山东省曲阜师大附中2009届高三高考模拟

理科数学

本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择）两部分，第I卷1至2页，第Ⅱ卷3至4页。满分150分。考试用时120分钟。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第I卷（共60分）

注意事项：

1．答第I卷前，考生务必用0.5毫米黑色签字笔将姓名、座号、准考证号填写在答题卡和试卷规定的位置。

2．第I卷共2页。答题时，考生须用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。在试卷上作答无效。

参考公式：

球的体积公式：，其中是球的半径。

锥体的体积公式：，其中S是锥体的底面积。h是锥体的高。

试题详情

2008年鞍山市毕业生学业考试

化  学  模  拟  试  题

（供五四制考生使用）

题号

一

二

三

四

五

总分

得分

※考试时间60分钟，满分80分。

可能用到的相对原子质量：H－1   C－12   N－14   O－16   Fe－56

得分

评卷人

试题详情

岳阳市一中2009届高三第三次质量检测

语文试卷

时量:150分钟       分值:150分     命题人：蒋世平

第Ⅰ卷（共36分）

试题详情

陕西师大附中2008-2009学年度第二学期期中考试

高一年级英语试题

命题人：秦晓敏   审题人：张伟

第I卷（共70分）

I．听力（每题1分，共10分）

第一节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）

1. What can we learn from the conversation？

A. The woman is a close friend of the man．

B. The woman is tired of her work．

C. The woman is seeing a doctor.

2. What is the woman’s opinion？

A. She doesn’t enjoy the drive very much．

B. It’s years since she drove anywhere for pleasure．

C. She doesn’t agree with the drive．

3. What does the woman mean?

A. She has forgotten to phone the man．

B. She doesn’t like to call the man．

C. She is too busy to ring the man．

4. What has the man bought？

A. Shirt

B. Sweater

C. Skirt

5. What is the man doing?

A. Buying a ship ticket for next week．

B. Buying a Hamburger for his breakfast．

C. Buying a newspaper.

第二节（共5小题；每小题1分，满分5分）

听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。

6. When must the boys get on the coach？

A. 1：30

B. 12：50

C. 2：30

7. Where will the boys meet？

A. At the school park.

B. At the gym.

C. At the school car park

听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。

8. What does the man want to buy？

A. A cap.

B. A cup

C. A cat.

9. What is the price？

A. 125 yuan.

B. 255 yuan.

C. 225 yuan.

10. What size should the man take？

A. Size 58．

B. We don’t know.

C. Size 59

II．单项选择（每题1分，共15分）

11. She ______ have left school, for her bike is still here.

A. wouldn’t

B. needn’t

C. can’t

D. shouldn’t

12. -What do you think of the grammar book?  

-Oh, it really is _____ useful reference book, which is worth reading ____ second time.

A. a, a

B. an, the

C. an, a

D．the, the

13. It’s getting dark. We’d better _______ in a hotel for the night.

A. set up

B. set out

C. settle down

D. settle up

14．The last time we had great fun was _____ we were visiting the Water Park.

A. where

B. how

C. when

  D. why

15. Why not get some work experience first______ go straight on to university?

A. other than

B. rather than

C. more than 

D. less than

16. According to the air traffic rules, you ___ switch off your mobile phone before boarding（登机）.

A. may   

B. can

C. would

D. should

17. -Your mother becomes more and more forgetful.

   -Yes. She searched for her cell phone for a whole day last Sunday but it ______ in her coat pocket the next day.

A. turned out

B. turned on

C. turned over

D. turned up

18. He could see the tall chimneys of the factory _________.

A. from distance

B. in distance

C. in the distance

C. to distance

19. He apologized ________ late.

A. to his teacher to arrive

B. to his teacher for arriving

C. at his teacher to arrive 

C. at his teacher for arriving

20. When asked _____ they needed most, the kids said they wanted to feel important and loved.

A. what

B. why

C. whom

D. which

21. ― Anything new in the new regulations?  

