyment. If we feel fresh and relaxed we can study better, so they will also be good for our grades. Thus, in my view, if we focus too much on any one thing, either study or after-school activities will be negatively affected. But with the right balance both can improve. (128 words)
任务型写作12
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
A lot of people think that teachers need to love their students, that they need to have an expert knowledge of their subjects, and that they should devote themselves completely to their jobs. All of these ideas are, of course, true to a certain degree but they are perhaps a little too simple.
It is impossible for anyone to love everyone they know, and teachers deal with a great large number of students over the years. On the other hand, teachers should certainly be able to make their students feel that they are concerned. A deep knowledge of the subject is extremely important, but equally important is the ability to pass that knowledge on to the students effectively ― a teacher needs to be trained in the skills of teaching. Finally, teachers have to devote a lot of time and energy to their work, of course. However, they are also models that their students must follow; so it is important that they should be well-balanced people with interests outside their school work. A teacher who only lives for work is likely to become too narrow-minded.
[写作内容]
1）概括短文的内容要点，该部分的词数大约30；
2）就“怎样才是一名好教师”这个主题发表你的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点，该部分的词数大约120；
描述以为你身边的好教师。
你认为一名好教师应该具备什么品质。
[写作要求]
你可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的观点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
[评分标准]
概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。
One possible version:
Ladies and gentlemen,
It’s my honor to have the chance to speak here.
Most people think a teacher should love his students, have an expert knowledge and devote himself to the job. The ideas are partly true.
In my opinion, a good teacher should love his students. However, it’s impossible for a teacher to love his every student. Besides, for a teacher, the ability to pass the knowledge on to his students is more important than his expert knowledge. A good teacher should be ready to teach the students how to learn rather than what to learn. Moreover, not only should he work hard, but also he should be a well-balanced person.
My English teacher, Miss Wang always helps us out and is concerned about us. And also, he remains young psychologically and tries hard to understand his students. She often stays with us and shares with us her experiences. She amuses us by telling jokes in class at times, which makes us learn English in a relaxed phenomenon. In addition, She keeps upgrading her knowledge and takes every chance to study.
All in all, she is a worthy teacher. I like her very much.
That’s all. Thank you.
任务型写作13
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
According to Shenzhen Daily, the city’s vehicle population has reached over 1 million and 80 percent of the vehicles are private cars.
Nowadays more and more families own
private cars. Private cars, as the product of modern civilization, have been
playing a vital role in people's daily activities. Firstly, private cars
are a convenient means of transportation. You can go wherever you like.
Secondly, there is no doubt that private cars will have a great impact on the
economic growth. The rapid car industry growth will contribute much to keeping
the country's economy growing at a higher rate in the near futrue.
But every coin has two sides. The development of the
private cars will bring about a series of problems. For example, the polluted
air given off by cars will do great harm to our health, too many private cars
will lead to traffic jams and a great deal of energy will be wasted and so
on.That is why many people suggest we should go cycling in the city
instead.
However, I think that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore, it seems to me that China should increase its output of automobiles and enlarge the private car market. We should take advantages of private cars and make them serve us better. Meantime ,we hope that satisfactory solutions to these negative problems will be found soon.
［写作内容］
1．请用30个词概括短文的要点；
2．某英文报纸就上述“深圳已拥有100万辆汽车”的新闻，开展了一场“The best form of transportation in our city”的市民大讨论。请你用约120个词就该讨论题发表你的看法，并说明你的理由。
［写作要求］
1．可以使用实例或分项论述的方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2．标题自定。
One possible version:
Travel by Bike in the City
In this passage, the writer explains the advantages and disadvantages of owning private cars in the city. And he agrees to enlarge the private car market and make better use of them.
But I think bikes should be the most popular form of transportation in our city.
First, a bike is much cheaper than a car, most consumers can afford it, and if there is something wrong with a bike, people can have it fixed easily. Second, bikes need much less parking space than cars. The third reason is that it can save energy for our country. Moreover, it brings no pollution to the air, so it helps to clean the atmosphere.
Therefore, the best form of transportation is travelling by bike ,which is a healthy, “green” and economical way. But with the development of our economy, the day when we use cars as the most popular form of transportation is sure to come.
任务型写作14
阅读下面短文，然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Why are so many people so afraid of failure? It is simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of being human and that every person has the right to fail.
Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child’s carelessly-made table as “perfect” even though it doesn’t stand still. Another way is to blame something else. If John fails science, it is because his teacher is unfair or stupid.
Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. Even a failure that seems definitive(决定性的) can cause fresh thinking or a change of direction.
After 12 years of studying ballet, a friend of mine applied to a professional company. She was turned down. “Would further training help?” she asked. The ballet master shook his head. “You will never be a dancer,” he said. “You haven’t got the body for it.”
In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock bravely, asking, “What have I left? What else can I do?” My friend put away her shoes and moved into a dance treatment center, a field where she’s both able and useful.
〔写作内容〕
学校开展“青少年心理健康”征文比赛。 看了上面的文章，你决定以“面对失败”为主题，写一篇文章参赛。内容要点包括：
1. 以约30词概括上文内容：
2. 然后以约120词谈谈你的认识，内容包括：
（1） 你对上文中两种对待失败的态度的评价；
（2） 你认为应该如何对待失败。
〔写作要求〕
1. 在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
〔评分标准〕
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。
It’s fine to fail
Failure is something people always try to avoid, without realizing that by facing it bravely, it’ll turn out to be great value in helping their growth.
It’s natural and normal that parents stop their children from experiencing failure. Anyway, it’s been widely accepted that, by means of appreciation and encouragement, children get inspired and tend to learn more. However, this idea ignores an actual fact that life consists of both success and failure. That’s why I believe that too much protection from failure may end up with more pain ? it creates an illusive, or fake, world to kids, not a true one.
The ballet girl gives us a good example of how to face her big failure, from which we see clearly what life is really like: the great amount of time that you’ve devoted to your dream may turn out to be something wrong. The only choice you can make is to smile to it, think of what you can do with it, and decide to still go further or change your way of life. If you face it bravely enough, the failure will lead to “fresh thinking”, and possibly your life will turn on a new page.
Can success bring the same good to us? No. Failure is painful, but it makes us learn more about life. There’s no escape, and there’s no need to escape!
任务型写作15
读写任务（共1小题，满分25分）
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Middle and high school days are both fun and busy. Students spend their days in class, listening to the interesting and sometimes boring words of the teacher. They spend the short breaks running, playing, and shouting happily before going back to the classroom again. But how should students spend their free time outside school?
In Western countries, it is common for students to have a part-time job after school and at weekends. Students can earn their own money and learn more about the “real world”. They enjoy the extra independence and money, and parents enjoy the quiet house. However, it seems that, in China, parents worry so much about their children’ studies that they would prefer to see their children spending most of their free time studying and preparing for all those exams.
It is natural for parents to feel that way, but I believe the answer lies in balance. Sometimes, Western school children work long hours after school to make money, and so they become too tired to listen in class or have no time for homework. But Chinese students spend so much time on their studies that all else becomes less important until they want that new MP4 player.
So, find a good and healthy balance! If you have a part-time job, you’ll be happy, and your parents will also be happy because you’re spending your hard-earned money and not theirs!
[写作内容]
1） 概括短文的内容要点，该部分的字数大约30词左右；
2） 就“如何利用课余时间”这个主题发表你的看法，至少包含以下的内容要点，该部分的字数大约120词左右:
a. 以自身为例，简述你平时是怎样打发课余时间的；
b. 你如何看待自己利用课余时间的方式；
c. 你的父母对你利用课余时间的态度及你的看法。
[写作要求]
你可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子。
[评分标准]
概括的准确性、语言的规范性、内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。
A possible version of the writing task:
There is a great difference between the way high school students spend their free time, and the writer hopes to find a balance between studying and having fun.
What worries the writer is just what we students are confused about: can our “spare time” actually mean something “spare”?
Take me for example. Every day I have just 1 hour in the afternoon to do some sports. At weekends, I usually have lots of homework assigned by teachers to finish. Even if I want to do something else, I will often be stopped by my parents. Like many other parents, they just want me to study all the time until I am admitted to a famous university. As a result, I can’t control my “spare time” on my own! Looking around at my friends, I find I’m not alone in such a situation. What a boring life for us students!
I just don’t agree with my parents about their way of controlling my spare time. Yes, for us students, studying is the most important thing to do. But we can’t be separated from the outside world. Studying all the time, I’m afraid what we are learning can’t match the real world. I don’t want to depress my parents, of course; but I do think that we need to find a way to settle this problem.
读写任务16
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
Every child has his own dream. Every child hopes to be an adult. All of them think it is a good thing to grow up, However, is it truly like what they imagine? As a boy who lives in modern times, I still clearly remember the happiness of my childhood. What a good time we had! We didn’t need to study all the time and our task was to play. We had no worries. Unluckily, we had to face the reality following time’s passing. We began to gradually feel this invisible pressure coming upon us. We had less spare time for playing and had to give more of our time for homework. Our stress was coming! We get up before sunrise and return after sunset. We work and study like an adult, even harder. What we do is in order to get an excellent mark. Oh, growing up is extremely boring. Perhaps each child will have or has had the stress of growing up; the most important thing for us to solve our worries. We must try to find happiness while growing up so that we can get a balance.
[写作内容]
1） 以约30个词概括短文的要点；
1． 然后以约120个词就“成长是快乐的还是烦恼的” 这个主题发表你的看法，至少包含以下内容要点，该部分词数约120词。
a) 简述你在成长过程中的快乐或烦恼；
b) 你对成长的快乐或烦恼的看法。
[写作要求]
a) 可以使用实例或其它论述方法支持你的论点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子;
b) 标题自定
[评分标准]
概括准确、语言规范、内容合适，篇章连贯。
One possible version:
The writer of the passage tells us that we had enough time to play in our childhood. While we are growing up, worries come upon us and our spare time is less but homework more. So we felt growing up boring.
As far as I am concerned, growing up is really boring. As a teenager, I have to deal with a lot of worries while growing up. I have to go to school very early in the morning and get home very late in the evening. And I have to take all kinds of exams every year. I am also worried about being misunderstood by friends and losing them. Although we face worries, we should seek support from our friends, parents and teacher to solve them and try to find pleasure in growing up. In fact, the path of adolescence is full of sunshine. Why not enjoy the pleasure of growing up and its delicious taste?
读写任务17
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求，写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
China news, Shanghai, October 8--- According to a random survey covering 3,800 elementary and secondary school students in Shanghai, the two groups of students have very different career outlooks. Most pupils dream of starting their own business after graduation, while high school students long for freelancing.
“It’s so cool to be your own boss, and you can decide when to start a day’s work,” said Jay (not his real name), a fifth grade pupil. The hottest topic between him and his classmates is usually about their future careers, and many of them have already had a thorough plan for the future. Jay says that he will start his business with his friends in a few years after graduating from college, when he will have already accumulated some money.
High school students’ choices tend to be more reasonable. Some of them say they will take an ordinary full-time job, while many of them also appreciate the freedom of freelancing: however, most of them will think twice before starting their own businesses, as it is extremely difficult to start a career from scratch.
[写作内容]
上面这篇文章来自中国新闻网，请你读后以一名学生的身份在中国新闻网发表意见栏上写一篇文章，至少包含以下的内容要点：
1. 以大约30词概括短文的内容要点；
2. 以大约120词谈谈你个人的就业意向：
1) 你打算以后干什么？说出你选择的理由；
2) 为了将来的事业，你现在应该怎么做。
A possible version:
According to a survey, some elementary and secondary school students in Shanghai hope to start their own business in the future while some others, especially high school students, prefer to take an ordinary job.
I dream of being an excellent doctor after I graduate from university. First, I am told that to be a doctor, I can have a very good income. We have to admit that money is important. With it, I can live more comfortably and provide my child with a better environment. If I have enough money, I can also help the poor. Wouldn’t it be wonderful? More importantly, doctors are angels to the patients, who can help the sick get rid of pain and suffering or even give a second life to the dying. I can’t imagine how great I will feel when seeing a patient recover from the illness and live happily again because of my help.
Now what I should do is to study hard to make sure I can enter a famous medicine university, where I can get the required knowledge and skills to be a good doctor.
读写任务18
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
I started thinking about this issue at my brother-in-law's 60th birthday party last Saturday. Before we ate the main meal we sat around a table that was loaded with large bowls of snack items - chocolate-covered peanuts, cherries(樱桃), and a few other things. The eater had to reach into the bowl and grab a handful of snacks and then convey them to the mouth with the other hand. A lot of people were strangers to me and I observed a cat being carried around, a dog being petted, and a number of noses being blown, between eating handfuls of snacks. Ugh!
I started thinking about Chinese table manners. My wife and I will share things from the same plate or cup but we always put serving spoons out with the dishes on the table. We don't frequently use them, though. In my family we use our personal chopsticks to take food from the serving dishes. But we are careful and only touch the food we will eat ourselves.
I have heard of some people who use two sets of chopsticks, one for eating, and one for serving. I have also seen some people who invert their chopsticks, that is, to serve other people with the other ends that haven't touched their lips.
【写作内容】
1． 概括短文的内容要点，该部分的词数大约为30；
2． 然后以大约120词，就“Table Manners and Hygiene(卫生)”的主题发表你的看法，并包括以下的内容要点：
a) 以自己或周围的人为例，简述自己或周围人的就餐习惯；.
b) 你如何看待自己或周围人的有关就餐习惯；
c) 出于卫生考虑，你觉得是否有必要使用公筷(serving chopsticks)，请说明理由。
【写作要求】
可以使用实例或其他论述方法支持你的观点，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不要
抄袭阅读材料中的句子；
【评分标准】
概括的准确性，语言的规范性，内容的合适性以及篇章的连贯性。
A possible version
Table Manners and Hygiene
This passage describes the author’s experience of witnessing people’s unhealthy table manners at a birthday party, which gave rise to his opinion on the promotion of health and hygiene at dinner.
