2009届山东省实验中学高三年级第四次综合测试
数学理科卷
注意事项：
1．本试题分为第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分，满分150分，考试时间为120分钟．
2．答第Ⅰ卷前务必将自己的姓名、考号、考试科目涂写在答题卡上．考试结束，试题
和答题卡一并收回．
3．第Ⅰ卷每题选出答案后，都必须用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号（ABCD）
涂黑，如需改动，必须先用橡皮擦干净，再改涂其它答案．
第Ⅰ卷 （共60分）
湖北省黄冈市黄州区一中2009年高考模拟试卷
英语
第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分）
第二部分：英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）
第一节 单项填空（共15小题：每小题1分，满分15分）
从A,B,C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
21. ― What about some more tea?
― It’s very kind of you. .
A. It tastes bitter B. That’s all right
C. I like it very much D. Just a little, please
21. D. A、B、C项是答非所问。
22. It was the people at school that they spent hours and hours, staying up late into the night.
A. talk about B. talking about
C. to talk about D. being talked about
22. B. 考查spend time (in) doing……的基本句式，通过强调doing……部分而改变了句型结构。
23. The couple bought a villa (别墅) with a garden behind it near the sea their parents’ health.
A. in line with B. in case of
C. for the sake of D. at the risk of
23. C. for the sake of由于……原因；in line with与……一致；in case of以防万一；at the risk of冒……的风险。
24. We were disappointed that the sports meeting had been put off because of the bad weather.
A. to have been told B. to be told
C. having been told D. being told
24. A. be disappointed后可接动词不定式，并且动词不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，所以用动词不定式的完成式。
25. I will congratulate you your passing the college entrance examination.
A. for B. to C. on D. at
25. C. 考查congratulate sb on sth句型。
26. So the missing money must still be in the other jacket, you were wearing yesterday.
A. the one B. one C. what D. this
26. A. the one是the other jacket的同位语。
27. I the written papers, but failed in the oral examination.
A. got over B. went by C. pulled through D. got through
27. D. get through通过考试。
28. ― What is Mary doing over there?
― She is removing dust from the carpet by it.
A. beating B. striking C. knocking D. hitting
28. A. beat在此的意思为“(连续) 敲打”。
29. ―Where is the telephone book?
―I it for you.
A. get B. will get C. am to get D. am going to get
29. B. 在说话时临时决定去做某事，通常用will。
30. When the nurse took the patient’s temperature, it was three degrees above .
A. ordinary B. regular C. normal D. average
30. C. above normal在通常标准之上。
31. People have been stocking up on water, food and candles in for the terrible day.
A. preparation B. control C. need D. action
31. A. in preparation for为……作准备。
32. ― Are you going to the park with me tomorrow?
― If Tom goes, .
A. so do I B. so I will C. so will I D. so I do
32. C. if从句用现在时表将来，主句应用将来时，表示后者情况和前者相同，应用倒装结构。
33. ―The plane is due to take off at 8:00 from the airport.
― we can’t get there in time.
―Try to take another flight then.
A. As if B. Even if C. Only if D. What if
33. D. what if常用来引导表示建议或担心的句子，用于疑问句，可译为“要是（如果，万一）……怎么办？、倘若……将会怎样？”；only if可引导条件状语从句，可译为“如果，只有”；even if用来引导让步状语从句，可译为“尽管、即使、纵然”。
34. ―Which of the speakers did you like better?
― , they were old.
A. None; all B. Neither; both C. Either; both D. All; none
34. B. 由“better”判断得知。
35. ―Would you like me to help you with the English problem?
― . It’s a very difficult one.
A. Never mind B. With pleasure C. Why not D. It’s a pleasure
第二节 完形填空 （共20小题；每题1.5分，满分30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握大意， 然后从36-55各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
I had arrived at the airport about 30 minutes before the check in. It had been a very busy three days for me with lots of 36 . So I was glad to have the 37 time to make my notes on 38 I needed to do the following day. But then came the 39 that my flight had to be 40 because there was a problem with the plane.