― They will be ______ to us all.

A. of great benefit

B. do harms

C. do many good

D. for the benefit

22. She made a promise _______ she would help when I was in trouble.

A. when

B. which

C. that

D. what

23. Although this ____ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.

A. must

B. may

C. shall

D. should

24. _____ is known to us all is that the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London.

A. It

B. What

C. As

D. Which

25. He wanted the girl he was looking forward ____ __  stay with him.

A. for; to

B. to; with

C. to; to

D. with; to

III．完形填空（每题1分，共15分）

Scientists have always wanted to know more about the other worlds in space. They have looked at them   26   the telescope and   in this way they have found out   27  . They know, for example, many facts about the moon.

The moon is about 384,000 kilometers   28  the earth. A plane can not fly to the moon because there isn’t enough air. But a rocket can fly even when there is no air.

 “How does a rocket fly?” If you want to know, get a balloon and  then blow it up   29  it is quite big. Do not   30  the neck of the balloon. Let it go  31  and see   32  happens. The balloon will fly off through the air very quickly. The air inside the balloon   33  out. It rushes out through the neck balloon and this pushes the balloon through the air. It does not need wings  34  .

This is   35   a rocket   36  . It is not made of rubber like a balloon, of course. It is made of metal. The metal   37  not be heavy   38   it must be very strong. A gas is put inside the rocket. When the gas is hot enough, it rushes out of the open end of the rocket, and pushes it into the air.

Rockets can fly far out into space. Rockets with men inside them have already   39  the moon . Someday rockets may be able to go   40  in space .

26.A. through

B. towards

C. across

D. into

27.A. a lot of

B. lots of

C. a great deal of

D. a great deal

28.A. away far

B. away from

C. far from

D. far to

29.A. when

B. while

C. until

D. as

30.A. tie up

B. take up

C. put up

D. hold up

31.A. carefully

B. slowly

C. suddenly

D. quickly

32.A. that

B. what

C. which

D. whether

33.A. try to get

B. trying to get

C. tried to get

D. tries to get

34.A. to fly

B. flying

C. its own

D. of it

35.A. what

B. how

C. which

D. where

36.A. runs

B. goes

C. works

D. flies

37.A. shall

B. may

C. can

D. must

38.A. but

B. and

C. so

D. therefore

39.A. got

B. arrived

C. reached to

D. reached

40.A. anywhere

B. everywhere

C. somewhere

D. nowhere

IV.阅读理解（每题2分，共30分）

A

Our eating habits are very important for good health and a strong body. There are times when most of us would rather eat sweets and ice-cream than meat and rice. Sweets and ice-cream are not bad if we eat them at the end of a meal. If we eat them before a meal, they may take away our appetite(食欲). It is important for us to eat our meals at the same time each day. When we feel hungry, it is a sign that our body needs food. When we feel angry or excited, we may not want to eat. A long time ago, in England, some judges used to decide whether a man was telling the truth by giving him some dry bread. If the man could not eat the bread, it showed that he was telling lies. Although this seems very strange and rather foolish, it is indeed a very good way of finding out the fact. A man who is worrying about something has difficulty in eating anything dry. Because he is worrying, he loses his appetite and does not want to eat.

41. It is good to eat sweets and ice-cream ____.

A. when we are hungry .

B. when we want to

C. after the meal 

D. before the meal

42. We'd better have our meals ____.

A. at the same time each day

B. when our work is over

C. when the meal is still hot

D. when every one of the family is home

43. According to the judges in England, if a man tells a lie, he____.

A. eats dry bread easily

B. eats dry bread with difficulty

C. eats a lot of dry bread

D. drinks milk with difficulty

B

People in the United States honor their parents with two special days：Mother’s Day, on the second Sunday in May，and Father’s Day, on the third Sunday in June. These days are set aside to show love and respect for parents. They raise their children and educate them to be responsible citizens. They give love and care. These two days make us think about the changing roles of mothers and fathers. More mothers now work outside the home. More fathers must help with child care.