In terms of table manners and hygiene, people’s habits vary from person to person. Some of them have the preference of stirring the food, hunting for what seems to be their favourite bits, with the aid of their own chopsticks. To show hospitality, some hosts or hostesses frequently feed food into the guest’s dish, ignoring the serving chopsticks or spoons. Worse of all, some diners never hesitate to dig or blow their nose at table, making disgusting noise.
Personally, I am not quite in favour of the above manners, which is very likely to transfer / spread diseases. I absolutely agree with the author that communal or serving chopsticks and spoons are recommended to avoid the transference of any diseases while dining. There is no denying that dining together is the time for intimateness or close relationship between the relevant members or friends. However, the consideration of health and hygiene is significant as well
To conclude, priority should be given to healthy and hygienic manners at table so as to create a pleasant and harmonious dining atmosphere.
读写任务19
阅读下面的短文, 然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
My Sports Shoes
These days I have been obssessed with a pair of new sports shoes. Now the bell for class was sending my classmates out of the classroom onto the playground. It was time for a basketball match, my favorite sport. I was on the team which won the game. I got warm congratulations from my classmates. However, I felt pain in both my feet. My old sports shoes were worn out.
I am now in need of a new pair of sports shoes. I have forgotten how many times I have stopped to admire the expensive Nike shoes on the window in Beijing Road.
Two days later, I brought my parents before the window. Mother noticed my eyes fixed on the brand-new Nike and slowly reached into her pocket. Clearly the price was higher than she could offer. She moved her eyes towards my father, who is newly out of job, for his advice. Father dug his fingers into his pockets. “Just enough for a Nike, but we need to save some money for future better use…”
In fact, my classmates will surely see what kind of shoes I wear. They are just what I love, fashionable and comfortable for a good player like me…
Now my parents read the great disappointment in my face…
[写作内容]
1. 以约30个词概括短文的要点；
2. 然后用120个词使用第一人称写一篇文章, 为“买运动鞋”的事情写一个结局，并且包括以下要点：
1）“你”当时的思想感受；
2）“你”的决定与原因。
[写作要求]
1）文章可参照阅读材料的内容, 但不得直接引用原文中的句子。
2）题目自定。
[评分标准]
概括准确, 语言规范, 内容合适, 篇章连贯。
A possible version:
Admiration Comes from Ability Instead of New Shoes
This text is about a student who wants to buy a pair of new shoes. His shoes were worn out and he took his parents to buy a new pair. But hey found the shoe
2009高考英语常用词汇辨析
A
about around round 作副词时都含“四处”、“遍地”的意思。
about 系常用词, 如:
look about 四处看。
around 具有 about 的基本意思, 因此 look about=look around, 但在下列短语里 around没有 about正式, 如:
travel around 各处旅行
round 和 around在非正式用法中可以互换, 但一般用 round时更简练。在正式用语中, 一般用 round指“旋转”, 而用 around指“处处”, “到处”, 如:
She turned round at such a noise. 听到这样的吵声, 她回头看。
I have been looking for it all around. 我到处都找过了。
另外, 英国人用 round的地方, 美国人倾向于用 around, 如:
[英] Winter comes round.
[美] Winter comes around.
above all；after all；at all
above all意为“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”，常位于句首或句中，作插入语，起强调作用。如：
But above all tell me quickly what I have to do．可首先快些告诉我该做什么。
A clock must above all keeps good time．时钟最重要的是必须走得准。
after all意为“毕竟”、“终究”、“终归”、“到底”，在句中位置较灵活。可位于句首、句中或句末。如：
After all，your birthday is only two weeks away．毕竟，两周后就是你的生日。
He is，after all，a small child．他毕竟还是个小孩子。
He failed after all．他终于失败了。
at all用于否定句时，意为“丝毫；根本”，用于疑问句时意为“究竟；到底”，用于条件句时，常译为“当真；实在”。用于肯定句中，表示说话人的某种情绪或情感（如怀疑或惊奇等），意为“竟然”等。如：
He doesn’t like you at all．他根本不喜欢你。
Are you going to do it at all？你究竟做不做这件事？
If you do it at all，do it well．若你真要做这件事，就得做好。
I was surprised at his coming at all．他竟然来了，我很惊讶。
add; add to; add…to; add up to
add作“加，增加”解时，既可作及物动词，又可用作不及物动词；作“又说，补充说”解时，与直接或间接引语连用。如：
If the tea is too strong, add some more hot water． 如果茶太浓了，再加点开水。
After a short while, he added that he would try his best． 过了一会儿，他又接着说他会尽力。
add to意为“增添，增加，增进”。如：
The bad weather added to our difficulties． 恶劣的天气增加了我们的困难。
add．．．to意为“把……加到……”，是把前一项加到后一项之后或之中。如：
Add two to seven, and you will get nine．七加二等于九。
add up to意为“加起来总共是／累计得”，该短语不用于被动语态。如：
All his school education added up to no more than one year． 他的学校教育加起来不过一年。
affair; thing; matter; business
affair意为“事情、事件”, 含义较广，泛指已做或待做的事；复数affairs一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务，如财政管理、外交事务等。
thing意为“事情、事物”，不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为thing，一般不能专指事务；复数things还可作“形势”解。
matter侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。
business作“事务、事情”解时，一般不能用复数，常常指所指派的任务、责任；有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。
a great deal; a great deal of
a great deal用作名词，意为“大量”，“许多”，作主语、宾语；用作副词，意为“很”或“非常”，作状语，修饰动词或用来强调比较级。如：
A great deal has been studied and this is the best way． 经过大量研究后，这（被认为）是最好的办法。
We are a great deal cleverer than before． 我们比以前聪明多了。
a great deal of意为“大量的”，“非常多的”，相当于much，作定语，后接不可数名词。如：
A great deal of time／money／energy has been spent on the project．
大量的时间／金钱／能源花在那个工程上了。
agree on；agree to；agree with；agree that
agree on作“就……取得一致意见”解。例如：
The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month．
上月，就建一座新汽车厂之事达成了协议。
agree to有两层含义和用法：
其一是to作为动词不定式符号，其后跟动词原形，作“同意（答应）做某事”解。
例如： My father agreed to buy a new pen for me． 父亲答应给我买支新钢笔。
其二是to作为介词，之后跟表示“计划／条件／建议等一类的名词或代词”。例如：
They have a greed to our plan． 他们已同意我们的计划。
agree with作“同意某人的意见”解，其后可跟表示人的名词或代词，也可跟表示“意见”或“说的话”的名词或从句。例如：
He agreed with my opinions． 他同意了我的意见。
We agreed with what he said at the meeting． 我们同意他在会上讲的话。
agree that作“认为……”解，其后跟宾语从句。例如：
I agree that your composition is very good． 我认为你的这篇作文写得不错。
allow；let 二者均可作“允许”解，但各有侧重： allow重在“允许”或“容许”，也可表示客气的请求。例如： He allowed me to take his dictionary．他允许我拿走他的词典。 Will you allow me to use your bike？ 我可以用你的自行车吗？ let作“允许”或“让”解，主要用于口语，一般可与allow互换。作“允许”解时，常暗含“听任”、“默许”之意；作“让”解时，常含“祈使”或“建议”之意。注意：let之后作宾补的不定式不带to，且不可用于被动语态，而allow则相反。例如： Please let me walk with you（＝Please allow me to walk with you．）．我（请允许我）跟你一起走。注：allow常用于allow sb．to do sth．或allow doing sth．结构中。
although; though; as
三者均可表示“尽管；虽然”，引导让步状语从句。although用法较正式，语气较强；though较常用；as则主要用于倒装句。它们的用法有如下几点值得注意：
状语从句由although, though或as引导，主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列连词，但可有yet或still等副词。although与though常可互换。例如：
Although／Though he believes it, yet he will not act． 他虽然相信它，但却不肯有所行动。
as表示“尽管；虽然”，只能用于倒装句，即：将表语、状语或谓语动词放在as之前。though也可这么用。例如：
Young as／though he is, he knows a lot． 他虽然年纪不大，却懂得很多。
注意：如果表语是单数名词，要省略a。例如：
Child as／though he is, he can speak two foreign languages． 虽然他是个孩子，但他会说两门外语。
though可以放在句末，表示“但是”，although却不能。例如：
They said they would come; they did not, though． 他们说他们会来，可是他们并没有来。
although只用来陈述“事实”，不能表示“假设”。因此可以说even though“即使”以及as though“好像(＝as if)”，不能说even although或as although。例如：
I believe you are on duty―even though you’re in plain clothes． 尽管你穿着便衣，我相信你是在值勤。
among／between
这两个介词都有“在……之间”的意思。between常用于两者之间；among一般指三者或三者以上之间。若指三个以上人或物中的每两个之间时，仍然要用between。
例如：The girl walked between her father and mother．这个女孩走在她父亲和母亲之间。
She is the tallest among her classmates．她在她同学之间是最高的。
Switzerland lies between France，Italy，Austria and Germany．
瑞士位于法国、意大利、奥地利和德国之间。
argue debate dispute 都含“辩论”的意思。
argue 着重“说理”、“论证”和“企图说服”, 如:
I argued with her for a long time, but she refused to listen to reason.
我和她辩论了好久, 但她还是不听。
debate 着重“双方各述己见”, 内含“交锋”的意思, 如:
We have been debating about the issue. 我们一直在就这个问题进行辩论。
dispute 指“激烈争辩”, 含有“相持不下”或“未得解决”之意,如:
Whether he will be elected as chairman is still disputed. 他是否当选为主席, 仍然有争论。
argue；quarrel；discuss
这三个动词均有“争”的意思，但“争”法不同。
argue着重就自己的看法或观点，提出论证，同他人“争论”或“辩论”。例如：
We heard them arguing in the other room．我们听见他们在另一个房间里争论。
另外，argue同with搭配，其后接人；与about连用，其后接事物。例如：
We argued with them about this problem for a long time．这个问题我们同他们辩论了很长时间。
quarrel是指对某事不喜欢或强烈不满而发生的“争吵”或“吵架”。同with搭配，其后接某人；和about连用，其后接某事。例如：
He often quarrels about their housework with his wife．他常为家务事同妻子争吵。
discuss是指认真交换自己的意见或看法的“讨论”。例如：
We'll discuss the use of the articles tomorrow．明天我们将讨论冠词的用法。
as (so) far as; as (so) long as
as（so）far as的意思是“就……而言（所知）”，as (so) far as sth．is concerned是其中一种具体用法，意为“就某事而言”；as (so) long as意为“只要”，引导条件状语从句。如：
As far as I know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs．
就我所知，一千多万下岗工人已经找到了新的工作。
There is nothing that we can’t do so ／ as long as we keep on trying to do it．
只要我们不断地努力去做，就没有什么事干不成。
As far as the tourism of China is concerned, there is a long way to go．
就中国的旅游业而言，需要做的工作还很多。
asleep／sleeping 二者都是形容词。asleep仅用作表语，不能作定语，表示“睡着，熟睡”的意思；而sleeping一般只能用作定语，放在名词前，表示“睡眠中的，休止的”意思。
如：我们不能说：an asleep baby，但可以说：a sleeping baby（一个熟睡的婴儿）。
再如：He was asleep with his head on his arms．他头枕着手臂在熟睡。
asleeping dog正在熟睡的狗 sleeping car卧车 sleeping bag睡袋
assert，affirm，maintain assert宣称、断言，常指某人主观自信，坚持己见，有时不顾客观事实而断言下结论。 affirm指以事实为依据，深信不疑地肯定某种观点或看法。 maintain指在相反的证据或论点面前，重申原来的某种观点、立场。
A．Despite all the policeman’s questions the suspect ＿＿＿ that he had been at home all evening．
B．It is nonsense to ＿＿＿ that smoking does not damage people’s health．
C．Throughout his prison sentence Dunn has always ＿＿＿ his innocence．
Answers：A.affirmed B.assert C.maintained
as though；even though；though
as though（＝as if），意为“好像；似乎”，引导方式状语从句或表语从句。如：
He spoke as though（as if）he had been here before．他说话的口气好像他以前来过这里。
It looks as if（as though）it is going to rain．看起来好像要下雨。
even though（＝even if），意为“即使”，引导让步状语从句。though也引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”；even though有退一步设想的意味，与though不同。though引导的句子所说的是事实，even though引导的句子所说的则不一定是事实。例如：
He will not tell the secret even though（even if）he knows it．即使他知道这个秘密，他也不肯说出来。
He will not tell the secret though he knows it．他虽然知道这个秘密，但他不会说出来。
at the beginning；in the beginning at the beginning 在……初；在……开始的时候。常与of连用。例如： Students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term． 学生们在开学初制定学习计划。 in the beginning 相当于at first，表示“起初、开始”时，含“起初是这种情况，而后来却不是这种情况”之意，不与of连用。例如： In the beginning，some of us took no interest in physics． 起初我们有些人对物理不感兴趣。
attack assail assault charge beset
都含有"攻击"的意思。
attack 是常用词, 指"攻击敌人"或"用言论攻击他人", 如:
Germany began to attack the Soviet Union in 1941. 德国在1941年开始进攻苏联。
assail 指"猛烈连续地攻击", 如:
The enemy plane assailed our defence position. 敌机不断猛烈地攻击我们的阵地。
assault 语气比 assail强, 指"突然猛烈地进攻", 暗示"武力的直接接触" (如肉搏等), 也有"暴力"的意思, 如：The enemy assaulted us at dawn. 敌人在黎明时向我进攻。
charge 指"冲击"或"骑兵的突然攻击", 如:
The cavalry charged to the front. 骑兵猛烈向前线冲击。
beset 指"围攻", 即从各个方向攻击, 如：
In the swamp we were beset by mosquitoes. 在沼泽地里, 我们受到蚊子的围攻。
at the age of／by the age of at the age of表示“在……岁时”，后面接基数词，强调某一时刻的情况或动作，用于一般过去时，作时间状语。例如：
At the age of six，he began to learn English．他六岁的时候开始学英语。
She learned to play the piano at the age often．她十岁的时候学弹钢琴。
by the age of表示“到……岁的时候”、“在……岁以前”，后面接基数词，强调到某一时刻为止的结果，用于过去完成时或将来完成时，作时间状语。例如：
By the age of sixteen，he had learned to drive a car．到十六岁的时候，他已经学会了开小汽车。
You will have learned more than 2000 English words by the age of fourteen．
到你十四岁的时候，你将学会2000多个英语单词。
at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time
at the time通常用于过去时句子中，指某件事情发生的“当时”、“那时”。例如：
Many people saw the strange thing happen at the time． 当时，许多人都看到了这件奇怪的事情的发生。
有时，at the time的后面可接“of．．．”短语。这时，它表示“在（某事态）发生的时候”或“在……的时代”。例如：
Were you in San Francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989?