As I sat waiting for my flight to
be 41 I reflected on my last meeting of the
day. It was not a business meeting
It was great to have this additional time to replay in my mind all that we had talked about. I 50 just how important it is to have 51 reminders of the good times in your life. I was 52 enough to have had the chance to take a short break and reflect on the good things that had happened in my life over 12 years.
It was somewhat like looking at
an old photo album
My flight home was finally called three hours later.
36. A. classes B. lectures C. meetings D. greetings
37. A. extra B. easy C. hard D. enough
38. A. that B. how C. this D. what
39. A. conductor B. announcement C. discussion D. explanation
40. A. replaced B. canceled C. delayed D. destroyed
41. A. arranged B. followed C. introduced D. called
42. A. and B. but C. so D. or
43. A. new B. famous C. old D. attractive
44. A. repeating B. cosidering C. forgetting D. recalling
45. A. lives B. families C. schools D. offices
46. A. bad B. sad C. disappointing D. good
47. A. proved B. suggested C. shared D. described
48. A. how much B. how many C. how long D. how far
49. A. then B. again C. there D. carefully
50. A. realized B. wondered C. doubted D. thought
51. A. wonderful B. regular C. special D. real
52. A. right B. excited C. lucky D. proud
53. A. given away B. stored away C. kept away D. taken away
54. A. stories B. friends C. memories D. passengers
55. A. after all B. in all C. at first D. above all
36. C. 由下段的“my last meeting”判断得出。
37. A. 由第三段的“It was great to have this additional time”判断得出。
38. D. what引导介词on的宾语从句，并在宾语从句中作do的宾语。
39. B. 机场发布了通知，此趟航班因为飞机故障得晚点了。
40. C. 由下段的“As I sat waiting for my flight”或最后一段判断得知，作者的航班起飞时间被推迟。
41. D. 由最后一段判断得知。
42. B. not……but……不是……而是……。
43. C. 由下文的“I had not seen for over 12 years”判断得出。
44. D. 我们一起回想过去的时光。由下文的“We both laughed and smiled as we recalled the……”得知。
45. A. 选项B、C、D是片面的，所以选A项。也可由下段的“the good times in your life”判断得出。
46. D. 由上文的“laughed and smiled”判断得出。
47. C. 我们一起分享的经历。
48. A. how much在此表程度。我们都很满意那天的聚会。
49. B. 并且约定今后会再聚在一起畅谈。
50. A. realize意识到，认识到。
51. B. 我认识到经常回顾生命中的快乐时光的重要性。
52. C. 我很幸运有时间来回想过去的12年间的快乐时光。
53. B. 这就有点像是在看储藏在你家柜子里的老相册一样。store away储藏起来；give away分发，赠送；keep away避开，不接近；take away带走。
54. C. 呈现在你眼前的是许多精彩的回忆，它们带你回到过去的时光和场景。
55. D. 最重要的是，它们让你想起相片中的那些人。
第三部分：阅读理解 （共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分）
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
A
A team of Japanese adventurers say they have discovered footprints they believe were made by the legendary yeti said to roam (游荡) the Himalayan regions of Nepal and Tibet.
“The footprints were about 20 centimetres (eight
inches) long and looked like a human’s,” Yoshiteru Takahashi, the leader of the
Yeti Project
Takahashi was speaking after he returned with his seven-member team from their third attempt to track down the half-man-half-ape, tales of which have interested Western adventurers and mountaineers for decades.
Despite spending 42 days on Dhaulagiri IV―a 7,661-metre peak where they say they have seen traces of yetis in the past―the team failed in their prime (最初) objective of capturing one on film.
But Takahashi said the footprints were proof enough.
“Myself and other team members have been coming to the
“We remain convinced it is real. The footprints and the stories the local tell make us sure that it is not imaginary,” he added.