These two special days are celebrated in many different ways. On Mother’s Day people wear carnations. A red one symbolizes a living mother. A white one shows that the mother is dead. Many people attend religious services to honor parents. It is also a day when people whose parents are dead visit the cemetery(墓地). On these days families get together at home, as well as in restaurants. They often have outdoor barbecues for Father’s Day. These are days of fun and good feelings and memories.

Another tradition is to give cards and gifts. Children make them in school. Many people make their own presents. These are valued more than the ones bought in stores. It is not the value of the gift that is important, but it is “the thought that counts”. Greeting card stores, florists, candy makers, bakeries, telephone companies, and other stores do a lot of business during these holidays.

44. Which of the following is NOT a reason for children to show love and respect for parents?

A. Parents bring up children.

B. Parents give love and care to children.

C. Parents educate children to be good persons.

D. Parents pass away before children grow up.

45．What do you think “florists” do?

A．They sell flowers.

B．They make and sell bread.

C．They offer enough room for having family parties.

D．They sell special gifts for Mother’s Day and Father’s Day.

46．What do you know from the passage?

A. Mother’s Day and Father’s Day are both in May.

B. Fewer women worked outside the home in the past.

C. Not all the children respect their parents.

D. Fathers are not as important as mothers at home.

47．On Mother’s Day and Father’s Day,__________.

A. people usually have family parties

B. everyone goes to visit the cemetery

C. children always go to parents’ home

D. hand-made cards are the most valuable gifts

C

If you go into the forest with friends, stay with them． If you don’t, you may get lost． If you get lost, this is what you should do． Sit down and stay where you are． Don’t try to find your friends―let them find you. You can help them find you by staying in one place．There is another way to help your friends or other people to find you．You can shout or whistle three times．Stop．Then shout or whistle three times again．Any signal given three times is a call for help．  

Keep up shouting or whistling. Always three times together． When people hear you, they will know that you are not just making a noise for fun． They will let you know that they have heard your signal． They will give you two shouts or two whistles． When a signal is given twice, it is an answer to a call for help. If you don’t think that you will get help before night comes, try to make a little house with branches. Make yourself a bed with leaves and grass．  

When you need some water, you have to leave your little branch house to look for it. Don’t just walk away．Pick off small branches and drop them as you walk in order to go back again easily. When you are lost, the most important thing to do is to stay in one place．

48．If you get lost in the forest, you should___________．

A．try to find your friends   

B．stay in one place and give signals

C．walk around the forest 

D．shout as loudly as possible

49．When you hear two shouts or two whistles, you know that________．

A．someone is afraid of an animal 

B．people will come to help you 

C．someone needs help 

D．something terrible will happen

50．What’s the meaning of the underlined sentence? 

A．Leave branches to find your way back．

B．Pick off branches to build another house．

C．Use branches to make a bed． 

D．Drop branches to look for water．

51．The main idea of the passage is__________．

A．how to travel in the forest

B．how to spend the night in the forest

C．what you should do if you want to get some water

D．what you should do if you are lost in the forest

D

How much paper do you use every year? Maybe you can’t answer this question quickly. In 1900 the world’s use of paper was about one kilogram for each person in a year. Now some countries use 50 kilograms of paper for each person in a year. But countries like America, England and Sweden certainly use more paper than other countries.

   Paper was first made in China about 2000 years ago. It was made from the hair-like parts of certain plants. Paper was not made in southern Europe until about the year 1100. In 1500, a German named Schaeffer found out that one could make the best paper from trees. After that the forest countries of Canada, Sweden, America, and Finland became the most important ones in paper making.

   When we think of paper, we think of newspapers, books and writing paper. But there are many other uses. Only half of the paper is used for books and things like that. Paper is very good for keeping you warm. Houses are often insulated(使绝缘, 隔离 ) with paper. You may see some men asleep on a large number of newspapers. They’re insulating themselves from the cold. In Finland the temperature is sometimes -40 centigrade (C). The farmers wear paper boots in the snow. Nothing could be warmer.