1989年旧金山发生地震时，你在那里吗？
It happened at the time of King Alfred． 事情发生在阿尔弗雷德国王时期。
at that time 则通常指前文明确提到的某个时期、时候。通常其后不带“of．．．”短语。例如：
In the 17th century much corn was grown in Tibet and Sichuan．At that time
(＝At the 17th century) the land along the Changjiang River was becoming very crowded．
at one time＝during a period of time in the past意为“过去有一段时期”，“曾经”。例如：
They used to be good friends at one time． 他们曾经是好朋友。
at a time则意为“一次”，表示一个时间单位。它常与表示数量的词语连用，表示频率。例如：
Don’t speak all at once．One at a time, please． 不要同时一起说。一次只一个人说。
Take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time． 这些药每天服三次，每次服三粒。
at ．．． speed ／ with ．．． speed
at the speed of或者at ．．． speed，意为“以……的速度”。而当speed被all, lightning, great等修饰时，介词应用with。我们可用一句口诀来帮助记忆：都（all）以闪电般（lightning）大（great）的速度行驶。如：
Our car was running with all speed on the expressway． 我们的车在高速公路上全速行驶。
The Long March No．2 Rocket sent up the satellite into space at the speed of 11．2 kilometers per second． 长征二号火箭以每秒钟11．2公里的速度将卫星发射到太空。
B
这四个词都是表示原因或理由的连接词，但是as，because，since是从属连词，引导原因状语从句，for是并列连词，所引导的不是原因状语从句，而是表示理由的对等句子，是对前面所讲内容补充和说明。在语气上由强至弱依次为because→since→as→for。because引导的从句多置于句末，表示直接的原因或理由，表示产生那种结果的必然的因果关系，在回答why的提问时，必须用because作答。 because／since／as／for
如：We stayed at home because it rained．因为下雨我们呆在家里。
as与since引导的从句多置于句首，不过as表示十分明显的原因，只说明一般的因果关系，可译为“因为、由于”；而since则表示稍加分析、对方已知的原因，一般可译为“既然”。如：
As he was not feeling well，I decided to go there alone．由于他身体欠佳，我决定独自去那里。
Since everyone is here，let's start．既然大家都到了，咱们就开始吧。
for引导的从句一般放在句末，其前用逗号，它所叙述的理由是间接的，即推测性理由，或是对前面叙述的事实或看法的补充说明。如：
There must be nobody in the classroom，for the light is off．
教室里一定没有人，因为灯灭了。（推测性理由）
believe；believe in
believe作及物动词时，其后可跟名词，表示“相信”；后接从句或复合宾语时，表示“认为；料想；相信”等。如：
I believe what he says．我相信他的话。
I believe that he will succeed．我相信他会成功的。
believe in 是一个动介型短语动词，表示“信奉；信仰”（指对某种思想、主张、观念、行动具有信心）和“信任（have trust in）”。如：
They believe in God．他们信仰上帝。
I believe in having plenty of exercise．我相信多锻炼有好处。
believe和believe in后均可接表示人的名词或代词，但含义不同。试比较：
I believe in him（I think he is a frustworthy man）．我信任他。
I believe him．（I believe what he says）．我相信他的话。
belief faith trust confidence 都含有“相信”的意思。
belief 指“承认某事是真的, 尽管有或没有确凿的证据”, 如:
belief in ghosts. 相信有鬼。
faith 指“认为有确凿证据或道理而完全相信”, 如:
I have faith in his ability to succeed. 我相信他有成功的能力。
trust 指“信赖”、“信任”, 含有“坚定的信念”的意思, 如:
enjoy the trust of the people 得到人民的信任。
confidence 指“在有证据的基础上相信”, 也常指“自信”、“有把握”, 如:
She has great confidence in her success. 她对自己的成功充满信心。
besides；except；but
三者都可以用作介词。用于肯定句中时，except／but意为“除……外（不再有）”；besides意为“除……外（还有）”。请比较：
All of them have seen the film except／but Wu Dong． 除了吴东外，他们都看过了那部影片。
All of them have seen the film besides Wu Dong． 除了吴东看过那部影片外，他们也都看过了。
except后接名词、代词、－ing或不定式时，可以与but互换；except后接副词、介词短语时，一般不能为but所替换。如：
I’ll do everything except／but cook． 除了做饭，我什么事情都干。
This window is never opened except in summer． 除了在夏天，这个窗子从不打开。
用在否定句中，三者可以互换。如：
There aren’t any other people to do the work except／but／besides you．
除了你，没人能做这工作。
be be anxious to; be anxious for; be anxious about ;be anxious that anxious to表示“急于”、“渴望”，其中to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形；
be anxious for表示“渴望”，后面接名词或代词时，强调渴望得到某物或渴望了解某事；后面接sb．to do sth．时，表示“渴望某人能做某事”，其中for sb．to do sth．是不定式复合结构。
be anxious be anxious about 表示“对…感到不安”、“为…担心”、“为…忧虑”； that表示“渴望”，后面接从句，that从句的谓语动词须用虚拟语气；
[EXERCISES]
①I ＿＿＿＿ the result of the examination．
②We ＿＿＿＿ know the result of the examination．
③We ＿＿＿＿ Mr Liu to help us with our English．
④Mr Li ＿＿＿＿ a new car．
⑤They ＿＿＿＿ arrive home before dark．
(Key: ①am anxious about／for ②are anxious to ③are anxious for ④is anxious for ⑤are anxious to)
1) The girl ＿＿＿＿ a new dictionary． 2) All the students ＿＿＿＿ their results of this examination． 3) Everyone ＿＿＿＿＿ know their results of the competition． 4) We ＿＿＿＿ Mr Zhao to return． 5) We ＿＿＿＿＿ she should do her best．
Key: 1) was／is anxious for 2) are anxious about 3) is anxious to 4）are anxious for
5） are anxious that
be known as； be known for； be known to； be known in
be known as 意为“作为……而著名”，其后的名词表示一个人的身份、职业等。如：
Liu Huan is known as a singer．刘欢作为一个歌手而出名。
We’re sure you’ll be well-known as an artist．我们相信你会成为一位著名的画家。
be known for 意为“因……而著名”，其后所接内容表示某人或物的特点、特长等。如：
Guilin is known for her beautiful mountains and rivers．桂林因其美丽的山水而闻名。
Mr Geldof is well-known for organizing two big pop concerts on the same day．
盖尔多夫先生因在同一天组织两场大型的流行音乐会而出名。
be known to “为……所了解／知道”，其后接表示人的词语。“（人们都）知道”，其后接动词原形。如：
He is known to all in our village．村子里的人都了解他。
He was known to have invented many things．＝It was known that he had invented many things．
人们都知道他已经发明了很多东西。
be known in 意为“在某地很著名”。如：
He is well-known in the town where he was born． 他在自己出生的那个镇子上很出名。
be made of／be made in／be made from／be made by／be be made be made of表示“由……制成”，指从原料到制成品，只发生了形状变化，没有发生本质变化（属物理变化）。 made up of be madein当后面接时间的数词或名词时，表示“某物何时制造的或何时产的”。当后面接指地点的名词时，表示“某地产某物”。 be madefrom表示“由……制成”，指从原料到制成品，发生了质的变化，已无法复原（属化学变化）。 be made upby表示“由……制做”，后面接指人的名词或代词，强调动作的执行者。 of表示“由……构成（组成）”，强调主语由两部分或两个以上的部分构成或组成。
【练习】用be made in，be made of，be made from，be made by或be made up of填空。 ①This bike Tianjin． ②This table wood． ③The car
1999． ④Paper wood． ⑤The kite my mother． ⑥The team ten members．
【Keys】was made in； is made of ；was made in be used for／be used as／be used by；is made from；was made by；is made up of be used be used for表示“被用作……”或“被用来作……”，后面接名词或v－ing，其中for表示目的。 be usedas表示“作为……而用”或“用作……”，后面接名词或动词不定式，强调使用的工具及手段。 by表示“由……使用”，后面接指人的名词或代词，强调使用者。
【练习】用be used for，be used as或be used by填空。 ①A telephone better communication（交流）． ②The motorbike Liu Ming． ③A ruler often a knife by him to cut a piece of paper open．
【Keys】is used for；is used by；is,used as
be pleased with; be pleased at(或about);be pleased to
1) The manager ＿＿＿ you before．
2) My boss must ＿＿＿ see you again in HongKong．
3) I ＿＿＿ seeing so many students present．
4) I hear Mr Zhao ＿＿＿ your article．
析： ①was pleased with。表示“对……满意；喜欢……”后面通常接指人的名词或代词。 ②be pleased to。表示“很高兴或很乐意做某事”，其中to是不定式符号，后面接动词原形。 ③am pleased at(或about)。be pleased at（或about）表示“对（看到或听到的）事感到高兴，”后面接指事的名词或v－ing。 ④is pleased at(或about)。解析同③。
be to do sth；be about to do sth；be going to do sth．
be to do sth．表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作，后可跟时间状语。如：
You're to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock．十点钟以前你得交上试卷。
be about to do sth．表示打算或安排即将发生的动作，它通常不与时间状语连用。如：
I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door．我正要出去，这时有人敲门。
be going to do sth．有三层含义：
①表示打算、计划或决定要做某事。如：
We're going to spend our holidays in Wales this year． 今年我们打算到威尔士度假。
②用以表示某事物即将发生或很可能发生。如：
I'm going to be twenty next month． 下个月我就二十岁了。
③有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态。如：
Look at those black clouds, there is going to be a storm． 瞧那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了。
beat; strike; hit
strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”，不一定都是有意的；还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义；也可指“打、擦出（火），（蛇、兽）抓，咬，或（钟）敲响”。
hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”，“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。
beat着重“连续地打击”。如：殴打或体罚；也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方；也指“心跳”。
blame; scold
blame“责备；责怪”，指某人应对自己不好的行为负责（常与for连用），或将某件不好的事情归咎于他人（常与on或upon连用），往往含有把自己当作评判人来评判某事，没有用言语来进行责骂的意思。例如：
He blamed Tom for the failure． 他责怪汤姆造成了失败。
Don't blame it on him, but on me． 别怪他，该怪我。
scold“责骂”，指唠唠叨叨地数说某人，多用于上级对下级、长辈对晚辈的“责骂”。例如：
Don't scold the child．It's not his fault． 不要责骂那孩子，这不是他的过失。
I hate to scold, son, but you mustn't stay out so late at night．
我不喜欢斥责，孩子，可你不该呆在外面那么晚不回家。
blow down表示“吹倒”、“刮倒”；blow blow down; blow in; blow off; blow over in表示“吹进”、“吹入”；blow off表示“吹掉”、“炸掉”、“发泄”；blow over表示“?暴风雨?吹散”、“过去”、“结束”。
[EXERCISES]
1) The high winds yesterday ＿＿＿＿＿ thousands of trees． 2) We sometimes had quarrels, but they soon ＿＿＿＿＿． 3) I had my hat ＿＿＿＿ by the wind． 4) A lot of dust ＿＿＿＿．You must clear it away． Key: 1) blew down 2) blew over 3) blown off 4) has blown in
break up; break down; break out; break into; break in; break away; break through
break up表示“打碎”、“变坏”、“分解”、“终止”、“破裂”。
break down表示“瓦解”、“分解”、“失败”、“出故障”、“破坏”、“拆毁”。
break out表示“爆发”、“突然发生”。
break into表示“强行进入”、“闯入”、“破门而入”、“打断（谈话、讨论）”、“突然……起来”。
break in表示“闯入”、“打断”、“插嘴”，其中in是副词。
break away表示“脱逃”、“脱离”、“突然离开”、“革除”、“戒除”，常与from连用。
break through表示“战胜”、“突围”、“穿过……而出现”、“突破”。
［练］
①He said his computer ＿＿＿＿＿．
②Those old cars will be ＿＿＿＿ for scrap(废铁)．
③Last night somebody ＿＿＿＿ Mr Brown's house and took away many things．
④A fire ＿＿＿＿ after we had gone home．
⑤The boy often ＿＿＿＿ while his parents are speaking．
⑥You must ＿＿＿＿ from bad habits．
⑦After the heavy rain the sun ＿＿＿＿ the clouds．
⑧A thief ＿＿＿＿ and stole a lot of things last night．
⑨Tom ＿＿＿＿the motor bike which he bought five years ago．
⑩The ice began to ＿＿＿＿ on the river．
(Key:①had broken down ②broken up ③broke into ④broke out ⑤breaks in
⑥break away ⑦broke through ⑧broke in ⑨broke down ⑩break up)
bring on；bring in；bring out
bring on 使发生；引起；端上（饭菜）。如：
Tom often brings on meals and his brother，Jim picks up the dishes after meals．
汤姆常常端上饭菜，（而）他弟弟吉姆饭后收拾碗碟。
The sudden cold weather brought on his cold again． 天气突然变冷，使他再次感冒。
bring in 引来；引进；吸收。如：
His new business brings in 1，000 dollars． 他的新生意使他赚了一千美元。
We also brought in some words from English． 我们也从英语中吸收了一些词汇。
bring out 取出；说出；阐明；出版。如：
He brought out his gun and pointed at me．他掏出枪来指着我。
Bring out the meaning more clearly．请把意思讲清楚些。
They have brought out a set of children’s books．他们出版了一套儿童读物。
bring bring down; bring back; bring up; bring in bring bring back表示“使回想起”、“归还”、“带回来”；down表示“使倒下”、“减少”、“降低（价格、温度）”； bring in表示“把．．．．．．引进来”、“赚入”、“获利”、“把．．．．．．拿进来”、“吸收”。up表示“呕吐出”、“养育”；
[EXERCISES]
1) Her singing ＿＿＿＿＿
memories of my mother． 2) They also ＿＿＿＿ some
words from their own languages． 3) The wind ＿＿＿＿ a
number of trees． 4) He ＿＿＿＿＿ all he had eaten． 5)
Can you try to get them to ＿＿＿＿ the price? 6)
All library books must be ＿＿＿＿ before June 25． 7) Mr
White ＿＿＿＿ ＄
broad; wide
两者都表示两边或两点之间的距离都有“宽的”之意， 但broad着重某物覆盖面的范围 (如肩、背、胸等的宽)，还可表示“宽宏大量”；wide着重指边沿间相隔的距离以及“广泛”之意。如：
Looking at the new-type camera, the young man with broad shoulders was surprised with his mouth wide open.