Photographs of the prints have been posted on the expedition’s website, www.everest.co.jp/yeti2008/.
The team had set out nine motion-sensitive cameras in an area where Takahashi saw what he thought was a yeti during a previous expedition in 2003.
“It was about 200 metres away in silhouette (轮廓). It was walking on two legs like a human and looked about 150 centimetres tall,” said Takahashi.
Despite their lack of success this time, the team plans to continue the search.
“We will come back as soon as we can, and we will keep coming back until we get the yeti on film,” said Takahashi.
56. We know from the text that .
A. Yoshiteru Takahashi and other team members have been coming to the Himalayas for months.
B. Japanese team plans to give up the search because of their lack of success.
C. you can find the photographs of the prints taken by Japanese team on the internet
D. Japanese team had set out nine ordinary cameras in an area where Takahashi saw a yeti.
57. The underlined word “those” (Paragraph Six) refers to
A. other team members B. yeti footprints
C. the stories the local tell D. bear, deer, wolf and snow leopard prints
58. What’s the Japanese team’s attitude about finding yetis?
A. Determined B. Puzzled C. Excited D. Worried
59. What is the text mainly about?
A. Yeti wanders in the Himalayan regions of Nepal and Tibet
B. Japanese team finds ‘yeti footprints’ in Nepal
C. Japanese team’s third attempt to search for yetis
D. Japanese team and the yeti footprints
56. C. 根据文章第八段得知。
57. D. 我们可以分辨熊、鹿、狼和雪豹的脚印，而这次发现的脚印不属于这其中的任何一种。
58. A. 由文章第四段和最后一段推断。
59. B. 本文是围绕“日本探险队发现‘雪人’脚印”来描写的。
B
Researchers at Ohio State University say sheep probably respond more to good care than any other animal. So the first thing people should ask themselves is whether they have enough time to give sheep the attention they need.
If the answer is yes, then a question is how many sheep to buy. Specialists at Oklahoma State University suggest starting with a small flock (群)―twenty to fifty females.
Consider your budget. Do you have enough money for supplies? Do you have the things you need to take care of barns and pasture (牧场) lands?
There are other basic questions to answer when getting started.
What kind of sheep do you want to raise? There are wool breeds and meat sheep and dual-purpose sheep which can be used for wool or food.
Find out what products people in your area want to buy. Is there greater demand for fresh lamb than warm woolen sweaters? What about demand for sheep’s milk for making cheese? Research what kinds of markets are available.
If pasture lands are limited, sometimes two ewes and a cow can be placed together. Susan Schoenian at the University of Maryland says sheep will eat weeds that cows reject.
Sheep may need hay and grains, but pastures with enough good grasses and weeds can often supply much of their diet. Sheep are good for the land when they feed on grasses. It helps renew pastures and it can keep land from returning to forest.
Sheep need a structure that will keep them dry. A barn where newborn lambs are housed should be well protected from the wind. Also, fences should be strong enough to hold energetic little lambs.
60. According to the text people must consider first if they want to raise sheep.
A. whether they have enough money for supplies
B. how many sheep they want to buy
C. whether they have enough time to look after sheep
D. whether they have the things they need to take care of barns
61. We can infer from the text that .
A. cows will eat weeds that sheep reject according to Susan Schoenian at the University of Maryland.
B. the kind of sheep people want to raise must depend on what products of sheep market demands.
C. sheep are harmful to the land when they feed on grasses.
D. a barn where newborn lambs are housed should let the wind in.
62. The underlined word “ewe” (Paragraph Seven) here probably means .
A. female sheep B. male sheep C. little lamb D. horse
63. If you raise sheep, it is important .
A. to keep them wet B. to keep them active
C. to take special care of their feet D. to keep them dry
60. C. 由文章第一段的第二句得知。
61. B. 由文章第六段的“Find out what products people in your area want to buy.及Research what kinds of markets are available.”判断得知。
62. A. 由文章第二段的“starting with a small flock―twenty to fifty females”及第七段的“sheep will eat weeds that cows reject”判断得知。
63. D. 由文章最后一段得知。
C
Are you at a loss as to how to handle your fretful (烦躁) child or how to ease your child’s colic (绞痛) discomfort? If you are, we welcome you to attend our one-hour baby massage (按摩) workshop conducted by our physiotherapists. This programme is suited for babies between one to 12 months old. You will learn the various techniques in baby massage and experience the joy of bonding with your child through touch.