   Each year more and more things are made of paper. We have had paper cups and plates for a long time. But now we hear that chairs, tables and even beds can be made of paper. With paper boots and shoes, you can wear paper hats, paper dresses and paper raincoats. When you have used them away and buy new ones. People have made paper boats, but they haven’t made paper planes or cars. Just wait they perhaps will.

52. ______ use more paper than other countries.

A. Sweden

B. America

C. England

D. A, B and C

53. When was paper first made in southern Europe?

A. 2000 years ago

B. In 1100

C. In 1500

D. In 1900

54. Why do farmers in Finland wear paper boots in the snow?

A．Because they are so poor that they can buy only paper boots.

B．Because there are no other kinds of boots there.

C．Because paper boots are warmer than anything else there.

D．Because paper boots are so nice that they don’t like other kinds.

55. What should the best title of passage be?

A．Paper and Its Uses

B．Paper and Its History

C．Paper Was First Made in China

D．How Much Paper Is Used in A Year

陕西师大附中2008-2009学年度第二学期期中考试

高一年级英语试题

第II卷（共30分）

I .单词拼写（每题1分，共10分）

1.       He was very __________(暴躁的)when he got drunk

2.       I’ll tell him the news on his _________   (到达)

3.       The patient is __________(稍微) better today.

4.  Go __________(向东)to the end of the street and you will find the

book.

5.  In some countries, people eat too much fat and sugar. They should

eat a _____      （平衡的）diet to keep healthy.

6.  The sunrise is a beautiful ___________(景象)

7.  We are not _______(允许) to swim in the river. It’s too dangerous.

8.  The professor has brought in a good ________   (系统) of

teaching languages from abroad.

9.  Now we still don’t know whether life __________（存在） on Mars.

10．The house was _______     （围绕）by high walls

II语法填空（每小题1分，满分10分）

阅读下面短文，按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求，在空格处填入一个适当的词或使用括号中词语的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在题目后标号为1l-20的相应位置上。

One day, Henry Adam, an American businessman, sailed out of the bay. ___11___ (luck), he was carried out to sea by a strong wind. Just when hope was about gone, he was picked up by a ship for London. In the ship he earned his passage by __12___ (work) without pay, as a common sailor. When he got to London he was almost penniless.

On the following morning Henry was wandering on the pavement ___13___a window behind him was raised, and a gentleman asked him to step in. He__14___(show) into a room where a couple of elderly gentlemen were sitting. A couple of days before these two old and wealthy brothers had been having a hot argument__15__might happen to a stranger in London __16__a friend and with no money except a million-pound bank-note. One said he__17__(starve) to death; the other said he wouldn't. So they agreed to decide it by a bet. They wrote__18__letter with the million-pound bank-note in it. Then the two brothers sat at the window a whole day watching for the right man to give it to until Henry came along.

After___19___had his story, one of them handed Henry an envelope, and said he would find the explanation inside. After promising__20__ to open it until 2 o’clock, Henry took his leave.

11           

12           

13           

14            

15            

16            

17            

18            

19             

20            

六、书面表达：（满分10分）

给你的笔友Lora写一封信，简单介绍中国农历新年。包括以下要点：

1.       春节对中国人来说是最重要的节日，在农历第一天；

2.       除夕夜家人团圆聚餐，人们通常会放鞭炮来迎接新年的到来；

3.       走访亲朋好友相互表达问候祝愿；

4.       给小孩压岁钱；前三天通常有舞狮或其它表演活动。

参考词汇：农历the lunar calendar  鞭炮fireworks 

问候greeting         压岁钱lucky money

舞狮 lion dances   

词数：80词左右。

陕西师大附中2008-2009学年度第二学期期中考试

高一年级英语试题答案

听力原文

Text 1

M：Hello，Mrs. White，what can I do for you？

W：I don’t know what’s the matter with me？I’m always feeling tired．I’m usually worn out at the end of the day．

Text 2

M：We have plenty of time，you see．We won’＊have to get back until late．So I think we should take the chance and see a bit of the countryside for a change．

W：I haven’t enjoyed a drive so much for ages．

Text 3

M：Oh, hello, Mary. I’d been expecting a call from you．I thought you said you were going to ring last night.