看着那个新型相机，那个肩宽背阔的年轻人惊奇得张大了嘴巴。
He’s a broad-minded person; he’ll never be disappointed by such a small failure．
他是个心胸宽广的人；决不会因为那么一次小小的失败而感到失望。
这两个连词都有“但是，可是，然而”之意。but连接两个分句或有关部分，表示转折或逻辑上的对比关系，使用最广，口语中更为常见。如： but／however
We love peace but we are not afraid of war．我们热爱和平，但我们并不害怕战争。
however转折意味比but弱，连接的两个分句或有关部分的关系较为松弛，后一部分常起附带说明或衬托作用。however常以插入语形式出现在句子中间，前后用逗号隔开，也可置于句首或句末。如：
Later，however，he decided to go．可是后来他决定去了。
by oneself；oneself
by oneself＝alone，without help。强调“在无他人或他物的情况下”或“无帮助的情况下”；
oneself作同位语，表示强调本人。
试比较：
If you come to my house，I’ll cook for you myself．
如果你来我家，我将亲自下厨。（强调亲手为你做饭）
Can you cook by yourself now？ 你现在能单独做饭了吗？（强调无他人协作）
by sea；by the sea
by sea意为“走海路；坐轮船”，其中by表示乘坐交通工具或行走方式，by与名词间不可用冠词；by the sea意为“在海边”，其中by表示“在……旁边”，by与后面的名词间常有冠词修饰。如：
They will go to America by sea． 他们将坐轮船去美国。
There is a small village by the sea．海边有个小村庄。
请比较下面类似有这样区别的短语：
by ship 乘船 by a ship 在一艘轮船旁边
by land 从陆路 by the land 在岸边（在陆地旁边）
by taxi 乘出租车 by the taxi 在出租车旁边
by road 从陆路 by the road 在路边
D
daily; everyday; every day daily用作名词意为“日报” 如：China everyday意为“每日的、日常的”，在句中作定语。everydayDaily《中国日报》用作形容词，意同everyday；用作副词意同everyday。 everyEnglish＝daily English日常英语；everyday life＝daily life日常生活。 day（分开写）意为“每天”，在句中作状语。如： He comes here every day．＝He comes here daily．他每天来这儿。
damage; destroy; ruin
这三个词都有“破坏；损坏”的意思，区别如下：
damage意为“损坏、破坏”。它可用于表示损坏或破坏具体的物品，一般暗示损坏后价值或效益会降低，这种损坏是部分性的，通常指损坏的程度不那么严重，还可以修复再用。也可用于表示损坏抽象的东西,有时该词也用于借喻。如：
The car was not damaged badly in the accident, but five people were seriously hurt．
汽车在事故中损坏不严重，但却有五个人受了重伤。
Her heart was slightly damaged as a result of her long illness．长期生病使她的心脏受到轻度损伤。
What they said and did damaged the relations between the two countries．
他们的言行损害了这两个国家之间的关系。
Smoking has damaged his health badly． 吸烟严重地损害了他的健康。
damage还可用作可数或不可数名词。如：
The earthquake did a lot of damages to the city．这场地震给这座城市带来了巨大的破坏。
destroy意为“破坏；摧毁；消灭；毁灭”，通常指程度非常严重的“毁坏”，一般情况下不可以修复再用。另外，它既可表示毁坏具体的物品，也可表示毁坏抽象的东西。如：
The big fire destroyed the whole house． 这场大火把整座房子都烧毁了。
The Nazi wanted to destroy people's hopes, but in the end what was destroyed was the Nazi's dream by the power of people． 纳粹想摧毁人民的希望，最终是纳粹的梦想被人民的力量所摧毁。
ruin多用于借喻之中，有时泛指一般性的破坏，指把某物损坏到了不能再使用的程度。如：
My new coat is ruined．我的外套不能再穿了。
The rain will ruin the crops．这雨会把庄稼毁掉的。
I was ruined by that law case; I'm a ruined man?我被那场官司毁了，我破产了。
damp wet dank moist humid 都含"潮湿的"意思。
damp指"轻度潮湿, 使人感觉不舒服的", 如:
I don't like damp weather. 我不喜欢潮湿的天气。
wet 指"含水分或其他液体的"、"湿的", 如:
be wet to the skin 浑身湿透。
dank 指"阴湿的", 如:
a dark dank and chilly cave 一个既黑暗又潮湿、又阴冷的洞。
moist指"微湿的"、"湿润的", 常含"不十分干, 此湿度是令人愉快的"意思, 如:
Grasses were moist with dew. 草被露水润湿了。
humid为正式用语, 常表示"空气中湿度大的", 如:
In the east, the air is humid in summer. 在东方, 夏季空气潮湿。
day by day; day after day
day by day意为“一天一天地”，“逐日”，表示事情的逐渐变化过程。该短语只能作状语。如：
It's getting colder day by day．天气一天天冷了起来。
The boy is getting better day by day．那孩子一天天好了起来。
day after day意为“日复一日”、“一天又一天”，表示一个重复（周而复始或循环重复）的动作或事件。该短语可作主语和状语。如：
Day after day went by, and still no message arrived．日子一天天过去，仍然杳无音讯。
I have to do the work day after day．我得天天做这项工作。
deal with; do with; get rid of
get rid of表示“处理”，侧重“消灭；摆脱或清除”；deal with和do with侧重“处理”的手段、方法或方式。do的后面可接宾语，deal的后面不接宾语；do with常与what连用，deal with常与how连用。
［练］
①If they are not coming, we can ＿＿＿ the tickets．
②How did they ＿＿＿＿ matters of this sort?
③What did you ＿＿＿＿ the broken car?
④Mr Zhang wrote a book ＿＿＿＿ life in England．
⑤We should ＿＿＿＿ the weeds in the fields．
(Key: ①get rid of ②deal with ③do with ④dealing with ⑤get rid of)
demonstrate demonstrate，illustrate 证明，论证，以科学严谨的态度，通过推理、辩论或提供证据来证明事物的正谬。illustrate 指用实物、图片等进行说明，illustrate后常用介词by，with。
A．The lecturer ＿＿＿＿ his point with a diagram ont heblackboard．
B．To ＿＿＿＿ his arguments，he showed us a lot of facts．
C．These figures clearly ＿＿＿ the size of the economic problem facing the country．
Answers：A.illustrated B.demonstrate C.demonstrate
discover；invent；find；find out
invent意为“发明”，指通过劳动运用聪明才智“发明／创造”出以前从未存在过的新事物。
Who invented the telephone？ 是谁发明电话的？
He invented a new teaching method．他发明了一种新的教学方法。
find意为“找到、发现”，指找到或发现自己所需要的东西或丢失的东西，着重指找到的结果。
We've found oil under the South Sea．我们已在南海发现了石油。
They finally found a way． 他们终于找到了办法。
discover意为“发现”， 表示“偶然”或“经过努力”发现客观存在的事物、真理或错误，即指发现原来客观存在但不为人所知的事物，也可表示发现已为人所知的事物的新的性质或用途。
Columbus discovered America in1492． 哥伦布1492年发现了美洲。
We soon discovered the truth． 我们很快就弄清了真相。
find out指经过研究或询问查明某事或真相。
[EXERCISES]
1．Edison ＿＿＿＿ the electric lamp．
2．I lost my necklace last night．I haven’t ＿＿＿＿ it．
3．Who ＿＿＿＿ America first？
4．Can you ＿＿＿＿ what time the train leaves？
ANSWER: 1．invented 2．found 3．discovered 4．find out
都含“丢人”、“耻辱”的意思。 disgrace dishonor shame infamy scandal
disgrace 指“失去别人的尊敬”、“因自己或别人的行为所产生的耻辱感”, 如:
He was in disgrace after his ungentlemanly behavior. 他因为行为不检而为人所不齿。
dishonor指“因自己的言行而丧失自尊或玷辱名誉”, 如:
His desertion to the enemy was a dishonor to his family. 他的投敌行为对他的家庭是耻辱。
shame指“由于失去自尊心而感到羞愧或羞耻”, 如
I think it a shame to be so wasteful. 我认为那样浪费太可耻了。infamy指“声名狼藉”、“臭名昭著”, 如:
His name will live in infamy. 他的名字将遗臭万年。
scandal指“引起公愤的行为”、“丑事”, 如
Iran Scandal 伊朗丑闻(指美国向伊朗出售武器的秘密被揭露后, 所引起的批评)。
E
ever before；ever since；ever after
ever since意为“从……之后一直”，其中的since既可作副词，也可作连词，该短语与完成时连用。有时ever可以省略。
ever before意为“比以往任何时候”，其中的before为副词，常与比较级连用并放在than之后。ever用来加强before的语气，before有时可以省略。
ever after意为“从那以后”，其中的after可作连词，也可作副词，该短语常与过去时连用。
[EXERCISES]
1．He went to Tibet in 1969 and has lived there ＿＿＿＿．
2．The flowers grow more beautiful than ＿＿＿＿．
3．The couple lived a hard life ＿＿＿＿．
ANSWER: 1.ever since 2．ever before 3．ever after
except／but 二者意思均为：除……之外。except强调所除外的人（或事物）；而but则将重点置于其他人（或事物）。
如：We all passed the exam except Tom．除了汤姆没及格外，我们都及格了。（汤姆一人不及格）
Nobody knew her name but me．除我以外，没有人知道他的名字。（强调除“我”知道外，其他人都不知道）
except前常有all，any，every，no及其复合词等；but也常与no，nobody，nothing，all，anywhere等词连用。二者后都可接名词、代词、动词的ing形式和原形动词，可以互换；但except后还可跟副词、介词短语等，此时，不能用but来代替。
如：He answered all the questions except／but the last one．除最后一个问题没答外，其余问题他都答了。
He has always been in high spirits except recently．除近来外，他总是精神饱满。（except后跟副词）
The window is never opened except in summer．除夏季外，这扇窗户从来不开。（except后跟介词短语）
except，but用于否定句时，可以互换。
如：There aren't any other people to be considered except／but you．除你之外，其他人将不予考虑。
G
gather round; gather in; gather up; gather from
gather round表示“聚集在……周围”、“聚集在一起”。
gather in表示“收获?庄稼?”。
gather up表示“收拾起来”、“抱起来”。
gather from表示“从……推测”、“从……推想”，后面与that－clause连用。
［练］
①I ＿＿＿＿ her letter that she is very happy now．
②The students in our class ＿＿＿＿ Mr Wang．
③You'd better ＿＿＿＿ your books and put them away．
④The farmers ＿＿＿＿ the wheat now．
⑤All the workers ＿＿＿＿ him and asked him what was wrong with him at all．?