Class Content:
Physiological benefits of baby massage
Psychological benefits for both parent and child
Creating a conducive environment for massage
Massaging a fretful child
Massaging a child with colic
Demonstration (示范) of various techniques
Hands-on experience
Commencement (开始) Date:
(Please choose only one date)
Venue:
Rehabilitation Department, Basement 1, Children’s Tower
Fee:
$20 per participant for 3 sessions
Note:
For cheque payment, please crossed and made payable to “KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital Pte. Ltd.”
Who should Attend:
Parents with babies aged 1－12 months. Participants are advised to wear pants when attending the class. Limit to two participants per registration (excluding baby).
Size of Class:
Minimum of 9 participants per class
Registration & Enquiries:
Patient Education Centre
Tel: 6394268
Weekdays: 9.30 am － 6.00 pm
Saturdays: 9.30 am － 1.00 pm
Or download registration form.
64. Which of the following is not the one that a person will learn?
A. Physiological benefits of parent massage B. How to massage a fretful child
C. The various techniques in baby massage D. Psychological benefits for child
65. How much should a couple with one child pay if they attend 9 sessions?
A.
$200 B. $
66. What kind of people is the text mainly written for?
A. Parents with a child aged 2 years B. Babies aged 1－12 months
C. Parents with a baby aged 8 months D. Children aged 1－12 years
67. If you want to know something about the Baby Massage Class, you can telephone .
A. at 8 am on Monday B. at 11 am on Sunday
C. at 2 pm on Saturday D. at 4 pm on Friday
64. A. 由“Class Content:”中的内容得出。
65. B. $20 × 3 ×3 = $180。
66. C. 由第一段或“Who should Attend”中的内容判断得出。
67. D. 由“Registration & Enquiries”中的内容判断得出。
D
LONDON―Maths is not being taught well enough in many English schools with too much emphasis placed on “teaching to the test”, government inspectors said on Friday.
The report by Ofsted found that despite improving exam results, teaching in almost a half of all maths lessons was only satisfactory or worse and pupils did not achieve the necessary understanding.
“Too many schools are not teaching mathematics well enough,” said Ofsted Chief Inspector Christine Gilbert.
“The way mathematics is taught can make a huge difference to the level of enthusiasm and interest for the subject.”
Ofsted, which based its findings on a study of 192 schools, said 11 percent of maths lessons were outstanding, 44 percent good and 40 percent satisfactory, a level which commentators (评论员) said implied they were not up to scratch.
Six of the nine schools where teaching was not enough were secondary schools, the report said.
While results in SATs exams and GCSEs have improved, pupils were not being left with the required skills, it added.
“Many schools, particularly secondary, are not teaching mathematics well enough because they place too much emphasis on routine exercises and on ‘teaching to the test’”, the report said.
“While this style of teaching prepares pupils to pass examinations ... it is less effective in promoting the required understanding to apply mathematics to new situations, solve problems and communicate solutions.”
Earlier this year the government announced a 140 million pound strategy (策略) to increase the number of maths teachers, make lessons more exciting and improve exam results.
