2009中考英语构词法汇总及练习
一.概念
英语的构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法.
1.转化法
英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。
1)动词转化为名词
很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化(如下②)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③)。例如：
①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。
②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。
2)名词转化为动词
很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。例如：
①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?
②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。
③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。
④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。
3)形容词转化为动词
有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：
We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4)副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：
Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。
5)形容词转化为名词
表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。例如：
You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。
The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
1)前缀
除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：
appear出现→disappear消失
correct正确的→incorrect不正确的
lead带领→mislead领错
stop停下→non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：
alone单独的antigas防毒气的
autochart自动图表
cooperate合作enjoy使高兴
internet互联网reuse再用
subway地铁telephone电话
2)后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：
differ不同于→difference区别
write写→writer作家
Japan日本→Japanese日本人
act表演→actress女演员
mouth口→mouthful一口
music音乐→musician音乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：
wide→widen加宽
beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提纯
real→realize意识到
organ→organize组织
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，
-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美国→American美国的
China中国→Chinese中国人的
gold金子→golden金的
east东→eastern东方的
child孩子→childish孩子气的
snow雪→snowy雪的
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：
angry生气的→angrily生气地
to到→towards朝……，向……
east东方→eastward向东
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六
four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十
1)合成名词
构成方式例词
名词＋名词weekend周末
名词＋动词daybreak黎明
名词＋动名词handwriting书法
名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药
名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑
代词＋名词she-wolf母狼
动词＋名词typewriter打字机
动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室
现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼
形容词＋名词gentleman绅士
副词＋动词outbreak爆发
介词＋名词afternoon下午
2)合成形容词
名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的
名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的
名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的
名词＋过去分词man-made人造的
数词＋名词one-way单行的
数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的
数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的
动词＋副词see-through透明的
形容词＋名词high-class高级的
形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的
形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的
形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的
副词＋形容词ever-green常青的
副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的
副词＋过去分词well-known著名的
副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的
介词＋名词downhill下坡的
3)合成动词
名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游
形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷
副词＋动词overthrow推翻
4)合成副词
形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地
形容词＋副词everywhere到处
副词＋副词however尽管如此
介词＋名词beforehand事先
介词＋副词forever永远
5)合成代词
代词宾格＋self herself她自己
物主代词＋self myself我自己
形容词＋名词anything任何东西
6)合成介词
副词＋名词inside在……里面
介词＋副词within在……之内
副词＋介词into进入
截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1)截头
telephone→phone
aeroplane→plane
omnibus→bus
2)去尾
mathematics→maths
co-operate→co-op
examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3)截头去尾
influenza→flu
refrigerator→fridge
prescription→script
混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播
television broadcast→telecast电视播送
smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。
very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物
television→TV (读字母音)电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
Nato
1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness
2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A.die B.dead C.died D.death
3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad
4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.
A.chemistry B.chemical
C.chemist D.physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.
A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged
6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely
8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.
A.satisfied B.satisfactory
C.satisfying D.satisfaction
9.―What are you doing here?
―Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
―You can write________passage in English?
A.600 words；a 600-words
B.600-word；a 600-words
C.600 words；a 600-word
D.600 words；a 600-words
10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A.permit B.permission
C.permitting D.permittence
11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A.headquarters B.headline
C.headmaster D.headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.
A.intend B.intention
C.intentionally D.intentional
13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A.practice B.practise
C.practical D.practiced
14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A.judger B.judgment
C.judge D.judgement
15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?
A.lately B.latest
C.later D.latter
16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A.longer B.length
C.long D.longing
17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.
A.joy B.joyful
C.joyless D.joyness
18.Canada is mainly an________country.
A.English-speaking B.speak-English
C.spoken-English D.English-spoken
19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A.foolish；foolishly；fool
B.fool；foolish；fool
C.foolish；fool；fool
D.foolishly；foolish；fool
20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.
A.valuable B.value
C.valueless D.unvaluable
21.There were________fish in the river in South America.
A.in danger B.danger
C.dangerous D.dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A.sound B.silent
C.silence D.sounded
23.The child looked at me________.
A.stranger B.strangely
C.strange D.strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A.free B.freely
C.freedom D.frees
25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A.reasonable B.reasonful
C.reasonless D.unreason
26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.
A.advance B.advancing
C.advantage D.advanced
27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A.nearby B.near
C.nearly D.near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.
A.official；officer；office
B.officer；office；official
C.official；official；official
D.officer；official；office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A.health B.healthy
C.healthily D.healthier
30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.