(Key: ①gather from ②gathered round ③gather up ④are gathering in ⑤gathered round)
get away (from); run away (from);escape (from);flee get away from及run away escape指安全地“逃走或跑掉”，强调结果；(from)这几个词均可表示“逃”，但含义有别： flee强调“逃”这一动作急促或迅速，不强调结果。选用时根据上下文的含义来定。如：from表示“逃”的动作或行为，含有动作快速而敏捷之意，多用于口语中； The bird has escaped from the cage．那只鸟逃出鸟笼了。 He ran away／got away／escaped from the fire．他从火灾中逃出来了。 He fled (from) the burning house．他从燃烧的房子中逃出。 另外，表示“从某处抽身”，一般用get away from。如： I’m afraid she can’t get away from the give give up； give in； give out meeting． 我恐怕她很难从会议中抽身。 giveup指行为或努力受挫或别的原因而主动放弃，可用作及物动词，跟名词或v－ing作宾语；也可作不及物动词； give out意为“用完；耗尽；体力不支”，是不及物动词。例如：in指不再坚持自己的行为或观点等，而按别人的要求去做，一般作不及物动词；
①The wind was strong and the waves were big，so he had to give up attempting／his attempt to swim the channel．风急浪高，他只好放弃横渡海峡的打算。
②All the girls finished the race except two who gave up half way．
除有两个中途放弃外，?其它所有的姑娘都跑完了比赛的全程。
③As neither of the two sides would give in，the agreement fell through．
由于双方都不肯让步，所以没能达成协议。
④After a long journey，my strength gave out and couldn’t walk any farther．
走了很长的路，我已筋疲力尽，再也走不动了。
glance; stare; glare
这组动词都与“看”有关。glance意为“匆匆一瞥”，是不及物动词，其后必须接介词at, over等才可以接宾语。如：
1) He glanced at his watch．他匆匆看了一下手表。
2) She glanced down the list of names． 她由上而下匆匆地看了一下名单。
stare意为“凝视”，它也是一个不及物动词，其后通常接介词at才能接宾语。如：
She stared at him in surprise．她惊讶地瞪着他看。
He was staring out to the sea． 他凝目眺望大海。
glare意为“怒视；瞪眼”，也是不及物动词，其后要接介词at后才能接宾语。如：
They stood glaring at each other．他们互相怒目而视地站着。
go on to do sth；go on doing sth．；go on with sth． go go on to do sth．表示“接着做另一件事”，即接下去做与原来不同的一件事；这三个短语都有继续做某事的意思，但在含义上有所不同。 go on withon doing sth…表示“继续不停地做某事或间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”； sth．表示“间断后继续做原来没有做完的事”，其后一般接代词作宾语。通常情况下，go on doing sth．和go on with sth．可互换。例如： After they had read the text，the students went on to do the exercises． 读完课文后，学生们继续做练习。 The students went on talking and laughing all the way． 一路上学生们一直有说有笑。 After a rest，we went on with our lesson（＝After a rest，we went on having our lesson．）． 休息以后，我们继续上课。
H
habit, practice, custom, convention这组名词一般含义为“习惯”。
habit指个人的“习惯”，通常用于表示做事、思考问题或行为举止的不自觉的方式方法
That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen.
这证明是我的失败，因为我不久就回到在电视屏幕前打瞌睡的坏习惯去了。
practice 既可表示个人的也可表示社会的“习惯”，这种“习惯”从性质上看是一种反复不断的或是有选择性的行为或者方法
On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat――the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.
在另一方面，一想到用动物油煎马铃薯，你便会作呕。然而在许多北欧国家里，这是为大家接受的通常习惯。
She walked slowly into the hall and at once noticed that all the room doors were open,yet following her general practice she had shut them before going out.
她慢慢地走进厅堂，并且立刻发现所有的房门都是开着的。但是按照她自己的一般习惯，她在外出前总是把门全部关好的。
custom 具有 habit 和 practice 的一切含义，此外，custom 还包含这样一层意思：长期而广泛采用的行为或方法，即风俗习惯，按照某地区人们共同生活及其行为的准则或规范，它不仅有指导意义，而且具有必须遵循的意义
Don't be a slave to custom. 不要做风俗习惯的奴隶。
From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour.
一个人从诞生的那一时刻起，他降生后所处的风俗习惯便给他的阅历和行为定型。
convention 其实是其他3个词的近义词，它的含义为：固定的或公众一致承认的行事或表达思想的方法
They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary.
他们不顾社会习俗，并未意识到自己在做些与众不同的事。
hand down；hand in；hand over；hand out ； by hand ；hands up
hand down作“把……传下来”解。例如：
…knowledge， customs and memories were handed down by the elders of the race．
……他们的知识，生活习惯以及人们所怀念的事情，都是由他们的祖先传下来的。
The story was handed down from one generation to another．这个故事世代相传。
hand in为“把……交上来” 、“交给”、“递交”之意。例如：
Time is up．Hand in your examination papers．时间到了，请把试卷交上来。
hand over作“转交”或“移送”解。例如：
Please hand over this money to XiaoZhou．请将这笔钱转交小周。
The thief was handed over to the police．小偷已被移送到公安机关了。
hand out为“散发”之意。例如：
When I got to the classroom the teacher had already begun handing out the test papers．
我赶到教室时，老师已开始分发试卷了。
by hands up表示“举起手来”； hand表示“用手”、“手工”，是介词短语，作方式状语。
[EXERCISES]
①This toy was made ． ②After class， you must your homework． ③If you have any questions to ask，please ． （Keys：①by hand ②hand in ③hands up）
have sb．do have sb．dosth．；have sb．／sth．doing sth．；have sth．done sth．为“使（让、请）某人做某事”之意，其中作宾补的不带to的不定式只表示发生过某事。例如： The soldiers had the boy stand have sb．／sth．doingwith his back to his father． 士兵们让男孩背对着父亲站着。 sth．为“让某人（某事）一直做某事”之意，其中作宾补的现在分词表示保持或一直存在的状态。例如： The two cheats had their lights burning all night long． 两个骗子让灯整夜地亮着。 Although the farm is large，my dad has only have sth．done 有两层含义和用法：two men working for him． 虽然农场大，但我爸爸只雇了两人为他（一直）干活。 *其一，作“（有意地）让他人为自己做某事”解，即过去分词所表示的动作由别人完成，而宾语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者或动作对象。例如： I’ll have a new suit made of this cloth． 我要用这种布料做一套新衣服。 *作“（无意识地）让某人（或某物）遭受不幸”解。例如： He had his handbag stolen． 他的手提包被人偷了。
hear hear of／ hear from／ hear hearof表示“听人说起”、“听说过”，侧重于间接听说； hear表示“听见”、“听到”，后面接名词、代词或宾语从句。from表示“收到……的来信”、“收到……的来电”，后面接指人的名词或代词；
[EXERCISES]
①I that our team won． ②I my brother twice a month． ③I &n
09高考英语考前词汇句型扫描版
语法： 时态问题 (01)
1. 记住与各时态相关的“特征词”． 2.表示“将来”的几种形式及基本区别：
shall will be going to +动词原形 be to do sth.
be +coming (leaving, starting, reaching, returning…. be about to do sth.
3.用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的表达：
A. should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时态
B. was / were going to do sth.（用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么．）
C. was / were going to have done sth. 表示未完成原来的计划和安排．
D. expect , intend , hope , mean , plan , promise , suppose , think , want , wish．．．常用过去完成时态
在这些词后接宾语从句或者接不定式的一般形式；或者用一般过去时态后面接不定式的完
成形式表示过去未曾实现的愿望．
E. wish that …had done sth.表示过去未曾实现的愿望．
F.情态动词should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成时，表示过去本该做，打算
做，想做而未做的事情．
G. had better / would rather + 不定式的完成时，表示一种过去的愿望．常译为“当初最好／当初
真该．．．．”
II. 句型复习：
1. would (should) you like to do sth. should love to do sth.
feel like doing sth. would like to do sth. would like sb. to do sth.
2. such a diligent man that … so diligent a man that … such a diligent man as … such interesting books that … such rapid progress that … so many (few) people that …
so much (little) money that … so diligent (fast) that… diligent (fast) enough to do sth.
so lazy (slowly) that he cannot … too lazy (slowly) to do sth.
III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (01)
agree sb. agree with + sb. / sb.’s opinion / what … 同意某人意见
sth. agree with sb. 适合
sth. agree with sth. 相一致，相符，和谐
agree on (upon) sth. 就．．．取得一致的意见
agree with sb. on sth. 在．．．方面同意或意见一致
agree to do sth. 愿意（同意）做．．．
agree that…. 同意．．．是事实或应当如何
注释：该词一般作为不及物动词用．表示“同意”时有三种表达法，with①后接“人”
②具体的观点和看法：opinion, plan, idea等；③what引导的从句．
作及物动词用时，① agree to do sth. 愿意做．．．
②agree that …同意．．．是事实或应当如何
B. 短语记忆：
according to 根据 a lot of/lots of 许多 add up to 加起来
a few 一些 again and again 一再，多次 a great deal 许多
all kinds of 各种各样的 a little 一些 a kind of 一种。。。
after all 毕竟
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
absorb vt. accept vt. accompany vt. account v.
act v. adapt v. add v. admit v.
advance v. advise vt. afford vt. aim v.
answer v. achieve vt. adopt vt. allow v.
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4. 完成时态中瞬间动词的处理方法：
A. 不合表示一段时间的时间状语连用． B. 将瞬间动词变成状态动词．
C. 换用句型．It is….. since …did…
5. 复合句中的时态问题：
A.主句是现在时态，从句可是任意时态． B.主句是将来时态，条件状语从句中只能用现在时态．
C.主句是过去时态，从句只能是过去的时态．
6. 情景中的时态问题．
这是近几年高考中时态考察的重点．关键是要对所提供的情景进行仔细认真的分析 善于找到判断时态的依据．
II. 句型复习：
2. What’s wrong (the matter, the trouble) with …?
Is there anything wrong (the matter ) with …?
There is something (nothing ) wrong (the matter) with…?
Something (Nothing ) is wrong (the matter) with…?
3. in order that…may (might, can, could,…) …
so that…can (could, may, might…) … so as to (in order to) do sth.
4. do (try) one’s best to do sth. do what (everything, all) you can do sth.
what he said… all that he said…
III. 词汇 A. 常用动词用法 (02)
look link-v look + adj. (过去分词，名词，介词短语，)看起来，
look about 四周打量 look about for 四处寻找 look ahead 预测未来
look like 看起来像 look as if 看起来好像 look well 看起来不错
look sb. up and down 上下打量某人 look at 看，望， 看待
look after 照看，照管，照顾，负责处理 look back on 回顾，回想
look down upon (on) 看不起，蔑视 look for 找寻，自找（麻烦），
look forward to 盼望，希望；预计会有 look in 作短时间的访晤（参观），
look in on 拜望，顺便来看望 look into 调查，了解，研究
look on 旁观，在旁边看 look on … as… 把．．．看作
look out 查找，找出；当心，注意 look out for 当心，提防；找寻，注意；
look over 翻阅，审读；复习 look round 审视，到处看看；回头望
look through 翻阅，查看；读一遍 look to 照顾，注意，负责
look up 查出，了解；看望，拜访 look up and down 上下打量
B. 短语记忆：
and so on 等等 a number of 许多 a set of 一套。。。 as a result 结果
as well as 也 at any time 任何时候 at first 首先 at least 至少
at once 立即 at the beginning of 开头，开初
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
appear vi. apply v. appoint vt. appreciate vt.
approach v. approve v. arrange v. assign vt.
attack v. attain vt. attempt vt. attend v.
avoid vt. belong vi. bend v. blow v.
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I. 语法： 定语从句
1.引导词的功能： Ａ. 引导定语从 Ｂ. 代替现行词在定语从句中充当某一句子成分．
2.引导定语从句的连词用法表解：
连 词
主 句 中 先 行 词 是
在 从 句 中 充 当 的 成 分 是
who
人
主语
whom
人
宾语
whose
人或物
定语(该词后要跟名词)
that
人或物
主语，宾语，表语
which
物
主语，宾语 (还可以引导非限制性定语从句)
where
表示地点的名词
地点状语 (=介词 + which )
when
表示时间的名词
时间状语 (=介词 + which )
why
reason
原因状语 (= for which )
as
在限制性定语从句中常和such…as，the same…as 等句型连用．
在非限制性定语从句中，可以代替主句中的某一成分或整个句子的意义．
3. way 后面的定语从句可由in which , that 引导，或者什么都不要．
4. that 在使用中的特殊要求．
5. 限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别．
6. as 与which在引导非限制性定语从句的三点区别：as常和know, see, understand, expect等词连用；可
位于句首；常译为：正如．．．．
II. 句型复习：
1. would rather (not) do sth. would rather do sth. than do sth.
would rather sb. did (had done) sth. prefer sth. to sth. else
prefer doing sth. to doing sth. else prefer to do sth. rather than do sth.
insist on doing sth. rather than do sth.
2. No matter what (Whatever) he does… No matter how (However) difficult it is…
3. to one’s surprise (delight, satisfaction, disappointment, joy)…
What surprises (delights, satisfies, disappoints, pleases) one is…
III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (03)
appear vi. link-v. = seem 似乎, 显得
appear to do sth. appear + adj. appear + done
appear + sth. It appear that….
B. 短语记忆：
at the edge of 在…边缘 at the end of 在…末尾 at the moment 此刻
at the same time 同时 a variety of 各种各样的 be annoyed at 生…的气
be busy with 忙于… be divided into 分成… be fit for 适合…
be fond of 爱好 be full of 充满… be grateful for 感谢
be interested in对…感兴趣 be known for 因…出名 be made up of 由…组成
be satisfied with 对…满意
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
bother v. build vt. buy vt cease v
charge v. change v. check v. choose v.
clear v. close v. collect v. commit vt.
compare v. concern vt. consider v. consist vi.
04
4. It seems that sb. do sth. = sb. seems to do sth.
It happened that sb. do sth. = sb. happened to do sth.
It is said (reported) that sb. do sth. = sb. is said (reported) to do sth.