68. We can infer from the text that teaching in mathematics .
A. was weaker in primary schools than in secondary schools
B. was stronger in primary schools than in secondary schools
C. was outstanding in primary schools
D. was outstanding in secondary schools
69. The underlined words “up to scratch” (Paragraph Five) here probably means .
A. understandable B. believable C. doubtful D. satisfactory
70. The purpose of the government investing 140 million pound in measures was .
A. to transform the standard of maths teaching
B. to increase the wages of maths teachers
C. only to make lessons more living and interesting
D. to place much emphasis on regular exercises
71. The main purpose of this text is to tell people .
A. too much schools maths ‘taught to solve problems’ in England
B. many English children don’t like maths
C. maths is the most subject to many English children
D. too much schools maths ‘taught to the test’ in England
68. B. 由倒数第三段的“Many schools, particularly secondary, are not teaching mathematics well enough”判断得知。
69. D. up to scratch令人满意。
70. A. 由文章最后一段判断A项是正确的。
71. D. 文章主要描写了英国很多学校的数学教学是为了应付考试。
E
People who eat quickly until full are three times more likely to be overweight, a problem exacerbated (恶化) by the availability of fast food and the decline of orderly dining habits, Japanese researchers said on Wednesday.
The findings, published in the British Medical Journal, highlight how eating styles, and not just what or how much is eaten, can contribute to an obesity epidemic (流行病) fueled by the spread of Western-style affluence in many parts of the world.
The World Health Organization classifies around 400 million people as obese, five percent of them under the age of five. The condition raises the risk of diseases like type 2 diabetes, heart problems and stroke.
For their study, Hiroyasu Iso and colleagues at Osaka University asked more than 3,000 Japanese volunteers aged 30 to 69 about their eating. About half of the men and a little more than half of the women said they ate until full. About 45 percent of the men and 36 percent of the women said they ate quickly.
Those who said they ate until full and ate quickly were three times more likely to be fat than people in the “not eating until full and not eating quickly” group, the researchers found.
They cited (引证) as causes both the availability of cheap food in big portions (份) and habits like watching television while eating.
To counteract (抵消) the “supra-additive effect” of speedy or glut (过量) eating among children likely to obesity, parents should encourage them to eat slowly and in calm surroundings, the study found.
72. The researchers gave special attention to the obesity epidemic caused by .
A. eating time B. eating food C. eating style D. eating place
73. Which of the following is not the health problem related to obesity according to the text?
A. heart disease B. stroke C. type 2 diabetes D. toothache
74. There are about million of children under the age of five as obese according to the World Health Organization.
A. 400 B. 80 C. 20 D. 5
75. What would be the best title for the text?
A. Speedy eaters seen likelier to get fat
B. Pay attention to eat quickly until full
C. Overweight people are more in the world
D. Most children are likely to be overweight
72. C. 由文章第二段的“……highlight how eating styles,……can contribute to an obesity epidemic”判断得知。
73. D. 由文章第三段判断得知。
74. C. 由文章第三段判断得知。400 million × 0.05 (five percent) = 20 million
75. A. 本文是围绕“吃饭太快太饱易肥胖”来描写的。
第二卷（两部分，满分35分）
第四部分：写作（共两节，满分35分）
第一节 短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）
Dear Wu Fang,
How kind of you to write to me and what nice surprise 76.
it is for me to get your letter on this bright Sunday morning. 77.
I have such many good memories of my time in your city. 78.
As for my school life, I think my after-school activities are so 79.
interesting that I will enjoy me at school. Could you tell me more 80.
about yours.
I don’t think your English is poor. You have taken good 81.
progress in it. Next spring I plan to return China for my second 82.
visit it. I hope to make some more friends, but language is always 83.
a problem. Will you give me some advices on how to learn Chinese? 84.
Please giving my fondest regards to your family and friends. 85.