A.Honestly B.Honest C.Honesty D.Dishonest
化学专题辅导10
专题十：有机推断题的突破
[命题趋向]
《考试大纲》中的要求是：
（1）以甲烷、乙烯、乙炔、1，3-丁二烯、苯等典型烃类化合物为例，了解烃类化合物的基本性质、烃类化合物的结构特征、烃类化合物的用途等。并能结合同系列原理加以应用，解决一些有关烃类化合物的实际问题。
（2）掌握溴乙烷、乙醇、乙醛、乙酸等的分子结构、性质和用途。了解乙二醇、丙三醇等的性质和用途。以乙醇为例了解醇类性质与官能团（羟基）的联系以苯酚为例了解酚羟基在化合物中的作用和酚类物质的性质。以乙醛为例了解醛基在化合物中的作用、醛类物质的化学通性。了解甲醛的特性、酚醛树脂的制法。了解甲酸、乙二酸、苯甲酸、油酸、硬脂酸和软脂酸的结构和性质。以乙酸乙脂为例了解酯类物质的结构、性质和用途，了解肥皂的制取过程。
（3）熟悉葡萄糖的结构和性质，从中进一步了解糖类的基本组成和结构、主要性质和用途；了解常见二糖和多糖的基本组成、性质和用途；了解有机物的主要来源、农副产品和化工等知识。了解蛋白质的基本组成和结构、主要性质和作用；了解氨基酸的结构和性质；了解肽的结构特征。
（4）综合应用各类化合物的不同性质，进行区别、鉴定、分离、提纯或推导未知物的结构简式．组合多个化合物的化学反应，合成具有指定结构简式的产物。
近几年高考中常见题型有：
（1）高分子化合物与单体的相互判断，常以选择题的形式出现。这类试题可以较好地测试有机反应、有机物结构等多方面的知识，也成了高考的保留题型之一，复习中一定要加以重视。
（2）有机综合推断题。卤代烷烃能发生消去反应生成烯烃、发生取代反应生成醇、醇跟烯烃也能相互转化，这种转化关系可表示为：
理解这一转化关系时要注意，理论上讲所有的卤代烷烃和醇都能发生取代反应，但卤代烃或醇的消去反应有一定结构要求，如一氯甲烷、ClCH
[知识体系和复习重点]
1．有机物相互网络图：
2．醇、醛、酸、酯转化关系：
醇经氧化可转化醛、醛被氧化生成酸、羧酸跟醇反应产物是酯，这个转化关系的本质可表示为（其中X、R代表某种基团）：
这是有机化学中的主干知识，是高考有机框图推断题出现频度最大“题眼信息”之一。
[典型题析]
[例1] （2004年江苏高考化学试题）有4种有机物：①
，②
，③
，④CH3-CH=CH-CN，其中可用于合成结构简式为
的高分子材料的正确组合为（ ）
A．①③④ B．①②③ C．①②④ D．②③④
[解析]答案选D。考查从高分子化合物的结构简式分析相应单体结构简式的能力。高中化学课本中出现过多个合成高分子化合物的化学方程式，如乙烯生成聚乙烯、氯乙烯生成聚氯乙烯等。这是编制这类试题的知识基础。要求学生判断一种“新”的高分子化合物的单体，可以更好地测试考生的知识水平和判断能力。将高分子化合物如下所示“切”成三段，可发现中间一段的主链上含有
“C=C”，所以必定单体之一。右段对应的单体是，左段对应的单体是CH3-CH=CH-CN。
所以答案选D。有的同学由于没有弄清①、④的差别，会错选B。也有同学会从“1,3 ?丁二烯型加聚”分析，遇到障碍，实际上在《考试大纲》已将丁二烯的内容删除。
[例2]（2003年浙江等省高考理综试题）根据图示填空。
（1）化合物A含有的官能团是_________________。
（2）1molA与2molH2反应生成1molE，其反应方程式是__________________。
（3）与A具有相同官能团的A的同分异构体的结构简式是___________________。
（4）B在酸性条件下与Br2反应得到D，D的结构简式是_____________________。
（5）F的结构简式是__________。由E生成F的反应类型是______________。
[解析] （1）碳碳双键、醛基、羧基。
（2）OHCCH=CHCOOH+2H2
HOCH2CH2CH2COOH。
（3）A分子中有三种官能团，所以符合题示条件的异构体只有
。
（4）要注意是在酸性条件下反应，所以产物是HOOCCHBrCHBrCOOH。
（5）
。酯化（或取代）。
[例3] 通常情况下，多个羟基连在同一个碳原子上的分子结构是不稳定的，容易自动失水，生成碳氧双键的结构：
下面是9个化合物的转变关系：
（1）化合物①是__________，它跟氯气发生反应的条件A是__________。
（2）化合物⑤跟⑦可在酸的催化下去水生成化合物⑨， ⑨的结构简式是：_______；名称是______________________________________。
（3）化合物⑨是重要的定香剂，香料工业上常用化合物⑧和②直接合成它。写出此反应的化学方程式。
[解析]试题中的新信息和转化关系图给解题者设置了一个新的情景，但从其所涉及的知识内容来看，只不过是烃的衍生物中最基础的醇、醛、酸、酯的性质和质量守恒定律等知识内容。
题给转化关系图虽不完整，但还是容易得出①是甲苯，②、③、④是甲苯中甲基上氢原子被氯取代后的产物，进而可推知②是C6H5CH2Cl、④C6H5CCl3、⑦是C6H5COOH。所以⑨是苯甲酸苯甲酯。苯甲酸的酸性比碳酸强，所以苯甲酸可以跟碳酸钠反应生成苯甲酸钠，反应②是：苯甲酸钠+苯甲醇→苯甲酸苯甲酯，根据质量守恒定律可得出该反应的另一种产物应该是氯化钠。答案为：
（1）甲苯，光照。（2）C6H5COOCH
（3）
。
[考题预测与专题训练]
1．（1）分别由聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯为原料制成的两种塑料袋，鉴别的实验方法是______________________________，写出有关的化学方程式__________________________。
（2）Nomex纤维是一种新型的阻燃性纤维，它可由间二甲苯和间二胺在一定条件下以等物质的量缩聚而成，请完成该化学方程式，并配平。
（3）某种高强度的纤维由三种单体组成，其结构为：
则这三种单体的结构简式分别为_____________、______________、_____________。
2．某种ABS工程树脂，由丙烯腈（CH2＝CHCN，符号A）、1，3－丁二烯（CH2＝CHCH＝CH2，符号B）和苯乙烯（
，符号S）按一定配比共聚而得。
（1）A、B和S三种单体，碳氢比（C:H）值最小的单体是_____。
（2）经元素分析可知该ABS样品的组成为CaHbNc（a、b、c为正整数），则原料中A和B的物质的量之比是_____（用a、b、c表示）。
3．有机物A的结构简式为
，从A出发，可发生图示中的一系列反应。其中M属于高分子化合物，J和K互为同分异构体，N的产量可作为衡量一个国家石油化工发展水平的标志。
④甲醛分子中4个原子共平面。
请写出：
（1）下列反应的化学方程式（注明反应条件并配平）
H→M________________________；D+I→K_____________________。
（2）写出下列物质的结构简式：J____________；P__________________。
（3）与B互为同分异构体，属于酯类且含有苯环的化合物有_____种。
（4）C分子中处于同一平面的原子最多可有__________个。
4．CO不仅是家用煤气的主要成份，也是重要的化工原料。美国近年来报导了一种低温低压催化工艺，把某些简单有机物经“羰化”反应后可以最后产生一类具有优良性能的装饰性高分子涂料、粘胶剂等。有下图所示：
图中G（RCOOR/）有一种同分异构体是E的相邻同系物；而H的一种同分异构体则是F的相邻同系物。已知D由CO和H2按物质的量之比为1：2完全反应而成，其氧化物可发生银镜反应；H是含有4个碳原子的化合物。试写出：
（1）结构简式：E_____________、G______________、R/基______________。
（2）G的两个同类别同分异构体的结构简式（不带R字母）_________及__________。
（3）反应类型：X_____________、Y_________________、Z_________________。
（4）完成下列化学方程式：
A+CO+H2OE：______________________________________________；
F+D
H：_________________。