5. Half of the visitors are … Half of the wood is …
Most of the teachers are… Most of the water is …
The rest of the books are … The rest of the money is …
One-fourth of the population in the world are Chinese.
The population of
Three-fourths of the workers in the factory are men.
Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is the sea.
A larger number of students are… The number of the students in our school is…
II. 词汇 A. 常用动词用法 (04)
make make sth. 做，制造 make sb. do sth. 使得．．．
make sb. (sth.) done make sb. (sth.) + adj.
make sb. (sth.) + n. make it + adj.(n.) + that．．．
make it + adj.(n.) + to do sth. make it + adj.(n.) + doing sth.
make a dash for 赶往．．．，冲向．．．
make a deal with 达成协议，做成交易
make a decision 作出规定
make a face = make faces 做鬼脸，做苦相 make a good effort 作很大的努力
make a record 录制唱片 make a plan for 为…作计划
make a note of 注意，记下来 make an impression on 给．．留下（某种）印象，引人注目
make fun of 取笑，和．．．开玩笑，嘲笑
make ．．．into．．． 把．．．做成．．．；使成为，使变成 be made into．．．
be made from．．． 由．．．做的（化学变化） be made of．．． 由．．．做的（物理变化）
make it 按时到达某处，办事成功；约定时间；及时赶上（火车，轮船等）
make one’s living 维持生活 make progress 取得进步
make out
看清楚，看出，辨识；理解，明白；开（账单，收据等）进展；假装，装出，把．．．说成是
make room (for) 让地方，让位置 make sense 有道理，好懂，有清楚的意思
make sense of 理解 make sure that．．． 弄肯定，一定要做到；弄确切，弄清
make sure of make sure to do sth. 一定要做．．．
make ... to one's own measure 依照某人的尺寸做。。。
make up 创造，编造；弥补，把．．．补上；化妆，打扮
make up for 弥补 be made up of 有．．．组成（构成）
make up one’s mind to do sth. 打定主意，决定，决心
make use of 利用
B. 短语记忆：
be similar to 与…相同 be unfamiliar to 与…不熟悉 be used to V-ing 习惯于
because of 因为 by hand 手工做的 carry out 执行，进行
catch up ?with?赶上 clear off 清除，跑开 compare…with 与…比较
concentrate on 聚精会神… consist of 包含 deal with 处理，对付
devote oneself to 献身于… die out 绝种 divide…into 把分成
do harm to 伤害… draw a conclusion 得出结论
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
construct vt. continue v. contribute v. control vt.
convince vt. cost vt. count v. cover vt.
create vt. cross v. crowd v. cry v.
deal v. decide v. declare v. defend vt.
05
状语从句
引导从句的连词
备 注
时间
after, as, before, once, since, till, until,
when, whenever, while, as long as,
as soon as, hardly(scarcely) … when,
No sooner … than, the time (moment, instant, minute, day…)
1. hardly, no sooner在句首，引导的从句
要部分倒装．
2. since引导的从句注意看启动词是否是
瞬间动词还是延续性动词．
3. when 引导的从句注意其特殊用法．
4. 一些名词也可以引导时间状语从句．
地点
where , wherever
后者表示强调．
方式
as, as if, as though,
as引导的方式状语从句多在句首．
原因
because, since, as, now (that)
语气一个比一个弱．for可以引导原因状语从句，但它只能位于句末．
结果
so …that, such (a)… that,
so that, that
so…that中的so在句首，主句要部分倒装．
目的
so that, in order that, that, so,
so that 使用最普遍．
条件
if , unless, in case , as long as,
注意分清if从句中是否该用虚拟语气．
让步
though, although, even if, even though,
as, in spite of the fact, while,
no matter wh- ,
as 引导的让步状语从句要倒装．
II. 句型复习：
1. It is + 被强调部分 + that ...
在句型 1 中，将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置于that之后．被强调部分可以是主语，宾语，表语或状语．强调的主语如果是人，that可以由who换用．如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子．这也是与其 它从句区别判断的方法．
2. It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ...
句型2 主要用于强凋时间状语，译成汉语＂直到．．．才．．．＂，可以说是 not ... until ... 的强调形式
3. It is clear ( obvious, true, possible, certain....) that .....
句型3中it 是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句，常译为＂清楚（显然，真的，肯定．．．）＂ 是主语从句最常见的一种结构．
III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (05)
consider 考虑 consider that．．． consider what (how) to do sth. consider doing sth.
认为 consider that．．． consider sb. (sth.) + sb. (sth.) consider sb.+ adj.
把…看作是 consider sb. to be．．．
consider sb. + p.p.
consider sb.+ 介词短语
consider ... as 把（某人）看作
B. 短语记忆：
either…or 既…又 for a moment 一会儿 for a while 一会儿 for example 例如
for instance 例如 from time to time 不时 hand over 递过去 in a hurry 匆忙
in case 万一 in front of 在…前面 in line 排队 in no mood 无心思(心情)
in other words 换言之 in spite of 尽管 instead of 代替 in the course of 在….期间(过程)
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
delay v. delight v. deliver vt. demand vt.
deny vt. depend vi. deserve vt. design vt.
desire vt. destroy vt. determine vt. develop v.
devote vt. direct vt. discover vt. discuss vt.
06
1. that 在引导名词性从句中的用法．
2. whether, if 在引导名词性从句中的用法区别．
3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别及判断．
4. what在引导名词性从句中的用法．
5. 宾语从句中否定转移时应该注意的几个问题．
6. 宾语从句中使用形式宾语it的问题及注意事项．
7. 哪些表语形容词后可以跟从句．
最常用用连词用法辨析
连 词
从 句 种 类
功 用
what
主、宾、表语从句
在从句中充当主、宾、表同时在主句中充当主、宾、表语
that
主、宾、表、同位语、定、状
在名词性从句中引导从句，不充当成分，无词意；定语从句中代替人或物，在从句中充当主、宾。表；在状语从句中引导目的、结果状语从句
whether
主、宾、表、同位语
在从句中引导从句，不充当成分，有词意：“是否”
who
主、宾、表、定
在从句中充当主语
which
主、宾、表、定
在名词性从句中充当定语，词意为：“哪一个。。。”；在定语从句中代替物，在从句中充当主、宾语，与介词一起作状语
when
主、宾、表、同位语、定、状
在从句中作时间状语，词意为：“在何时”
where
主、宾、表、同位语、定、状
在从句中作地点状语，词意为：“在何处”
how
主、宾、表、同位语、状
在从句中作方式状语，词意为：“如何”
why
主、宾、表、同位语、定
在从句中作原因状语，词意为：“为什么”
II. 句型复习：
6. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ...
句型6 中的过去分词应该是表示请求，建议，命令等词，that 后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省．常译为＂据建议；有命令．．．）
III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (07)
need 需要 need sth. need to do sth. need doing
情态动词：用于否定句，疑问句（较少用于肯定句）
He needn’t go out for such a thing . Need you buy this book ?
n. 需要，必要（不可数）；需要的东西（可数）
a friend in need 患难之交 in need of 需要
B. 短语记忆：
out of sight 看不见 over and over 再三 refer to 意指，提交 since then 从那以后
right away 马上 run away 跑掉 run out 用完，耗尽 side by side 肩并肩
regard…as 把…当作…对待；认为…是…
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
distribute vt. disturb vt. double v. draw v.
dress v. drive v. drop v. fetch vt.
fight v. fill v. finish v. fire v.
fit v. fix v. fly v. follow v.
07
１）主语是一个抽象概念（包括不定式、动名词和名词性从句作主语），谓语动词用单数。
２）如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有：with , together with , as well as , no less than, rather than ,
like , but , besides , except , as much as, including , along with ...等引起的短语，谓语动词仍然用单数。
３）each , some , any , no , every 构成的复合代词；one of +复数名词 , many a , more than one ( a )
等所修饰的词作主语，它们的谓语都用单数。
４） people , police, cattle 等词作主语通常用复数。
５） majority , population , class , family , group , team , crowd , audience , army , government, company ,
enemy 等集体名词，按意思一致原则，作为整体，看作单数；指其中一个一个成员，看作复数。
II. 句型复习：
7. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ...
句型７中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should以省去．表示出乎意料，常译为＂竟然＂．没有这种意义时，则不用虚拟语气．
III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (08)
take take sth. 拿，取，带；吃，喝；占领，赢得；
take a look at 看一看 take a nap 小睡
take a taxi 打的 take a job 接受(工作)
take a bet 打赌 take a chance 碰碰运气，冒．．．风险
take a risk 冒风险 take a seat 坐下
take an interest in 对．．．有兴趣 take a photograph ( of ) 照一张相
be taken up with 忙于（某事）；喜欢 take after 长得像，性格等像
take aim 瞄准 take along 随身携带
take ．．．as．．． 看作，认为 take away 拿走；减去；
take back 收回（诺言，话语等）；送还；退（货） take back to 使回想起
take care 当心 take care to do sth. take care that．．．
take care of 照料，料理，照顾；当心，注意；处理，对付
take charge (of) 负责（处理某事或照料某人）；接管 ake ill (sick) 突然生病
take cold 感冒，伤风 take control of 控制住，管住
take delight (pleasure) in sth.喜欢（做）某事 take delight (pleasure) in doing sth.
take down 拿下来，取下来；记下来 take effect 开始起作用；生效
take．．．for (to be) sth.（错）当作，以为是
take．．．for granted 想当然认为（会是某种情况）；认为是理所当然 take it for granted that．．．
take ．．．for example 以．．．为例 take hold of 抓住；吸引住
B. 短语记忆：
be willing to do sth. 愿意做 devote … to … 把…贡献于 go over 复习
succeed in 成功 give off 放出（气味，热） go by 过去，依照
work hard at 致力于 set off (vt.) 引起 pay off 还清
take an interest in 对…感兴趣 have effect on 对…有影响 set out 出发，开始
have … to do with 与…有关 believe in 信任 set sail 启航
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
force vt. forget v. form v. frighten vt.
gain vt. gather v. grant vt. greet vt.
grieve v. guard v. guess v. guid vt.
hand vt. handle vt. hang v. happen vi.
08
1. 条件状语从句中的虚拟语气．(后退一步法)
2. wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气．(后退一步法)
3. 表示建议，请求，命令等词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气．(should 加原形)
4. 表语从句，主语从句中虚拟语气．(should 加原形)
5. suggestion，insist后从句中不用虚拟语气的问题．
6. 其它从句中的虚拟语气问题．Would you mind ….did….? would rather sb. did sth.
It is time that …did sth.
7. 错综复杂条件状语从句中的虚拟语气．
8. 暗含虚拟语气问题：介词短语表条件；情境中提供虚拟语气．
II. 句型复习：
8. It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ...
句型8中that 后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是① 用过去时态表示虚拟．② should + 动词原形，should 不能省．常译为＂是（正是）．．．的时侯．．．＂
9. It is the first ( second ... ) time that ...
句型９要和句型８区别开来，该句型中的 that 从句不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态，至于用什么完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态决定，如果是一般现在时，后面从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，后面从句则用过去完成时态．该结构中 that 可以省去；it有时用 this 替换．常译为＂是第一（二）．．．次．．．＂
10. It is .... since ...
句型１０主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，又要和表示一段时间时间状语连用的问题．主句中是时间作表语，一般是现在时或完成时，since 引导的从句一般是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词．如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时．
III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (09)
do do a good deed 做件好事 do away with 废除，破除，取消，消除，干掉
do about sth. 对．．．想某种办法或采取某种行为
do everything (all) one can 尽一切努力，尽力去做 do good 做好事
do sb. good (harm) = do good (harm) to sb. 对．．．有好处（害处）
do sb. a favour (kindness) 帮一个忙 do sb. the favour to do sth. (that．．．) 帮忙做．．．
do one’s best = try one’s best 尽．．．最大的努力
do one’s bit (duty) 尽一份力（履行职责，做份内的事） do up 收拾，整理，打扮；包，扎，系
do well 做得对，做得好 do with 处理，安排，多和what连用）
do with 想要，需要（多和can连用） do with 受不了，不能（多和can’t连用）
do something (nothing , anything, little, much) to do with 与．．．有．．．关系
do wonder = work wonder 创造奇迹 do wrong 做坏事、犯罪
do sb. wrong = do wrong to sb. 委屈，冤枉某人，做对不起某人的事
B. 短语记忆：
be admitted to sp. 被…录取 take … by surprise 对…突然袭击/ 出乎…意料
put effort into sth.(致力于) put into prison = send to prison 送入监狱
clear up(清理，收拾，打扫) do a word puzzle = do a puzzle in words (猜字谜)
keep a certain distance away (保持一定的距离) far below (远远低于)
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
imagine vt. impose v. impress vt. improve v.
incline v. include vt. increase v. inform v.
injure vt. inquire v. insist v. inspire vt.
intend vt. interfere vi. introduce vt. invite vt.