W：Yes．I know. It’s terrible．I just never seem to have a moment to spare these days.

Text 4

W: Have you got Mary's birthday present yet?

M: Yes. 1 got a shirt.

W: But I told you to get her a pullover or a skirt.

M: I know. But this shirt is very nice. Look!

Text 5

W: Good morning. What can I do for you?

M: is there a ship sailing for Hamburg next week?

W: Yes, there is. The Newcastle is sailing for Hamburg from Southampton next Wednesday.

M: Nine. Can you let me have a cabin for two?

W: Let me see. Yes, we can.

Text 6

W: When must the boys get on the coach?

M: The football match starts at two thirty but we should get there at half past one. The coach will pick us up at ten to one as it' 11 take us about 40 minutes to drive there. So we' 11 meet at the school car park. Don't be late, boys, will you?

Text 7

W: What can 1 do for you?

M: I'd like a fur cap, please.

W: What kind would you like? One of these, perhaps

M: Ah, that will do nicely. Can I try it on?

W: Certainly. This is a very popular cap, and it's of good quality, too.

M: What fur is it?

W: Sheep. What size do you take?

M: I' m not quite sure. I don't know Chinese sizes.

W: This is a 59. How does it fit?

M: Hmm. Good. How do I look?

W: It looks good on you.

M: How much shall I pay?

W: Two hundred and fifty-five.

听力1-5 CBCAA      6-10  BCABC

单选 11-15 CAACB  16-20 DDCBA  21-25 ACBBC

完型 26-30 ADBCA  31-35 CBDAB  36-40 CDADA

阅读41-43 CAB  44-47 DABD  48-51BBAD  52-55 DBCA

单词拼写 1. violent   2. arrival   3. slightly   4. eastwards 

5. balanced  6. scene/ sight  7 permitted/ allowed 8. system

9 exists 10 surrounded

语法填空

11.Unluckily   12. working    13. when   14. was shown 15. what   16. without   17. would starve  18. a     19.they     20. not

作文

The Chinese New Year is the most important festival for the Chinese people. It falls on the first day of the first month in the Chinese lunar calendar. On New Year’s Eve they have a family feast, people eat dumplings, fish and meat. After that they stay up to midnight to welcome the New Year with fireworks. On New Year’s Day, people visit their relatives and friends to exchange New Year’s greetings. Children receive “lucky money” wrapped in red paper. Lion dances，dragon dances and other performances are also part of the celebration, which usually last for three days.

试题详情

安徽省泾县中学09届高三第三次月考语文试卷

第Ⅰ卷   阅读题

  甲     必考题

试题详情

高中物理公式、规律汇编表

一、力学

1、胡克定律：f = kx  (x为伸长量或压缩量，k为劲度系数，只与弹簧的长度、粗细和材料有关)

2、重力： G = mg  (g随高度、纬度、地质结构而变化)

3、求F₁、F₂的合力的公式：

 两个分力垂直时：

注意：(1) 力的合成和分解都均遵从平行四边行定则。

 (2) 两个力的合力范围：ú F₁－F₂ ú £ F£ F₁ +F₂

(3) 合力大小可以大于分力、也可以小于分力、也可以等于分力。

4、物体平衡条件： F_合=0   

 或  F_x合=0   F_y合=0

推论：三个共点力作用于物体而平衡，任意一个力与剩余二个力的合力一定等值反向。

 5、摩擦力的公式：

   (1 )  滑动摩擦力：  f = mN 

   说明：①N为接触面间的弹力，可以大于G；也可以等于G；也可以小于G。

②m为动摩擦因数，只与接触面材料和粗糙程度有关，与接触面积大小、接触面相对运动快慢以及正压力N无关。

   (2 ) 静摩擦力： 由物体的平衡条件或牛顿第二定律求解，与正压力无关。

      大小范围：  0£ f_静£ f_m    (f_m为最大静摩擦力)