Yours truly,
Myrle
76. nice前加a 77. is→was 78. such→so 79. √ 80. me→ myself 81. taken→made 82. return后加to 83. 去掉visit后的it 84. advices→advice 85. giving→give
第二节 书面表达（满分25分）
假如你是李萍，请你根据下面的提示，给你的美国笔友Mary发一封电子邮件，介绍“神舟六号和神舟七号载人飞船”的情况。
飞船
发射时间
返回时间
搭载航天员
进展情况
神舟六号
2005年10月12日
2005年10月17日
费俊龙、聂海胜
第二艘载人飞船进入太空，完成了多项科学实验，证明了中国跨入世界空间强国行列。
神舟七号
2008年9月25日
2008年9月28日
翟志刚、刘伯明、景海鹏
第三艘载人飞船进入太空，进行了一系列太空科学实验，并且宇航员翟志刚在刘伯明的协助下进行了太空行走，使中国成为继苏联和美国之后第三个成功实现太空行走的国家。
注意：(1) 词数100左右；
(2) 参考词汇：飞船 spacecraft(单、复数相同) 发射 launch(vt.&n.)；
(3) 开头部分已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Mary,
I’m very glad to tell you something about China’s two manned spacecrafts Shenzhou VI and Shenzhou Ⅶ.
【参考范文】：
Dear Mary,
I’m very glad to tell you something about China’s two manned spacecrafts Shenzhou VI and Shenzhou Ⅶ.
China launched its second manned spacecraft Shenzhou VI on Oct 12, 2005, sending two astronauts into space. The astronauts, Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng, carried out many experiments and returned to the earth on Oct 17, 2005, which proves China has become a global space country.
On Sept 25, 2008 three Chinese astronauts, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng were sent into space by China’s third manned spacecraft Shenzhou Ⅶ. They landed safely on Sept 28, 2008. During the flight, the three astronauts carred out many scientific experiments in space. Above all Zhai Zhigang walked in space with the help of Liu Boming, making China the third country to conduct a spacewalk after the United States and Russia.
Yours,
Li Ping
湖北省黄冈市黄州区一中2009年高考模拟试卷
化学
本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，满分100分。考试用时100分钟。
可能用到的原子量：H
第 I 卷（选择题，共45分）
综合科化学必修Ⅱ总复习资料
第五章 物质结构 元素周期律
教学目的1：
① 巩固学习原子结构和性质的关系
② 巩固学习元素周期表的结构
教学课时：
2.5课时
知识体系 1
原子结构和元素周期律知识的综合网络
1. 原子结构（C）
⑴ 原子的组成
核电荷数（Z） == 核内质子数（Z） == 核外电子数 == 原子序数
质量数（A）== 质子数（Z）＋ 中子数（N）
阴离子的核外电子数 == 质子数 ＋ 电荷数（―）
阳离子的核外电子数 == 质子数 ＋ 电荷数（＋）
⑵ 区别概念：元素、核素、同位素
元素：具有相同核电荷数（即质子数）的同一类原子的总称
核素：具有一定数目的质子和一定数目的中子的一种原子
同位素：质子数相同而中子数不同的同一元素的不同原子的互称；
也就是说同一元素的不同核素之间互称为同位素。
⑶ 元素的相对原子质量
① 同位素的相对原子质量：该同位素质量与
② 元素的相对原子质量等于各种同位素相对原子质量与它们在元素中原子所占百分数（丰度）乘积之和。即：元素的相对原子质量Ar == Ar1?a% ＋ Ar2?b% ＋ …