09
６）表示时间、重量、长度、价值等的名词作主语，尽管是复数，谓语动词用单数。
７）or , either ... or ... , neither ... nor ... , not ... but ... , not only ... but also... 等连接两个主语时，谓语动词用
就近一致原则。
８）以 there , here , such 引起的句子，而主语又不只一个，谓语动词用就近一致原则。
９）以what 引起的主语从句，all , most , half , the rest , the remainder 等引起的主语，谓语动词按意思一
致的原则处理。
１０）关系词who, that , which 引起的定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词在数和人称取得一致。但
one of + 复数名词 + that从句。从句的谓语动词应用复数，而the ( only ) one of +复数名词 + that
从句，从句的谓语动词应用单数。
１１）当 the与原级形容词连用，表示一类人时；或某些以-s(es) 结尾的人名，指一家人、夫妻俩或同名
同姓的若干人时，谓语动词用复数。
II. 句型复习：
11. It is ... when ...
句型１１中的 when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，表语由具体的时间充当．常译为＂当．．．的时候，是．．．＂
12. It be ... before ...
句型１２中的主句时态只有将来一般时或过去时两种时态．主句中的表语多是long, not long , 3 days , 2 weeks 等时间．常译为＂．．．之后．．．＂
13. It happens (seems, appears ) that...
句型号１３中it是形式主语， that 引导的是主语从句，主句中的happen , seem是不及物动词．
III.词汇：A. 常用动词用法 (10)
take take in 接受（房客，客人等），留宿；理解，明白；包括，涉及；（把衣服）改小，改瘦；订阅
take it easy 不要着急；慢慢来 take note of 注意
take notes 作笔记，记笔记 take notice of 理会；注意
take off 脱下（衣，帽等）；起飞；匆匆离开；休假，请假；取消
take off one’s hat to 佩服；敬重 take on 接受，从事（工作）；雇用；上车，接受乘客
take one’s time 慢慢来，从容不迫 take out 取出，使退色；领取
take over 接替(职务)；接管 take part in 参加，参与
take pity on(upon) 可怜，怜悯 take place 发生，举行
take (a) pride in 为．．．感到自豪（骄傲） take sth. lying down 甘心忍受（而不反抗）
take sides ( in ) 站在….一边
take the chair 担任主席 take the place of 代替、取代
take trouble to do sth. 不辞劳苦的做．．．
take to sth. 喜欢；养成某种爱好 take to doing sth.
take turns to do sth. 轮流做．．． take turns (at) doing sth.
take up 开始学习（课程），选修；从事；向．．．提出；占用（时间）；占掉（空间）
B. 短语记忆：
further education(进修) absence of 缺乏 access to ...的入口,通路
acquaintance with 相识,了解 action on sth 对...的作用 addition to sth 增加
admission to /into 进入,入(场,学,会) admission of sth 承认 advance in 改进,进步
advantage over 优于...的有利条件 absence from 缺席,不在 answer to ...的答案
C. 记住下列动词并写出它们的汉语意思：
involve vt. insolate vt. issue vt. join v.
judge v. jump vi. knock v. know v.
lack v. last vi.
09年5月语文焦点写作素材――H1N1流感及人类危机思考
随着人类社会的不断发展，地球人们之间的交往联系愈来愈紧密。“地球村”名副其实，这给我们人类社会带了巨大的繁荣，但也有灰色的记忆，这些记忆都深深地刻在人类的历史石碑上。
关注我们自身，是关注人类社会的体现。
中国的高考是国家为选拔优秀人才而举行的大型考试，考试内容或考试预测常常是人们的谈论焦点。
从近三年的高考中，我们不难发现其考查内容与人类生活、生产联系非常紧密，尤其有关社会最热点的内容。
据上，笔者联系当前社会热点之一――甲型H1N1流感，来谈一下高考语文写作的相关话题及素材应用。
背景概况
2009年3月，墨西哥和美国等先后发生甲型H1N1流感，其病毒为A型流感病毒，H1N1亚型猪流感病毒毒株，该毒株包含有猪流感、禽流感和人流感三种流感病毒的基因片断，是一种新型猪流感病毒，可以人传染人。
以下是截至北京时间５月１９日２１时，世界卫生组织发布的有关国家和地区甲型Ｈ１Ｎ１流感疫情最新累计数字，括号内为有关国家和地区自己公布的数字。
死亡病例 确诊病例（包括死亡病例） 疑似病例
墨西哥 ７２ （７０） ３６４８ （３６４６） （３９５４）
美国 ５ （５） ５１２３ （５１２３） （０）
加拿大 １ （１） ４９６ （５２０） （０）
哥斯达黎加 １ （１） ９ （９） （１２８）
日本 ０ １５９ （１９１） （０）
西班牙 ０ １０３ （１０３） （２３）
英国 ０ １０２ （１０２） （３）
巴拿马 ０ ５９ （５９） （２９）
法国 ０ １４ （１５） （２６）
德国 ０ １４ （１４） （１９）
哥伦比亚 ０ １１ （１１） （１６４）
意大利 ０ ９ （９） （０）
新西兰 ０ ９ （９） （４８）
巴西 ０ ８ （８） （１８）
以色列 ０ ７ （７） （４）
萨尔瓦多 ０ ６ （６） （０）
比利时 ０ ５ （５） （０）
中国内地 ０ ４ （４） （１）
智利 ０ ４ （５） （０）
韩国 ０ ３ （４） （３０）
荷兰 ０ ３ （３） （０）
危地马拉 ０ ３ （３） （０）
古巴 ０ ３ （３） （０）
瑞典 ０ ３ （３） （０）
中国香港 ０ ３ （３） （０）
其它国家及地区省略
相关历史链接
西班牙流感
1918年，西班牙大流感所造成的灾难是流感流行史上最严重的一次，也是历史上死亡人数最多的一次瘟疫，估计全世界患病人数在7亿以上，发病率约20%～40%，死亡人数达4000-5000多万。美国科学家的研究显示，1918-1919年导致5000万人死亡的西班牙流感病毒很可能源自鸟类。
亚洲流感
1957-1958 亚洲流感 （病毒类型 H2N2）
香港流感
1968-1969 香港流感 （病毒类型 H3N2）1968年7月，香港突然爆发流感，发病人数多达50万。8月，流感传入新加坡、印度、澳大利亚、日本和美国。这次流感使美国5100万人染病，超过3.4万人死亡。接着又传入前苏联和欧洲。根据国际红十字会组织统计，这场流感至少波及世界55个国家和地区，造成全球150万-200万人死亡。
俄罗斯流感
1977-1978 俄罗斯流感 （病毒类型 H1N1） 1977年11月至1978年1月在前苏联，“俄罗斯流感”流行。至1978年冬，其他许多国家也纷纷出现感染流行。受袭击的集中在20岁以下的青少年。
疯牛病
1985年，主发国在英国。据估计死亡人数以每年30%左右的速度逐年上升，迄今为止死于此疫的人数为69人。波及的国家以欧美国家为主。据美国有线新闻网估计，疯牛病事件将给美国造成了至少数十亿美元的经济损失。
口蹄疫
2001年，英国暴发口蹄疫，集中宰杀、焚烧了近700万头感染口蹄疫的牲畜，许多农民损失惨重。世界上大多数的国家如美国、加拿大、日本、南韩、澳洲、新西兰及一些欧洲国家等；东南亚各国、中国香港、中国大陆等皆属”口蹄疫疫区”。
SARS
2003年4月起在中国广东省及香港地区所爆发的流行病严重急性呼吸道综合症(SARS），涉及32个国家和地区，截至
禽流感
2004年初禽流感席卷美国和亚洲部分国家，中国、日本、越南等国上百万家禽染病死亡，多人可能因感染禽流感病毒而去世。截止到2005年，禽流感已造成全球超过1.5亿只禽类被扑杀，63人死亡，直接经济损失高达100亿美元。
手足口病
手足口病是全球性传染病，世界大部分地区均有此病流行的报道。1957年新西兰首次报道该病。我国自1981年在上海发现本病，以后北京、河北等十几个省（市）均有报导。2009年我国手足口病发病处于上升阶段。2009年年初到4月7日,全国累计报告手足口病例115618例,死亡50例。
非典、禽流感、甲型H1N1流感等问题背后的冷思考
观点罗列
1、人类不能善待动物，恶劣的饲养环境为病毒的生长和变异提供了机会。人类不爱护环境和滥用抗生素 。
2、人类对自然的掠夺破坏越来越厉害。研究证明，66%的传染病病是从动物身上传播而来。
3、病毒加快变异论：病毒变异性的加快与“物种障碍”的跨越加快，使人类面临的危险越来越大。
4、病毒比人类更具有智慧论：病毒不断寻找人类的弱点，加以利用。人类与病毒的持续战斗，病毒战斗力越来越强大。
5、全球公共卫生预防机制应该趋于更加完善，科学预防需要全球合作，科技发展需要大力尊重自然。
6、气候变化论：气候变化促进动物传染病的发生与传播。全球气候变化肯定会促生部分细菌发生变化，这样，人类的危险不单单就是宏观上的，微观世界也在酝酿着病变。
集中讨论点关键词
人与自然 自然环境 环境保护 人类危机 全球问题 公共卫生 反省意识
生物病毒 生态掠夺 人为阴谋 生命代价 和谐契合
【焦点解读】
人类正在改变着地球，而这些改变的背后却引发了良性质变和危险隐患。随着时间的迁移，有了许多新的疾病和名词， “非典”、“禽流感” 、“甲型H1N1”流感这些看似陌生却又如此熟悉的病菌像一阵飓风骤然降临，而这一切正在改变着我们。
这一社会焦点是值得我们的重点关注。它关涉着“人与自然” 、 “全球问题”、 “公共卫生”、 “生态保护” 、“环境”、“危机”、 “反省”、 “灾难”、“珍惜”、 “尊重”、“震撼”、 “生命”、“合作”、 “和谐”等话题，而这写话题也是我们高考所关注的。
[运用实例]
话题1 人与自然
自然，是动植物的栖息地，是生命的起源，是我们的一切的源泉。
人类诞生于天地之间，生存于大自然之中。集灵气与采万精华的我们勇敢地从洪荒时代走到了文明的世纪。
人与自然存在着莫大的关系。在自然中，人类的智慧创造了经济的奇迹，而无知与贪婪却留下了可怕的后果。现在的地球已经发出了痛苦的呻吟：环境污染，生态恶化，病毒横行。这一切是值得我们的深思。03年的非典、04年禽流感、今天的甲型流感无不让我们深思人类应如何对待大自然？人类该怎样与自然和谐共处呢？
也许是一个简单的答案：善待自然和谐相处。善待万物，就象善待我们的朋友；拯救地球，就是拯救我们的家园！人与自然相通相依，协调一致，和谐共处，是人与自然和谐共处的主要思想。
话题2 灾难
面对“甲型H1N1流感”的到来，也许我们想到一个灰色的词“灾难”。其实我们已经经受了无数的灾难了。厄尔尼诺、温室效应、全球气候变暖、海啸、非典、还有现在的甲型流感，这里的每一场灾难无不伤痛着人类的脆弱的神经。而这一切究竟缘何。
也许是自然对人类的惩罚，也许是地球对人类的惩罚，到底是什么，为什么会有这么多的灾难，我们在思索着。人类进入工业时代后，掠夺性地开采，工业污染严重，全球温室效应明显，人类的进步是建立在掠夺自然的基础之上；任意残杀其他物种，北冰洋的海豹被剥皮，海洋里的蓝鲸被宰杀，山林里的稀有物种被烹饪等等，人类的食欲是建立在残杀生灵的基础之上。简单地总结，境破坏，生态失衡，灾难就频发。
低下头吧，高傲的人类将目光放的长远些吧；咽下涎吧贪吃的人类将口味放的平常些吧，不然，人类只能自己承担地球的惩罚――频发的灾难。
话题3 反省
反省是人类不断进步的思源。而缺乏自我反省是人类的共同弱点，不仅限于对大自然的傲慢，更主要的是总有理由为自己的过失开脱责任。
气候异常,三废严重,恶疾流行,灾害频仍,因工业和现代社会生活方式诱发的环境恶化问题,已成为当前世界性的热门话题和共同难题。当人们纷纷行动起来,就事论事地解决各种具体的环保问题的时候, 人类需要真正反省自己了。因为对大自然的傲慢，环境污染破坏已促成了更多的菌体变异。人类的自我中心主义，漠视自然的盲动行为，已经成为了悬在人类头上的达摩克利斯之剑，还有多少病毒将要变异？人类还要尝试多少自食其果？这一切在告诉我们，必须静下思维来，认认真真地反省了，反省人与自然的关系，反省自然环境的问题，反省工业与自然的关系，反省人类自身的弱点等等。
从根本的内容，根本的原因，根本的关系上，我们去反省，也是对人类哲学及我们的人性本质思考。
话题4 生命
生命是宝贵的，地球上的无数形式的生命都是宝贵的。地球上的生命又都有着各种千丝万缕的联系，生命的彼此关联又都造就了世界的多彩。