5．胆结石的成因有两种，一种为无机钙盐，一种为胆固醇型。前者需手术治疗，后者则有人设计用甲基叔丁基醚制成针剂，注射病灶部位后，适时再将病灶处的液体抽取出来的治疗方案。请回答：
（1）在用甲基叔丁基醚治疗胆固醇型结石的过程中，甲基叔丁基醚可使胆固醇型结石（填选项字母）表现了________。
（A）溶解性 （B）变性 （C）氧化性 （D）分解为气体的性质
（2）现有甲、乙、丙、丁四种制备甲基叔丁基醚的方案。
甲、CH3ONa+(CH3)3CCl
CH3OC(CH3)3+NaCl
乙、CH3Cl+(CH3)3CONa
CH3OC(CH3)3+NaCl
丙、CH3I+(CH3)3CONaCH3OC(CH3)3+NaI
丁、CH3OH+(CH3)3COH
CH3OC(CH3)3+H2O
提示：①通常卤代烃可以水解生成醇，也可以消去卤化氢（HX）生成不饱和烃，即
CH3CH2X
CH3CH2OH CH3CH2X
CH2=CH2
②脱去HX的难易程度为(CH3)3CX>(CH3)2CHX>CH3CH2X;
③常温下，上述原料中只有CH3Cl为气体，其它试剂均为液态。现已知上述四种方案中丙为最佳。因为液体反应物之间接触面积大，易于反应，且没有副产物生成。综合上述所给提示，请分析甲、乙、丁方案的不妥之处。
甲________________________________。乙_________________________________。
丁________________________________。
6．有机合成粘合剂是生产和生活中一类重要的材料，粘合的过程一般是呈液态的粘合剂小分子，经化学反应转化为大分子或高分子而固化。
（1）“502胶”是一种快干胶，其成分为
-氰基丙烯酸乙酯（CH2=C(CN)COOCH2CH3），当暴露在空气中时，微量的水起催化作用，使其发生碳碳双键的加聚反应而迅速固化，几秒钟即可将被粘物牢牢粘在一起。请写出“502胶”发生粘合作用的化学方程式。
（2）厌氧胶（主要成分为CH2=CHCOOCH2CH2OOCCH=CH2）是另一种粘合剂，它与“502胶”不同，可在空气中长期储存，但在隔绝空气（缺氧）时，分子中的双键断开发生聚合而固化。在工业上用丙烯酸和某物质在一定条件下反应可制得这种粘合剂。则这一制取过程的化学反应的方程式为____________________________________________。
（3）白乳胶发生粘合过程的化学机理与上述两种粘合剂相似，其主要成分为醋酸乙烯酯（CH3COOCH=CH2）。醋酸乙烯酯含有-CH=CH-结构的同分异构体很多，但含有
结构的物质不能稳定存在。除下列物质外CH2=CHCOOCH3、HCOOCH=CH-CH3、HCOCH(OH)CH=CH2、HCOOCH=CH-CH3。
请写出另外符合上述要求、并且属于酯类物质的同分异构体的结构简式（任写四种）：
_____________________________________________________________________。
（4）已知：2CH3OH+HCHO
CH3OCH2OCH3+H2O反应可以发生。聚乙烯醇（
）也是一种粘合剂，其水溶液可做普通胶水使用。它分子中的羟基可全部与丁醛缩合脱水，得到含有六元环的高分子化合物----聚乙烯醇缩丁醛，其粘合能力远比聚乙烯醇强，广泛应用于防弹玻璃、飞机舱玻璃的胶接。请写出制取聚乙烯醇缩丁醛粘合剂的化学方程式：______________________________________________。
2009年中考英语语法汇总及练习
动词的时态:
初中英语的动词时态主要有五种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,现在完成时.
1. 一般现时的用法：主要由动词原形表示，但在第三人称单数时要在词尾加-s 。否定句和疑问句要用助动词do, does.
A. 经常性或习惯性的动作。如The
trees get green in spring . 。
B现在特征或状态。如The Changjiang
River is the longest in our country.
He doesn` t work in the factory .
C.普遍真理。如The sun rises
in the east . Five and two in seven .
2现在进行时： 现在进行时是由助动词be 的人称形式加现在分词构成。
主要表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。如：
Where are they swimming? They are swimming in the river.
有些动词的现在进行时表示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。这些动词是：go
,come, leave ,start ,arrive , return ,work sleep,stay,play,do,have ,wear…..
She is coming to see me tomorrow.
3． 一般将来时： 主要表示将要发生的动作或情况。
由助动词shall
或will加动词原形构成。/ be
going to 加动词原形构成
It won’t rain tonight . I shall meet you at the station.
He is going to have a swim tomorrow.
4.一般过去时：由动词的过去式表示。
表示在过去某个时刻发生的动作或情况。包括过去习惯性动作。如；
Did you knock at the door just now? / He finished reading the book
yesterday.
5.现在完成时：由have的人称形式加过去分词构成
A 到现在为止已经完成的动作。如：
I have lent my book to Ann. 我把书借给了安。
He has never seen a real tiger. 他从来没有见过真老虎。
B、从过去开始延续到现在的动作或状态。如：
She has lived here since 1991. 从一九九一年起她就住在这里。
时 态 常用的时间副词
一般现在时 every(
year,otherday ,twodays,week,month…) ,often ,always,usually ,sometimes, in the
morning,in summer,on Sunday
一般过去时 last
week, just now,yesterday, yeaterday morning ,the day before yesterday,then,
at that moment,(a few days) ago,
一般将来时 tomorrow,
next month, in two days,
现在进行时 now
现在完成时 since ,for（one year….）, just, already, yet ,in the last five years, …before.so far
被动语态：
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。 Be有人称，数量和时态变化。
一般现在时：be (is am are) +及物动词的过去分词
一般过去时：be (was were)+ 及物动词的过去分词
情态动词的过去分词：情态动词+be +及物动词的过去分词
用动词的适当时态填空：
1. Light_________(travel)faster than sound. He _______(get) up early in
the morning
2. John usually ________(go) home on Sunday morning.
3. Cats ________(like ) fish while dogs _______ (like ).
4. He always__________(sleep) with his windows open.
5. One tree ___________(not make) a wood. Two and three_______(be )
five .