⑷ 核外电子的电子排布（了解）
① 核外电子运动状态的描述
电子云（运动特征）：电子在原子核外空间的一定范围内高速、无规则的运动，不能测定或计算出它在任何一个时刻所处的位置和速度，但是电子在核外空间一定范围内出现的几率（机会）有一定的规律，可以形象地看成带负电荷的云雾笼罩在原子核周围，我们把它称为电子云。
电子层：在多个电子的原子里，根据电子能量的差异和通常运动的区域离核远近不同，把电子分成不同的能级，称之为电子层。电子能量越高，离核越远，电子层数也越大。
电子层符号
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
电子层序数n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
离核远近
近 ――→ 远
能量高低
低 ――→ 高
② 原子核外电子排布规律
每一层电子数最多不超过2n2 ；
最外层电子数最多不超过8个，次外层电子数最多不超过18个，倒数第三层不超过32个；
核外电子总是先占有能量最低的电子层，当能量最低的电子层排满后，电子才依次进入能量较高的电子层。
⑸ 原子结构示意图的书写
2. 元素周期表（B）
⑴ 元素周期表
H
1.008
元素周期表
He
4.003
Li
6.941
Be
9.012
B
10.81
C
12.01
N
14.01
O
16.00
F
19.00
Ne
20.18
Na
22.99
Mg
24.31
Al
26.98
Si
28.09
P
30.97
S
32.07
Cl
35.45
Ar
39.95
K
39.10
Ca
40.08
Sc
44.96
Ti
47.88
V
50.94
Cr
52.00
Mn
54.94
Fe
55.85
Co
58.93
Ni
58.69
Cu
63.55
Zn
63.39
Ga
69.72
Ge
72.61
As
74.92
Se
78.96
Br
79.90
Kr
83.80
Rb
85.47
Sr
87.62
Y
88.91
Zr
91.22
Nb
92.91
Mo
95.94
Tc
[98]
Ru
101.1
Rh
102.9
Pd
106.4
Ag
107.9
Cd
112.4
In
114.8
Sn
118.7
Sb
121.8
Te
127.6
I
126.9
Xe
131.3
Cs
132.9
Ba
137.3
La-Lu
Hf
178.5
Ta
180.9
W
183.8
Re
186.2
Os
190.2
Ir
192.2
Pt
195.1
Au
197.0
Hg
200.6
Tl
204.4
Pb
207.2
Bi
209.0
[210]
At
[210]
Rn
[222]
Fr
[223]
Ra
[226]
Ac-La
⑵ 元素周期表的结构分解
周期名称
周期别名
元素总数
规律
具有相同的电子层数而又按原子序数递增的顺序排列的一个横行叫周期。
7个横行
7个周期
第1周期
短周期
2
电子层数 == 周期数
（第7周期排满是第118号元素）
第2周期
8
第3周期
8
第4周期
长周期
18
第5周期
18
第6周期
32
第7周期
不完全周期
26（目前）
族名
类名
核外最外层电子数
规律
周期表中有18个纵行，第8、9、10三个纵行为第Ⅷ族外，其余15个纵行，每个纵行标为一族。
7个主族
7个副族
0族
第Ⅷ族
主
族
第ⅠA族
H和碱金属
1
主族数 == 最外层电子数
第ⅡA族
碱土金属
2
第ⅢA族
3
第ⅣA族
碳族元素
4
第ⅤA族
氮族元素
5
第ⅥA族
氧族元素
6
第ⅦA族
卤族元素
7
0族
稀有气体
2或8
副族
第ⅠB族、第ⅡB族、第ⅢB族、第ⅣB族、
第ⅤB族、第ⅥB族、第ⅦB族、第Ⅷ族
[基础达标1]
1．原计划实现全球卫星通讯需发射77颗卫星，这与铱(Ir〕元素的原子核外电子数恰好相等,因此称为“铱星计划”。已知铱的一种同位素是19177Ir,则其核内的中子数是
A.77 B
2．分析发现，某陨石中含有半衰期极短的镁的一种放射性同位素28Mg，该同位素的原子核内的中子数是
A．12 B．
3. Se是人体必需微量元素，下列关于
说法正确的是
A．互为同素异形体
B．互为同位素
C．分别含有44和46个质子
D．都含有34个中子
4. 下列分子中，电子总数最少的是
A. H2S
B. O
5. 某些建筑材料中含有氡(Rn)，氡是放射性元素。 222Rn、219Rn、220Rn分别来自镭、锕、钍，因而分别称为镭射气、锕射气和钍射气。下列有关氡的说法，正确的是
A. 氡是双原子分子 B. 氡气因其化学性质活泼而对人体有害
C. 氡气因其具有放射性而对人体有害 D. 222Rn、219Rn、220Rn是三种同素异形体
6. 几种单核微粒具有相同的核电荷数，则
A. 一定是同位素 B. 一定是同种原子 C. 一定是同种元素 D. 一定质量数相等
7. 同温同压下，等容积的两个密闭集气瓶中分别充满
A. 质子数相等，质量不等 B. 分子数和质量都不相等
C. 分子数、质量均相等 D. 原子数、中子数和质量数均相等
8. 已知元素A的氢化物分子式为H
A.