丰富多彩的地球世界，又时时刻刻充满了各种因素的威胁与危机，而这些威胁与危机动辄就是生命的毁灭。历史上的“西班牙流感”夺走40000―50000人的生命；“亚洲流感”使全球至少100万人死于这场灾难；“香港流感” 至少波及世界55个国家和地区，造成全球150万-200万人死亡。现代医学的进步依然挽救不了03年的非典的900多人的生命。在微生物加快变异的今天，人类的生命显得异常的脆弱，而这个脆弱又何尝不是破坏其他生命的折射呢？
生命是需要和谐相联的，生命是需要和谐共处的。
话题5 公共卫生
公共卫生不是小事，是关切环保的要事，是关切民生的大事。努力营造洁净公共卫生的环境，为人民群众的健康和经济发展筑起一道安全的屏障。
环境卫生直接关乎人的健康，关乎民生。要小康，首先要健康；健康是最大的财富。环境越洁净卫生，危害人类健康的病毒、病菌就越没有生存的土壤和活动的空间；反之，它则滋生蔓延、张牙舞爪、凶相毕露，对人类构成严重的威胁。像当年猖獗一时的非典病毒，能肯定的是一定的环境为其大行其道提供了“气候”。生活小事随地吐痰、随地便溺、随倒垃圾等的顽症劣习，我们一定搞好教育，搞好宣传，搞好监督，从基础抓起。
公共卫生是精神文明建设的重要内容，是爱国、爱家、爱己的体现，是富国强民的基础。
流感危机及公共卫生
一只蝴蝶在巴西扇动翅膀，有可能在美国的得克萨斯州引起一场龙卷风，这一效应与我们今天所面对的甲型H1N1流感疫情何其相似―――如何不让一个“猪、狗、鸡、鸭、鹅”的病毒所代表的非安全性因素击溃、破坏我们社会的发展成果，或击溃我们“全球化”的文明建构，已经变得如此迫切。
公共卫生是关系到一国或一个地区人民大众健康的公共事业。公共卫生的具体内容包括对重大疾病尤其是传染病的预防、监控和医治；对食品、药品、公共环境卫生的监督管制，以及相关的卫生宣传、健康教育、免疫接种等。例如对SARS的控制预防治疗属于典型的公共卫生职能范畴。
相关评论
面对新型流感，中国反应过度了吗？
新华网北京５月１９日电（记者 徐兴堂）从ＳＡＲＳ到甲型Ｈ１Ｎ１流感，两次不同的传染病疫情，中国的应对举措都受到来自境外的批评。上一次是因为反应迟缓，而这一次则是因为“反应过度”。
ＳＡＲＳ的突然暴发让人措手不及，初期的应对措施确实不够科学。但中国政府随后采取了科学、有序、有力的举措，最终使疫情得到成功遏制。有了对抗ＳＡＲＳ经验的中国，在这次对新型流感疫情的防控中及时采取了测温、隔离等措施，向公众随时通报疫情发展情况并宣传预防感染的常识。
出人意料的是，中国的防控措施竟然受到一些西方国家官员和专家的批评，认为中国“反应过度”。此前，他们也曾指责世界卫生组织对新型流感反应过度。
那么，面对仍在多个国家蔓延的新型流感疫情，中国反应过度了吗？仔细分析一下就会发现，中国的反应是以人为本、积极有效的，不但不应受到指责，而且值得褒扬且为其他国家效仿。
首先，“反应过度”论者的论点是站不住脚的。其中一个观点是，中国“未能区分新型流感病毒与ＳＡＲＳ病毒的致命性和传染性”。要知道，新型流感疫情尚在暴发初期，世卫组织及各国很多医学专家都承认，新型流感病毒会否发生变异以及是否会在晚些时候卷土重来等问题都还是未知数。历史上已经有过流感二次暴发夺走千万人生命的先例。
到目前为止，新型流感的致死率确乎不高。但在病毒的性质得到科学论断前，任何武断的说法都是不科学的。
批评者还说，“中国领导人不明白为什么需要避免反应过度，他们完全不了解外国媒体与外国公众舆论。”这更没有说到点子上。疫情是人命关天的大事，试想，一直强调以人为本的中国政府会因为外国媒体怎么说而改变可能使国民避免疫情袭扰的策略吗？
相关国家的政府官员也曾指责中国的隔离措施，抱怨其国民受到歧视。其实中国对中外密切接触者的隔离是一视同仁的，何来“歧视”之说？有几个被隔离的当事人说自己受到歧视？中国通过各种渠道与有关国家沟通，真诚表示了在防控新型流感方面加强国际合作的意愿。
中国的特殊国情，也决定了中国不会对新型流感的防控掉以轻心。中国人口密度大，流动性强，而医疗卫生设施与发达国家相比却有很多不足的地方。如果防控不利，小小的病毒在这个世界上最大的发展中国家造成的损失将是不可估量的。
中国采取的严格措施同时也为阻断病毒在全世界的传播作出了贡献。正如温家宝总理近日指出的，中国这样做，不仅是为了１３亿中国人的身体健康，对全世界防控工作也是有利的。
事实证明，中国采取的严格防控措施辅以宣传教育，不仅没有在公众中引起恐慌，反而得到了全社会的理解和支持，网络论坛里几乎一边倒对政府的支持就是佐证。
新型流感从暴发到现在，中国境内只发现了数例输入型确诊和疑似病例，大部分密切接触者也已经陆续解除隔离。这与被感染人数不断上升的其他国家形成了鲜明对比，有力地证明了中国的做法是科学有效的。
世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍在回应对世卫组织的批评时说，面对疫情，宁愿过度准备，也不能不准备。疫情正在流行的国家倒是应该反思，自己的因应措施是否科学完善？
从非典到甲型流感中国走了多远
作者:李文钊
4月，一场肇始于墨西哥和美国的甲型H1N1流感，开始在全球流行。到
应该说，到目前为止，甲型H1N1流感在中国并没有引起太大的恐慌，在某种程度上，得益于及时和全面的信息公开制度，以及中国政府充分、完善和快速的应急预警和处理机制。
从应对非典到应对甲型H1N1流感，6年来，中国积累了哪些经验？取得了哪些进步？
危机还没有结束，做全面评价还为时尚早。不过，管中窥豹，可见一斑。通过对到目前为止，各级政府和行动者的应对行为、过程的观察，或许可以找到一些端倪。这些经验对以后的疫情防治至关重要，我们也期待下一步的防治工作更细致、更透明。
1 疫情应对进入最高决策层
现代社会的流动性和复杂性，使得任何一个区域性政府和部门都不可能处理好公共卫生事件，无论是与国际社会的协调，还是国内各级部门和各级政府的协调，都需要依靠最高决策层的权威。
中国最高领导和最高决策层，第一时间将甲型H1N1流感防治纳入最高议事日程。在中国还没有发现疫情时，4月28日，胡锦涛就对做好防范人感染猪流感疫情工作做出指示，温家宝主持召开国务院常务会议，研究部署中国加强人感染猪流感预防控制工作。5月5日，温家宝再次主持召开国务院常务会议，听取前一阶段汇报工作，再次部署甲型H1N1流感防治工作。
纳入最高领导和最高决策层的议事日程，是保证应对公共卫生事件取得良好效果的根本。
2 将中国纳入世界公共卫生事件防控体系
在防治甲型H1N1流感事件中，中国以开放的心态融入世界，将中国纳入世界公共卫生事件防控体系。加强同世界卫生组织的合作，加大对国外甲型H1N1流感的报道与监测，及时与其他国家开展各方面的合作。
比如，5月13日下午，陈竺部长应约与世界卫生组织(WHO)总干事陈冯富珍通电话，双方围绕甲型H1N1流感防控策略、本次疫情的特点和发展、抗病毒药物和疫苗的研制和储备等交换了看法。中国每一步都与WHO保持沟通。
3 政治动员，各级政府和全社会参与
在危机状态之下，政治动员是各国政府普遍采取的做法，中国拥有政治动员的传统，适当的政治动员有利于及时制止公共卫生事件的扩大和蔓延。
胡锦涛的两次指示，温家宝的三次国务院常务会议，都是实现政治动员的体现。
在政治动员过程中，新闻媒介起到了十分重要的作用，它们是动员信息的扩散者和信息传播渠道。自4月24日以来，甲型H1N1流感是各大媒体、网络和电视的主要焦点话题。
在此之后，中国为了应对甲型H1N1流感，采取医学观察措施，大部分公民都表示理解，可以看出政治对社会的动员起到了作用。而各级政府快速的反应和应对措施，表示政治动员对各级政府起到了作用。
4 准备充足的财政资源，注重发挥专家作用
据报道，为了应对甲型H1N1流感，中央财政已经安排50亿元专项资金，地方各级财政也要拨出专款。此外，各个市都确立了定点医院，并且安排充足的物质资源储备。例如5月6日北京地坛医院发言人表示，已储备2万个口罩和2万套防护服，还有达菲药物以及抗生素。
专家是甲型H1N1流感防治方案的提出者，是甲型H1N1流感发现者和监测者，以及甲型H1N1流感的治疗者。在整个公共卫生应急处理中，他们都发挥着不可替代的作用。
据报道，卫生部组织专家在《人感染猪流感诊疗方案(2009版)》的基础上，结合世界卫生组织和其他国家甲型H1N1流感最新诊疗经验和相关资料，研究制定了《甲型H1N1流感诊疗方案(2009年试行版第一版)》，并于5月8日向全国发布，成为防治甲型H1N1流感的最权威方案。
到目前为止，从四川和山东两例甲型H1N1流感确诊病例的治疗情况看，方案都发挥了重要作用。
5 改进了信息公开的数量、质量和类型
信息公开的过程，也是各个主体明确责任的过程，更是各个主体自觉地协调和约束自身行为的过程，通过信息公开客观上能够起到政治、权威和命令所不能够协调全社会的作用。
甲型H1N1流感信息的公开，个人会根据流感的信息来评估被感染的风险，从而采取理性的选择行为。当每一个人都为自己的健康负责时，整个社会的防治水平就会提高。在信息公开中，看似无秩序，实际上有秩序。
据观察，与2003年非典防治相比，中国在甲型H1N1流感防治过程中，大大地改进了信息公开的数量、质量和类型，实现了公共卫生处理机制的全过程信息公开和实时信息公开。从应急预案，到应急处置，以及进一步的防治措施，都做到了向全社会公开。
据《南方周末》报道，四川出现内地第一例甲型H1N1流感疑似病例后，为“避免恐慌猜忌情绪蔓延”，5月11日凌晨，成都市政府着手准备新闻发布会，凌晨3点正式召开。这种速度在以往是没有过的。
6 提高了分散化处理危机的能力
应对危机，快速反应和快速行动十分重要。而快速反应和快速行动，需要以分散化处理危机为制度前提，面对公共卫生事件危机，并不需要集中处理，相反，需要属地化管理和分散化处理。
这次北京市在应对危机的分散化处理上可圈可点。据报道，5月10日22∶30分，四川发现疑似病例，北京市卫生局在30分钟内起动应急预案，调动了所有应急网络，并将147名乘客根据所属14个区县，分别由各区县负责寻找隔离旅客，最终在24小时内完成了隔离任务并进行风险评估。
可以说，应对危机最重要的是明确责任，将危机分散化、分部门去处理，而不是让一个统一组织来进行集体处理。
7 加强了跨地区和跨部门合作，形成协同治理的政府
分散化处理危机，并不意味着不需要协调，相反它对协调提出了更高要求，需要中央与地方政府协调，跨地区协调，跨部门协调。这其中，信息网络机制是协调的重要途径，据报道，5月12日，北京市卫生局局长方来英表示，北京能够很快获得与四川患者接触的信息，得益于遍布全国医疗机构的疫情报告网络，以及北京市卫生部门和民航部门出入境检疫局建立的防控信息实时通报制度。
当然，中央政府的协调也是十分重要的，这一次，卫生部通过通报四川确诊信息，实现四川与北京之间协调。不过，在山东案例中，由于卫生部门与铁道部门之间没有很好沟通和协调，错过了对重要密切接触人员的及时医学观察和隔离，其中的教训需要总结。
总体来看，在甲型H1N1流感防治中，政府公共治理水平明显提高，中央政府协调地方政府间的能力得到提高，地方政府各级部门之间协调也得到加强。
8 学会用法律来处理危机
在应对甲型H1N1流感时，政府需要采取一些强制性措施，包括实施隔离和医学观察。并且随着危机的深入，强制性措施会加大。中国在迈向法治政府的进程中，一个重要的问题是如何使得危机处理符合法律的逻辑。
因此，危机应对面临双重压力，一方面需要采取强制性力量来处理紧急事件和公共安全事件，另一方面需要遵循法治的逻辑。
这两者的结合，就要求用法律来处理危机，使得危机处理法治化，这样既可以保证法律的尊严，也有利于危机的处理。与此同时，将危机处理法治化的过程，也是提前预防危机的过程。不过，与危机相比，法律往往滞后，因此，必须针对每一次危机，不断地完善法律，为下一次更好地处理危机提供法律基础。
自2003年非典危机以来，中国公共卫生应急事件的处理法治化得到了加强，比如，通过修改和制定一些法律，包括《传染病防治法》、《国境卫生检疫法》、《突发事件应对法》和《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》等，使得疫情监测、流行病调查和治疗实验等都有了法律依据。
据报道，在5月初，成都市疾控中心根据卫生部下发的《防治技术指南》和《诊疗方案》，已经对232名技术人员进行了全面培训，传染病医院也已经进行了4次演练。
当然，在用法律处理危机的过程中，也面临着挑战，例如，如何使新的传染病纳入传染病防治法，如何对交通工具实施传染病防治等，都是在全球化、流动性和不确定性时代需要考虑的问题。
■ 结语
2003年经过非典之后，政府应对公共卫生事件的经验和能力有了很大的提高，并且逐渐形成了与政治体制和传统相适应的一些做法和措施。在甲型H1N1流感的应对中，中国已经初步取得了一些成果，并正在形成一些制度化的措施和手段，应对危机正在从一种非程序性决策走向程序性决策。
这意味着，危机正在从一种非常态走向常态，也意味着我们已经将危机和风险纳入政府管理。
在未来，中国应对公共卫生事件，仍然有很多地方值得完善。比如，如何形成完善的事后评估机制，对于公共卫生事件的影响进行全面评估，包括政治影响、经济影响和社会影响？如何形成有效的成本分担机制，对于公共卫生事件的治理如何在各级政府、组织和个人之间分担成本，使得成本和收益对等？如何进一步促进信息和决策在跨部门之间沟通和协调？
人类从来没有经历过无危机的时期。展望未来，相信我们依然看到，雄奇的山脉，广阔的原野，清澈的溪流，蔚蓝的海洋，自由的鸟儿，畅游的鱼儿，大自然的美依然无处不在，我们生活在大自然中的每一天当中，感受到大自然的美！
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