6. I ______(say ) you are wrong. Everything _______(go )well in spring .
7. He_________(not wok) on Sundays. He _______(take) a walk after supper.
8. Lucy ________(prefer) coffee to milk. Lily ________(hate) traveling.
9. Children _______(love ) to play games. The boy _____(look ) like his
mother.
10. The sun _______(rise ) in the east and ______(go) down in the west.
11. Where ______you ______(go ) just now? I _______(go) to the
library.
12. He______(live) in
for three months. He ________(live) there by the end of this year.
13. He _______(pay) ten yuan for his new book yesterday. It ______(cost)
him so little.
14. What _____you _____(wear )yesterday? I _______(wear ) a blue skirt.
15. He ______(feel ) very tired last night ,he ____(fall) asleep very
quickly .
16. He______(say )he ______( will)write to me as soon as he came home.
17. He ______(take )his temperature half an hour ago.
18. We ________(win ) the league match last week, we ______(be ) the winners.
19. She ______(keep)me waiting for an hour last night . She ______(be
)late.
20. He ______(find )it difficult to get to sleep. because he
_______(be)too glad.
21. He ________(read ) a book when I ______(see) her .
22. Great changes _______(happen ) in the village last year.
23. He ____(drive ) to
24. Just now ,he ______(mistake ) me for Lucy.
25. What ______you _____(do )now ? I ________(look) for my pen .
26. Look ,they ______(read)over there， others _______(dance)under the tall tree.
27. Listen ,someone___________(sing)English songs next room.
28. It’s five o’clock. . I________(do )my homework, My brother
__________(play)games , my mother _________(cook) supper, my father
________(mend ) his car in the garden.
29. Tom __________(fly ) kites with his classmates on the hill now.
30. Who ____________(wash ) clothes over there ? It’s my mother.
31. ______you _______(look ) for a ball? Yes .I am .
32. He _______always _______(try )out his new ideas.
33. The world population __________(grow ) faster and faster .
34. What _______Lucy _________(wear) today ? She _______(wear)a dark blue
skirt.
35. ______you _______( make )a cake ? No . I__________(make) dumplings.
36. It________(rain )hard now. If it_________(not stop ) ,we________(not
go )to the park.
37. The children ________(go )the park next week.They ________(have )a
good time there.
38. He with his father _________(play)football tomorrow .
39. My friend _________ (come) to see me in two days.
40. What ______you _______(do )this Sunday ? Nothing much . ______we
______( go )shopping?
That’s a good idea. When ______we ______(meet) ?
41. There __________(be )a football match the day after tomorrow.
42. Jim __________(have ) a swim this evening. After that ,he ________(do
)his homework.
43. ClassThree __________(not have )any classes next week.
44. I________(buy )a skirt for my daughter next month.
45. _______you_______(start)your homework? Yes, but I_________(not
finish) it yet.
46. What ________you________(do )with the library book? I_____just
_______(return)it .
47. Excuse me . I ________(lose ) my cat. _____you ______(see) it
anywhere?
48. If I _______(lose )the book, I must pay for it.
49. I_______( come )to get my pan back. . ______you _______( finish)using
it? Not yet.
50. _____you ever _______(milk) a cow? No, never.
51. How long _____you ______( be) at this school ? For two years.
52. He ________(teach ) in this school for ten years . I_________( live
)here since last year.
53. More than two days ________(pass) since we left.
54. _______you ______(take )her temperature? Yes, I have. I_______(have)a
cold for a week.
55. _______you _______(sleep )well? Yes, I ______(sleep)well all night.
56．I_______ never________(hear)of that before.
56. Chinese _________(speak ) by the largest people in the world.
57. This bike _______(make ) in
58. Metal _________(use)for making machines.
59. Sheep _________(keep) farmers for producing wool and mutton.
60. The watch _________(buy) two years ago . It _________(buy) for two
years.
61. The bike _________(use ) for ten years. It ________(break )down for
two months.
62. ______you ______(wear )it a lot ? Yes . It _______(wear ) for ten
years.
63. The young tree must __________(tie ) to the stick.
64. Trees should __________(plant ) in spring .
65. Silk ________(produce ) in
66. Some of the things ________(show ) in the museum now .
67. The PRC _________(found)on October 1,1949.
68. The lost boy _______(find ) yesterday.
69. The book _________(write ) in English It can
__________(read ) by many people.
70. Old people should ___________(speak )to politely .
71. The teacher should ____________(listen ) to carefully.
72. She _________(surprise ) at the news just now.
73. She __________(see)to run into the room by me five minutes ago.
74. The ground _________(cover) with snow in winter.
75. Fruit should __________(harvest) at the right time.
76. There are twenty more trees to___________(plant).
77. He ________(mistake ) for Jim by the man yesterday.
78. Great changes_________(happen ) in the village since 1985.
79. The cheapest pen ________(choose ) by him at last .
80. The car must ___________(drive ) slowly by old men.
综合练习：
1. The girl _____(draw ) a co on the blackboard with chalk now.
2. When_____ you ______(lose ) the book?
3. How many times ______your uncle ____ (be )to
4. The girl always _______(prefer) Chinese to maths .
5. The girl _______(learn )to milk since last year .
6. ?What`s the girl crying for? --- She ______(cut) her
finger.
7. Stop ______.(guess). Mrs Hu has told me who won the high jump.
8. The dog often ____(follow)the young man everywhere.
9. Can you _______(guess) it isn`t his ?
0. Hurry up, or you(catch)______ the train .
11. Rechard ________(give) you a call as soon as you comes back.
12. The little boy hurt his head . He _____(need) an operation at once.
13. Don`t worry. We _______(send) for the policemen.
14. My radio _______ (break).I can`t listen to it.
15. Robert lay quietly while the doctors ________ (operate) on him.
16. Don`t worry .They_______ (take) good care of your sin if you go to
save the soldiers.
17. Most people _______(hate) the bad weather.
18. The spy ________ (cover) the blanks while the policemen came in .
19. Don`t go to see him . He _________(change) his mind .
20. Jim ______ (make) a few friends since he came to
21. Don`t worry. The foreign children _______ (get ) on well on well with
their classmates.