   说明：①摩擦力可以与运动方向相同，也可以与运动方向相反。

②摩擦力可以作正功，也可以作负功，还可以不作功。

③摩擦力的方向与物体间相对运动的方向或相对运动趋势的方向相反。

④静止的物体可以受滑动摩擦力的作用，运动的物体可以受静摩擦力的作用。

 6、 万有引力： 

（1）公式：F=G （适用条件：只适用于质点间的相互作用）

                G为万有引力恒量：G = 6.67×10^-11 N?m² / kg²

（2）在天文上的应用：（M：天体质量；R：天体半径；g：天体表面重力加速度；r表示卫星或行星的轨道半径，h表示离地面或天体表面的高度））

a 、万有引力=向心力    F_万=F_向  

      即 

 由此可得：

①天体的质量：                   ，注意是被围绕天体（处于圆心处）的质量。

 ②行星或卫星做匀速圆周运动的线速度：          ，轨道半径越大，线速度越小。

 ③ 行星或卫星做匀速圆周运动的角速度：         ，轨道半径越大，角速度越小。

④行星或卫星做匀速圆周运动的周期：            ，轨道半径越大，周期越大。

 ⑤行星或卫星做匀速圆周运动的轨道半径：              ，周期越大，轨道半径越大。

 ⑥行星或卫星做匀速圆周运动的向心加速度：，轨道半径越大，向心加速度越小。

 ⑦地球或天体重力加速度随高度的变化：

       特别地，在天体或地球表面：        

⑧天体的平均密度：      特别地：当r=R时：

b、在地球表面或地面附近的物体所受的重力等于地球对物体的引力，即 ∴。在不知地球质量的情况下可用其半径和表面的重力加速度来表示，此式在天体运动问题中经常应用，称为黄金代换式。

c、第一宇宙速度：第一宇宙速度在地面附近绕地球做匀速圆周运动所必须具有的速度。也是人造卫星的最小发射速度。

  第二宇宙速度：v₂=11.2km/s,使物体挣脱地球引力束缚的最小发射速度。

第三宇宙速度：v₃=16.7km/s,使物体挣脱太阳引力束缚的最小发射速度。

7、 牛顿第二定律： 

理解：（1）矢量性  （2）瞬时性  （3）独立性  （4）同体性  （5）同系性  （6）同单位制

8、匀变速直线运动：

几个重要推论：

 （1） 

 （2）A B段中间时刻的即时速度：

（3）AB段位移中点的即时速度：

       匀速：v_t/2 =v_s/2 ，匀加速或匀减速直线运动：v_t/2 <v_s/2

（4）       初速为零的匀加速直线运动,

①     在1s 、2s、3s­……ns内的位移之比为1²：2²：3²……n²

②     在第1s 内、第 2s内、第3s内……第ns内的位移之比为1：3：5……(2n-1)

③     在第1m 内、第2m内、第3m内……第n m内的时间之比为1：：（……(

(5)     初速无论是否为零,匀变速直线运动的质点,在连续相邻的相等的时间间隔内的位移之差为一常数：Ds = aT²    (a：匀变速直线运动的加速度  T：每个时间间隔的时间) 