9. A元素原子的L层比B元素原子的L层少3个电子，B元素的原子核外电子总数比A元素原子的核外电子总数多5个，则A与B可形成的化合物类型为
A. AB B. BA
10. 甲、乙是周期表中同一主族的两种元素，若甲的原子序数为x，则乙的原子序数不可能是
A. x＋2 B. x＋
11. X和Y属短周期元素，X原子的最外层电子数是次外层电子数的一半，Y位于X的前一周期，且最外层只有一个电子，则X和Y形成的化合物的化学式可表示为
A.XY
B.XY
13．下列微粒的结构示意图中，表示氟离子的是
14. X元素的阳离子和Y元素的阴离子具有与氩原子相同的电子层结构，下列叙述正确的是
A. X的原子序数比Y的小 B. X原子的最外层电子数比Y的大
C. X的原子半径比Y的大 D. X元素的最高正价比Y的小
15. X、Y、Z为短周期元素，这些元素原子的最外层电子数分别为1、4、6，则由这3种元素组成的化合物的化学式不可能是
A. XYZ B. X2YZ C. X2YZ2 D. X2YZ3
16. 美国劳仑斯国家实验室曾在1999年宣布用86Kr离子轰击208Pb靶得到118号元素的一种原子，其质量数为293。其后，反复实验均未能重现118号元素的信号，因此该实验室在2001年8月宣布收回该论文。但是科学家们相信，完成的第七周期包含的元素数目与第六周期相同。若118号元素将来被确认，则下列预测合理的是
A. 它的中子数是118 B. 它是第八周期元素
C. 它是活泼的金属元素 D. 它的最外层电子数是8
17. 已知碳有三种常见的同位素：
A.18种 B.6种 C.7种 D.12种
18. 氯元素的天然同位素有
和
。氯元素的相对原子质量为35.45，则天然氯元素中和的原子数目之比约为
A.3:1 B.1:
19.下列各组中的三种微粒，所含质子数与电子数都相等的是
A. Na+、 Mg2+、 Al3+ B. HCl、H2S、 Ar C. H2O、OH-、 Na+ D. NH4+、 Na+、F-
20.某元素R的核内含有N个中子，R的质量数为A，在其与氢化合时，R呈-n价，则WgR的气态氢化物中所含电子的物质的量为
A. 
B.
C. 
D. 
21．对第n电子层，若它作为原子的最外层，则容纳的电子数最多与n-1层的相同；当它作为次外层，则容纳的电子数比n+1层上电子数最多能多１０个，则第n层为
A．L层 B．M层 C．N层 D．任意层
22．A、B、C均为周期表中的短周期的元素，它们在周期表的位置如下图。已知B、C两元素在周期表中族数之和是A元素族数的２倍；B、C元素的原子序数之和是A 元素的原子序数的４倍，则A、B、C所在的一组是
A．Be、Na、Al B．B、Mg、Si
C．O、P、Cl D．C、Al、P
23. 关于主族元素的叙述，不正确的是
A. 主族序数等于元素原子的最外层电子数
B. 元素的最高正价等于原子最外层电子数
C. 最低负价数的绝对值等于原子最外层达稳定结构时所需电子数
D. 都既有正化合价，又有负化合价
24．
A．4.5mol B．5mol C．5.5mol D．6mol