22. Who _______(wear) the sweater outside last night?
23. Look. You brother ________(fight) with John.
24. _______ the door ______ ?(lock)
25. Glasses _________ (make)of glass .
26. Silk _______(sell) in some shops in the town..
27. The factory _________(produce) machines.
28. Do you know the Frenchman/ Yes , I__________(know ) him for two years.
29. The farmers often _________( sell) their vegetables in the market.
30. How many televisions ___________(make ) in the factory last week?
31. Athermos is used for _________(keep ) the water hot.
32. Can the motorbike _________?(ride)
33. The old woman __________ (lock ) the box when she goes out .
34. Don’t be afraid . The dog must _________(tie ) to the tree.
35. All the new words __________(not look ) up in the dictionary yet .
36. How many babies __________(bear) in the world every year”
37. The woman _______(have ) ababy this morning.
38. The shoes in your size __________(sell) out.
39. Jack fell over while he ______(pass0 the stick on to the second runner.
40. Sorry , I kept you ________(wait) so long.
41. The boy is always made ________(wash ) his face in the morning.
42. What _______(be) the population in the world by the end of this
century?
43. Mr Brown has stopped smoking since he ________(operate ) on ?
44. Tom said he ______(be) a teacher when he grew up.
45. His jacket _______(wear ) out . He wants to buy a new one .
46. The woman _______(seem)always angry.
47. Will you go to see the film? Thanks, but _________(see) it ?
48. Miss Li ________(be )
49. When will you finish ______the book ?(write )
50. I ______(leave ) my pen in the bedroom . I have to write with a
pencil.
51. Stop talking . The headmaster _________(come).
52. The book can ________(keep) for two weeks.
53. After supper she went on _________(do) her homework.
54. It was a cold night . An old man _______(lie) under a chair in the
park.
55. Doctors _________(need ) in every part of the world.
56. She ______(say ) she works in an office.
57. His father ________(die ) for two months .
58. By the end of this month , Bill ________(catch) up with Bruce.
59. Why _______you always ______(follow) me?
60. The girl _______(hurry ) off just now .
61. How much ________you _______(spend) on the next travel ?
62. Mr Brown _______(come) in ten minutes
63. All the children ________(take ) good care of in the school.
64. I ________(go ) with you if you agree with me .
65. What _______(happen ) at the corner of the street now?
66. The young man was very lazy , so he ________(send ) away .
67. The woman ________(not hear ) from her husband since last April .
68. The boy was sad because his team _______(beat ).
69. Two of the players _____ (hurt ) while playing football.
70. Please go and see a film with me when you ______ (finish)
71. How soon _____ you ______ (go ) again to
72. Could you tell me what _______ (grow ) in the South ?
73. His little sister ______ still _____ (sleep ) when he ______ (get ) up
yesterday.
74. I`ll pass the message on to Luny as soon as I ________ (see ) her next
week .
75. Mum _______ (have ) supper at six every evening.
76. What ______ this _____ (call ) in English ?
77. Do you feel like ______ (walk ) to the corner with me ?
78. Each of the pupils _______ an hour to finish the paper yesterday.(
give )
79. Your uncle _____ under the tree , isn`t he ? (lie )
80. He asked me if it _______ (rain ) the next morning.
81. You`d better _______ (go )to see a doctor.
82. We ______ (learn ) over ten English songs by the end of last term.
83. The team ______ (choose ) yesterday afternoon.
84. He doesn`t let us ________(draw ) on the wall .
85. I like _______ (read ) in bed .
86. It ______ (get ) late , I must go home .
87. Neither of us _______ ( have ) much time .
88. It gets too hot for _______ ( climb)
89. His mother ______ (be ) a nurse for nearly ten years .
90. Be quite ! The baby ______ ( sleep ).
91. A new bridge _______ ( build ) in the park last year .
92. Lucy ______ ( do)her home work . You`d better _____ (turn )off the TV
set .
93. I _____ (see ) him yesterday .
94. Her sister ______ (learn ) to draw since she was four .
95. A woman _______ ( see )go into the boy`s room .
96. I _______ (call ) you as soon as I get to
97. I don`t know when she ______ ( return ) ,but when she _____ ( return
).
98. If there ______ (be ) no water ,there _____ (be ) no living things on
the earth .
99. I ______ ( receive ) a letter yesterday . It ( write ) by my brother
.He _______ (stay ) in
100. My friend Li _______ (get ) a watch . He _______ (have ) it for two
years . It _____(make ) in a town . He _______ (buy ) it in a street
market and ______ (wear) it to school almost every day . But he ________
(like ) it . It _______ (have ) often ______ (break ) down . He would
like a better one . Next time he ______ (buy ) one from a shop .
宾语从句：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。由下列词引导，
1. 由 that 引导（ that在口语中可省略）
He said ( that) he would like to see the headmaster.
She said (that ) she would leave a message on his desk.
He was afraid that he would forget his Chinese.
2. 接连接代词或连接副词引导.(what .who
.which . whose /where, when ,how ……).
Do you know what time the train leaves?
Can you tell me which class you are in ?
I wanted to know where we should show our tickets .
3. whether 或if 引导
Lily wanted to know if it would rain the next day.
She asked if they would go to the park this Sunday.
*在选择疑问句中，或与or not 连用时，必须用whether而不能用if。
变宾语从句需要注意以下几点：
a． 时态变化： 主句是一般现在时，从句可以是任何时态
主句是过去时，从句必须是过去时态的一种
主句是将来时，从句必须是一般现在时。
B．人称变化：不常用 如：He asked me.“Are you a teacher？”
He asked me if I was a teacher。
C．语序变化：Where is Mike ？ Do you know？
Do you know where Mike is ？
Practise ：
1． He said .The boy is a clever boy .
2． He is sure . His team can beat them
3． He was afraid . It will be windy tomorrow.
4． He said . The lost book was founded .
5． He hopes …. He will be able to pass the exam.
6． He asked ….. When will the bus arrive？
7． Mother asked her son …. Whose pen are you using?
8． The children said….. we enjoy ourselves
very much .
9． The boy asked me ….. Have you heard any noise from
outside ?