 9、匀速圆周运动公式

线速度：v= wR=2f R=

向心加速度：a =² f² R

角速度：w=

向心力：F= ma = m² R= m4m f² R

 注意：（1）匀速圆周运动的物体的向心力就是物体所受的合外力，总是指向圆心。

      （2）卫星绕地球、行星绕太阳作匀速圆周运动的向心力由万有引力提供。                           

（3）氢原子核外电子绕核作匀速圆周运动的向心力是原子核对核外电子的库仑力。

 10、平抛运动公式：水平方向的匀速直线运动和竖直方向的初速度为零的匀加速直线运动（即自由落体运动）的合运动

       水平分运动： 水平位移： x= v_o t     水平分速度：v_x = v_o

竖直分运动： 竖直位移： y =g t²    竖直分速度：v_y= g t

 tgq =           v_y = v_otgq      v_o =v_yctgq                               

            v =      v_o = vcosq    v_y = vsinq                

11、 功 ： W = Fs cosα      (适用于恒力的功的计算）

  （1）力F的功只与F、s、α三者有关，与物体做什么运动无关

（2）理解正功、零功、负功

        （3）功是能量转化的量度

12、 动能和势能：   动能：      重力势能：E_p = mgh     (与零势能面的选择有关)

13、动能定理：外力对物体所做的总功等于物体动能的变化。

       公式：  W_合= DE_k = E_k2 - E_k1 =   

14、机械能守恒定律：机械能 = 动能+重力势能+弹性势能

     条件：系统只有内部的重力或弹力（指弹簧的弹力）做功。

     公式：   mgh₁ + 

15、功率：    P =    (在t时间内力对物体做功的平均功率)

              P = Fv    (F为牵引力，不是合外力；v为即时速度时，P为即时功率；v为平均速度时，P为平均功率； P一定时，F与v成反比）

16、功能原理：外力和“其它”内力做功的代数和等于系统机械能的变化

17、功能关系：功是能量变化的量度。

摩擦力乘以相对滑动的路程等于系统失去的机械能，等于摩擦产生的热    

18、物体的动量   P=mv,

19、恒力的冲量   I=Ft

20、动量定理:    Ft=mv₂―mv₁

21、动量守恒定律   +m₂v₂ = m₁v₁^’＋m₂v₂^’   或Dp₁  = - Dp₂   或Dp₁ +Dp₂=0

 适用条件：（1）系统不受外力作用。（2）系统受外力作用，但合外力为零。（3）系统受外力作用，合外力也不为零，但合外力远小于物体间的相互作用力。（4）系统在某一个方向的合外力为零，在这个方向的动量守恒。

完全非弹性碰撞     mV₁+MV₂=（M+m）V 

22、简谐振动的回复力   F=－kx   加速度

23、单摆振动周期          (与摆球质量、振幅无关）

24、弹簧振子周期   

共振：驱动力的频率等于物体的固有频率时，物体的振幅最大

25、机械波：机械振动在介质中传播形成机械波。它是传递能量的一种方式。

产生条件：要有波源和介质。

波的分类：①横波：质点振动方向与波的传播方向垂直，有波峰和波谷。

                 ②纵波，质点振动方向与波的传播方向在同一直线上。有密部和疏部。

波长λ：两个相邻的在振动过程中对平衡位置的位移总是相等的质点间的距离。

注意：①横波中两个相邻波峰或波谷问距离等于一个波长。

              ②波在一个周期时间里传播的距离等于一个波长。

      波速：波在介质中传播的速度。机械波的传播速度由介质决定。

      波速v波长λ频率f关系：   （适用于一切波）

      注意：波的频率即是波源的振动频率，与介质无关。

27、浮力   

28、密度   ，，

29、力矩  

30、力矩平衡条件   M_顺=M_逆

二、热学

（一）分子动理论

                           分子直径（数量级）：10^-10 m（油膜法）

                           分子质量（数量级）：10^-26 kg

         ⒈物体是由大量    阿伏加德罗常数（油膜法）：N_A=6.02×10²³ mol^-1。

           分子组成的          是联系宏观世界与微观世界的桥梁。

                             扩散现象

         ⒉分子永不停息

           地作无规则运

           动（热运动）

                            布朗运动

                              r<r₀，合力表现为斥力          F

         ⒊分子间存在                                            f_斥