10. Do you know …. Which way must we take to ?
11. I don’t know ….. Why is he late for the meeting?
12. Do you remember …When did he die?
13. Nobody knows … When will he come back?
14. Do you know … What are they looking for?
15. He asked me … How long does it take to walk to school?
16. Father asked me … What is wrong with you ?
17. I didn’t know …He is going to have a boy .
18. They never asked … Will it be a boy or a girl ?
19. He didn’t know … population is a big problem.
20. I thought … He will come back soon.
21. He asked me …Which TV programme will you watch ?
22. I don’t know …Will it grow fast?
23. Lily asked … Can the man help them
24. Mother asked Do they have a cheaper one?
25. She asked Lucy … Do you need some more tea ?
26. The teacher asked us … Do you have any questions ?
27. He asked … What did Lucy say ?
28. She didn’t know… Who was in the room ?
29. They wanted know … What is in the stockings?
30. He asked… What is his present?
31. He asked … Did Jim have a good journey home?
32. He wanted to know … Was it warm in
33. He asked …Where is Jack?
34. He wanted to know … What has happened?
35. He asked … Is anybody hurt ?
时间状语从句：常用下列词语 when 、after、 before 、as soon as 、(not )until 、since
关于主、从句的时态关系与宾语从句一致
1. I was doing my homework when he came in.
2. I will write to you as soon as I get there .
3. I will finish the cooking before my mother comes back.
4. I didn`t go to bed until my mother returned home
条件状语从句： 1.We won`t go to the park if it rains tomorrow.
2.If you have lost the book , you must pay for it .
原因状语从句：常用下列词语 because , for , as , so
1. I am late because I missed the train.
2. He was lazy so he didn`t pass the exam.
综合练习：用适当的词填空
1. You can not go to the classroom _____ they are having a lesson.
2. ______ they arrived at the theatre, the play had already begun.
3. Tom speaks English ____ well ____ an Englishman .
4. _______ I was walking in the park , I met Tom
5. _______ I had done my homework , I went home.
6. ______ she got home ,she began to wash her clothes.
7. Tom`s mother had been a teacher _____ she was twenty.
8. I waited ______ he had finished his work .
9. You will study _______ you study hard .
10. ______ he has time ,he will come and see us in
11. I don`t like winter there ____ it is very cold .
化学专题辅导8
专题八：有机基本概念的梳理和综合
[命题趋向]
《考试大纲》中对有机基本概念的要求主要有以下几点：
（1）理解基团、同分异构、同系物的概念。
（2）了解常见简单烷烃、烯烃、炔烃等常见有机物的命名方法。了解有机物的基本分类方法。
近几年高考试题关于有机物基本概念的考查主要有以下几种常见题型：
（1）关于有机物的分类。根据组成元素将有机物分成烃、烃的衍生物两大类。烃可以分成饱和烃与不饱和烃两类，也可根据烃分子中碳碳键特征分成烷、烯、炔、芳香烃等。烃的衍生物可以根据其中所含的官能团分成酚、醇、醛、酸等几大类。还可以分成合成有机物、天然有机物等等。高考试题常会列出一些生活中常见的有机物、中学化学未出现过的有机物等，要求考生判断其类别。
（2）有机物与生活在常识问题的联系。联系实际、联系生活是新课程改革的一个重要导向，分省命题后的高考中可能会更加强调联系生活实际问题。
（3）有机物命名。有机物命名是一个重要基础知识，往年高考也出现过考查有机物命名的试题。只要平时复习中整理过这类知识，遇到这类试题就较容易解答，所以复习中对这类知识要国以重视，不要留下盲点。
（4）有机反应类型的判断。判断有机反应类型是高考试题必考内容之一，可以有选择题、有机推断题等题型来考查这个知识点。
[知识体系和复习重点]
1．根据官能团去理解有机物的分类方法：
2．主要掌握简单的烷烃、烷基的命名方法，简单的烯、炔的命名方法，苯及其衍生物的命名，简单的醇、醛、酸、酯的命名等等。理解基、官能团、同系物等概念。
还要注意归纳课本出现过的一些反应产物的名称。如，纤维素跟硝酸反应生成的“三硝酸纤维素酯”、甘油跟硝酸反应的产物叫“三硝酸甘油酯”（俗名也叫“硝化甘油”）、苯跟浓反应产物叫苯磺酸、葡萄糖银镜反应生成产物叫葡萄糖酸等等。复习中也要重视某些有机物的俗名，能够根据俗名判断有机物的结构。
3．有机反应主要类型归纳
下属反应
涉及官能团或有机物类型
其它注意问题
取代反应
酯水解、卤代、硝化、磺 化、醇成醚、氨基酸成肽、皂化、多糖水解、肽和蛋白质水解等等
烷、苯、醇、羧酸、酯和油脂、卤代烃、氨基酸、糖类、蛋白质等等
卤代反应中卤素单质的消耗量；
酯皂化时消耗NaOH的量（酚跟酸形成的酯水解时要特别注意）。
加成反应
氢化、油脂硬化
C=C、C≡C、C=O、苯环
酸和酯中的碳氧双键一般不加成；
C=C和C≡C能跟水、卤化氢、氢气、卤素单质等多种试剂反应，但C=O一般只跟氢气、氰化氢等反应。
消去反应
醇分子内脱水
卤代烃脱卤化氢
醇、卤代烃等
、
等不能发生消去反应。
氧化反应
有机物燃烧、烯和炔催化氧化、醛的银镜反应、醛氧化成酸等
绝大多数有机物都可发生氧化反应
醇氧化规律；
醇和烯都能被氧化成醛；
银镜反应、新制氢氧化铜反应中消耗试剂的量；
苯的同系物被KMnO4氧化规律。
还原反应
加氢反应、硝基化合物被还原成胺类
烯、炔、芳香烃、醛、酮、硝基化合物等
复杂有机物加氢反应中消耗H2的量。
加聚反应
乙烯型加聚、丁二烯型加聚、不同单烯烃间共聚、单烯烃跟二烯烃共聚
烯烃、二烯烃（有些试题中也会涉及到炔烃等）
由单体判断加聚反应产物；
由加聚反应产物判断单体结构。
缩聚反应
酚醛缩合、二元酸跟二元醇的缩聚、氨基酸成肽等
酚、醛、多元酸和多元醇、氨基酸等
加聚反应跟缩聚反应的比较；
化学方程式的书写。
[典型题析]
[例1] （2003年上海市高考化学试题）下列物质一定不是天然高分子的是（ ）
A．橡胶 B．蛋白质 C．尼龙 D．纤维素
[解析]答案选C。
本题主要考查有机物的分类。有机物的分类是研究有机物必需具备的最基础的知识，每年的高考中都会有涉及有机物分类的试题。
题中的四种物质都是高分子化合物，要注意橡胶有天然橡胶和人工合成橡胶两类。
[例2]（2002年上海高考综合试题）橡胶属于重要的工业原料。它是一种有机高分子化合物，具有良好的弹性，但强度较差。一为了增加某些橡胶制品的强度，加工时往往需进行硫化处理。即将橡胶原料与硫磺在一定条件下反应；橡胶制品硫化程度越高，强度越大，弹性越差。下列橡胶制品中，加工时硫化程度较高的是（ ）
A．橡皮筋 B．汽车外胎 C．普通气球 D．医用乳胶手套
[解析]答案选B。本题主要考查用有机化学基础知识解决实际问题的能力。橡皮筋、汽车外胎、普通气球、乳胶手套等都是生活中常见的物品，橡胶的合成、橡胶的硫化是化学基础知识。试题中给予一定的提示，可以测试考生接受提示信息、运用信息的敏捷性。
“橡胶本身的弹性很好，但强度较差”，“硫化程度越高，强度越大，但弹性越差”，这些都是试题中给出的重要信息。再从生活经验可知，乳胶手套的弹性最好，汽车外胎需要有很高的强度，所以硫化程度较高的应是汽车外胎。
[例3]（2004年广东、广西等省高考大综合试题）下列5个有机化合物中，能够发生酯化、加成和氧化3种反应的是（ ）
①CH2＝CHCOOH ②CH2＝CHCOOCH3 ③CH2＝CHCH2OH
④CH3CH2CH2OH ⑤CH3
CH2CHO
A．①③④ B．②④⑤ C．①③⑤ D．①②⑤
[解析]答案选C。
本题主要考查常见官能团的性质。碳碳双键、醇羟基、醛基、羧基等都是中学化学中常见的官能团，了解这些官能团的结构和特性等是有机化学学习的起码要求。所以高考试题经常会考到这类试题。
醇羟基跟羧基能发生酯化反应，碳碳双键、醛基等能发生加成反应，碳碳双键、醇羟基、醛基等能被氧化。①③⑤等三种有机物都符合题设条件。
[例4]2003年3月，中科院蒋锡夔院士和中科院上海有机化学所计国桢研究员因在有机分子簇集和自由基化学研究领域取得重大成果，而荣获国家自然科学一等奖。据悉，他们在研究过程中曾涉及到如下一种有机物。请根据所示化合物的结构简式回答问题：
（1）该化合物中，官能团⑦的名称是__________，官能团①的电子式是__________。该化合物是由______个氨基酸分子脱水形成的。写出该化合物水解生成的氨基酸的结构简式（任写一种）______________________________________________________，并写出此氨基酸与氢氧化钠溶液反应的化学方程式___________________________________________。
（2）上海有机化学研究所在我国氟化学理论研究和氟产品以及核化学工业等方面作出过重大贡献，如F46就是用的四氟乙烯与全氟丙烯共聚得到的，若两种单体物质的量之比1:1，试写出这种高聚物的结构简式______________________。已知三氟苯乙烯（三个氟均连在苯环上）的分子式为C8H
还有另外五种是_______________。
[解析]（1）羧基，
。4。H2NCH2COOH，H2NCH2COOH+NaOH?H2NCH2COONa+H2O。（或另外三种氨基酸及对应的反应式）
（2）
或
。
[评注]起点高，落点还是在中学有机化学基础知识。这道可能较好地测试对有机物结构简式的观察能力、化学方程式和同分异构体的书写能力。
[专题预测与专题训练]
1．下列关于有机物的叙述正确的是（ ）
A 有机物都是非电解质 B 熔点低的化合物都是有机物
C 不含氢的化合物也可能是有机物 D 含有碳元素的化合物都是有机物
2．人们一向把碳的氧化物、碳酸盐看作无机物的原因是（ ）
A 都是碳的简单化合物 B 不是从生命体中取得
C 不是共价化合物 D 不具备有机物典型的性质和特点
3．下列说法中错误的是（ ）
①化学性质相似的有机物是同系物
②分子组成相差一个或几个CH2原子团的有机物是同系物
③若烃中碳、氢元素的质量分数相同，它们必定是同系物
④互为同分异构体的两种有机物的物理性质有差别，但化学性质必定相似
A ①②③④ B 只有②③ C 只有③④ D 只有①②③
4．
聚丙烯酸酯类涂料是目前市场上流行的墙面涂料之一，它具有弹性好，不易老化、耐擦洗、色泽亮丽等优点。右边是聚丙烯酸酯的结构简式，它属于（ ）
①无机化合物 ②有机化合物 ③高分子化合物
④离子化合物 ⑤共价化合物
A．①③④ B．①③⑤ C．②③⑤ D．②③④
5．拟除虫菊酯是一类高效、低毒、对昆虫具有强烈触杀作用的杀虫剂，其中对光稳定的溴氰菊酯的结构简式如右图：
下列对该化合物叙述正确的是（ ）
A．属于芳香烃 B．属于卤代烃
C．在酸性和碱性条件下都不能水解 D．在一定条件下可以发生加成反应
6．生物学家预言，21世纪是木材化工产品的世纪，利用木材得到纤维素，用纤维素不能得到的物质是（ ）
（A）蛋白质 （B）玻璃纸 （C）苯酚 （D）葡萄糖
7．下列物质中不属于单糖的是（ ）
8．人们把食品分为绿色食品、蓝色食品、白色食品等。绿色植物通过光合作用转化的食品叫做绿色食品，海洋提供的食品叫蓝色食品，通过微生物发酵制得的食品叫白色食品。下面属于白色食品的是（ ）。
（A）食醋 （B）面粉 （C）菜油 （D）海带
9．为了测定一种气态烃A的化学式，取一定量的A置于一密闭容器中燃烧，定性实验表明产物是CO2、CO和水蒸气。学生甲、乙设计了两个方案，均认为根据自已的方案能求出A的最简式，他们测得的在有关数据如下（图中的箭头表示气流的方向，实验前系统内的空气已排尽）：
甲方案：燃烧产物
增重
增重
生成CO
乙方案：燃烧产物增重
增重
增重
试回答：
（1）根据两方案，你认为能否求出A的最简式?
（2）请根据你选择的方案，通过计算求出A的最简式
（3）若要确定A的分子式，是否需要测定其它数据?为什么?
10．美籍埃及人泽维尔用激光闪烁照相机拍摄到化学反应中化学键（注：即分子内原子之间的相互作用）断裂和形成的过程，因而获得1999年诺贝尔化学奖。激光有很多用途，例如波长为10.3微米的红外激光能切断B(CH3)3分子中的一个B－C键，使之与HBr发生取代反应：B(CH3)3＋HBr
B(CH3)2Br＋CH4。而利用9.6微米的红外激光却能切断两个B―C键，并与HBr发生二元取代反应。
（1）试写出二元取代的化学方程式： 。
（2）现用
11．某烃能与Br2反应生成3种一溴代物。
12．写出下列各烃的名称（采用系统命名法）
（1）
（2）(CH3)2CH(CH2)2CHC2H5(CH2)2CH3
（3）
（4）
（5）
（6）
13．请将下列高分子材料合成时所用的单体的结构简式填入下表：
编号
名称
结构简式
单体
例
涤纶
（的确凉）
HOCH2CH2OH
1
异戊橡胶
2
锦纶
（尼龙6）
3
ABS树脂
14．第一个人工合成的抗菌素-氯霉素合成步骤如下（方程式未配平）：
反应①：
反应②：
反应③：
反应④：
回答下列问题：
（1）A的结构简式是____________；B的分子式是______；C的名称是_________。
（2）反应①的类型是________，反应④的类型是_________，（填加成、消去或取代）。
（3）氯霉素能否发生水解反应？____________。原因是__________________。
2009中考英语书面表达写作技巧汇总
（一）掌握技巧：
（1）注意篇章结构，合理布局
开始部分（opening paragraph）――说出文中的要点、核心问题。
正文部分（Body paragraphs）――围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。
结尾部分（concluding paragraphs）――对全文的总结和概括。
要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。前后呼应，祛除与主题无关的内容。
（2）确定主题句
主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现
在一篇文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。
写主题句应注意以下几点：
①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点
②提炼出一句具有概括性的话
③主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。
（二）巧用连接词
要想使文章有整体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词
表示罗列增加
First, second, third,
First, then / next, after that / next, finally
For one thing … for another…,
On (the) one hand…on the other hand,
Besides / what’s more / in addition / furthermore / moreover / another / also,
Especially / In particular,
表示时间顺序
now, at present, recently,
after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,
at first, in the beginning, to begin with,
later, next, finally,
immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment
form now on, from then on,
at the same time, meanwhile,
till, not…until, before, after, when, while, as during,
表示解释说明
now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover
furthermore, in fact, actually
表示转折关系
but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other
hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except (for), instead, of
course, after all,
表示并列关系
or, and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither
…nor
表示因果关系
because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to…, due to…, therefore, as a
result (of), otherwise, so…that, such…that
表示条件关系
as (so) long as, on condition that, if, unless
表示让步关系
though, although, as, even if, even though, whether …or…, however, whoever,
whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when,
whom)
表示举例
for example, for instance, such as…, take… for example
表示比较
be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with (to)…just like,
just as,
表示目的
for this reason,, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to,
表示强调
in deed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly,
obviously, above all,
表示概括归纳
in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far
as I know, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in
summary, in conclusion,
（三）掌握常用句型：
下面只列举比较常用的。
1. in order to
为了实现他的梦想，他学习非常努力。
He worked very hard in order to realize his dream.
2. in order that
她拼命干活以便到六点时把一切都准备就绪。
She worked hard in order that everything would be ready by 6 o’clock..
3. so…that
他们太累了，除了伸懒腰什么都做不了了。
They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.
4. such…that
天气非常冷，以致于街上一个人都没有。
It was such a cold day that there was nobody on the street.
5. would rather do…than do
他宁愿听他人讲而不愿自己说。
He would rather listen to others than talk himself.
6. prefer doing to doing
他宁愿在精心准备后去做报告。
He prefers making speeches after careful preparation.
7. prefer to do…rather than do
比起女人，男人总是宁可在家睡觉也不愿花那么多时间来购物。
Compared with women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time
shopping.
8. not only…but also
在短短的三年的时间里她不但完成了所有课程，而且还获得了博士学位。
In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also received her
doctor’s degree.
9. either…or
如果考试过关，你可以买一个MP3或去云南玩一趟。
You could
either buy an MP3 or go to
10. Neither…nor
他是一个无聊的人，既不爱娱乐，也不爱读书。
He is a boring man. He likes neither entertainment nor reading.
11. as well as
他善良又乐于助人。
He was kind as well as helpful.
12. …as well
这个小孩活泼又可爱。
The child is active and funny as well.
13. One…the other
你看见桌子上有两只笔吗？一支是红色的，另一支是黑色的。
Have you seen two pens on the desk? One is red, the other is black.
14. Some…others
每个人都很忙，有些在读书，有些在写作。
Everyone is busy in classroom. Some are reading, others are writing.
15. make…+adj /n
我们所做的可以让世界更美丽。
What we do will make the world more beautiful.
16. not…until
直到他告诉我发生的事，我才了解真相。
I didn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.
17. as if
他夸夸其谈好像什么事都知道。
He talks a lot as if he knows everything.
18. It is no use (good) doing…
假装不懂规则是行不通的。
It’s no use pretending that you didn’t know the rules.
19. find it + adj to do…
我觉得作听力时有必要作笔记。
I find it necessary to take down notes while listening.
20. It is + time since…
我已经有两年没见他了。
It is two years since I last met him.
21. It is + time when…
我到电影院时已经八点钟了。
It was 8 o’clock when I got to the cinema.
22. It is + time before…
不久我们就会再见面的。
I won’t be long before we can meet again.
23. It is…that…
我最珍视的是友谊。
It is friendship that I value most.
24. It is + n / adj + that / to do…
每个人都必须懂得如何使用计算机
It is a must that everybody should know how to use computers.