棠外高2009届理科综合训练试题（八）
本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。满分300分，考试时间150分钟。
第I卷（选择题 共126分）
注意事项：
1.答I卷前，请将自己的学号、班级、姓名填写在答卷上。
2.每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应的答案涂黑，不能答在试题上。
3.考试结束，请按要求分科整理好答卷，监考老师只收第II卷。
可能用到的相对原子质量：H 1 C 12 O 16 Na 23 Mg 24 Cu 64
----复合句
范存智 马燕 胡小力
复习重点 关联词的灵活运用
3）错误：：Tell me what is your name.
正确：What he said just now made me sad. （宾语）
其他主语从句示例：
2) My proposal that every one in our unit should donate at least five books to those who study in rural places can be discussed before it is realized.
宾语从句
6）Do you know why he hasn’t turned up?
以上例句中that没有其任何语法作用，也没有任何意思;而what, why ,where 分别作从句的主语、状语。
注意：
3） I am interested in how you did the experiment.
非限定定语从句：
The pretty girl is just the person that I am after.
状语从句重点要掌握unless, although, before, until, in case等连词的使用（高考热点）。例如06年高考试题：
1. I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s ___ I have to wait. (Nat.3-9)
A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if
2. It is known to all that _____ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health. (chq- 21)
A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if
3. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _____ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Student’s Union. (chq-32 )
A. during which time B. for which time
C. during whose time D. by that time
4. It was some time _____ we realized the truth. (Shd-24)
A. when B. until C. since D. before
5. --Why didn’t you tell him about the meeting?
--He rushed out of the room ____ I could say a word. (sch35)
A. before B. until C. when D. after
例如：
1）Put the book where it was.这是地点状语从句
2）Put the book in the place where it was.这是定语从句
2．由before 语when 引导的句子在表述上的不同；
3．初中，甚至高中同学都习惯于这样的说法，“主将从现”，意思是，在含有时间状
语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中，主句是将来时，时间与条件从句用现在时。这种说法不全面。正确的解释是，主句将来时，时间与条件状语从句用现在的时态，包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时。
1）如果他在睡觉，就别叫醒他
If he is sleeping ,don’t wake him up.
2)晓明，吃过午饭后到我办公室来。
Come to my office, Xiao Ming, after you have had your lunch.
复合句练习：
I．单项填空（1）
1. The film brought the hours back to me ______ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A. until B. that C. when D. where
2. You should make it a rule to leave things _______ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
3. Don’t be afraid of asking for help ______ it is needed.
A. unless B. since C. although D. when
4. _____ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.
A. Even though B. Unless C. As long as D. While
5. ---Dad, I’ve finished my assignment.
---Good, and _____ you play or watch TV, you mustn’t disturb me.
A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter
6. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree.
A. why B. where C. what D. how
7. It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester.
A. that B. until C. since D. before
8. I work in a business ____ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that c
9. I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s ___ I have to wait.
A. in case B. so that C. in order D. as if
10. The poor young man is ready to accept ____ help he can get.
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever
11. Great changes have taken place in that school. It’s no longer ____ it was twenty years ago, ____ it was poorly equipped.
A. what, when B. that, which C. what, which D. which, that
12. ___ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A. When B. After C. As D. Since
13. Do you have any idea _____ is actually going on in the classroom?
A. that B. what C. as D. which
14. ---Is that the small town you often referred to?
---Right, just the one ______ you know I used to work for years.
A. that B. which C. where D. what
15. Allow children the space to voice their opinions, ____ they are different you’re your own.
A. until B. even if C. unless D. as though
16. ____ he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience.
A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although
17. ___ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem to recover.
A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once
18. We haven’t settled the question of ___ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
A. if B. where C. whether D. that
19. The Beatles,_____ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
A. what B. that C. how D. as
20. There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
单项填空（2）
1． ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
--- Is that _____ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
2． Carol said the work would be done by October, ____ personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
3． ---I’m going to the post office.
---_____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
4． After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a child.
A. which B. there C. that D. where
5. John plays football ______, if not better than, David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
6．---Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
---I’d like to, ______, I’m too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
7． ---Do you remember _______ he came?
----Yes, I do. He came by car.
A. how B. when C. that D. if
8．---What was the party like?
---Wonderful. It’s years ______ I enjoyed myself so much.
A. after B. when C. before D. since
9． I remember ___ this used to be a quiet village.
A. when B. how C. where D. what
10．----- I don’t like chicken _____ fish.
-----I don’t like chicken ______ I like fish very much.
A. and ; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or; and
11． ---How far apart do they live?
---_______ I know, they live in the same neighborhood.
A. As long as B. As far as C. As well as D. As often as
12． A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners’ curiosity _____ he reaches the end of the story.
A. when B. unless C. after D. until
13. It is these poisonous products _____ can cause the symptoms of the flu, such as headache and aching muscles.
A. who B. that C. how D. what
14． It is pretty well understood ______ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
15． I can think of many cases ______ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.
A. why B. which C. as D. where
16．---Dad, I’ve finished my assignment.
---Good, and _____ you play or watch TV, you mustn’t disturb me.
A. whenever B. whether C. whatever D. no matter
17． There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ____ road conditions need _______.
A. that … to be improved B. which … to be improved
C. where … improving D. when…improving
18．A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. what B. which C. that D. where
19． Parents are taught to understand ____ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that B. how C. such D. so
20． ___ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.
A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless
II．选词填空：根据句意，用适当的连词填空
I) 名词性从句
1. ---I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
--- Is that _____ you had a few days off?
2. ______ Liu Xiang will join the 2008 Olympic Games is not surprising.
3. _____ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
4. ______ we can’t get seems better than _____ we have.
5. A modern city has been set up in ____ was a wasteland ten years ago.
6. Parents are taught to understand ____ important education is to their children’s future.
7. I think Father would like to know ___ I’ve been up to so far, so I decide to sent him a quick note.
8. Please remind me ____ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
II）形容词性从句
1. _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
2. We are living in an age _______ many things are done on computer.
3. York, ______ I visited last year, is a nice old city.
4. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair.
5. We’re just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk.
6. I was given three books on cooking, the first of ___ I really enjoyed.
7. In an hour, we can travel to places ___ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
8. Her sister has become a lawyer, _____ she wanted to be.
III）副词性从句
1. It is known to all that _____ you exercise regularly, you won’t keep good health.
2. ---Did Jack come back early last night?
---Yes. It was not yet 8 o’clock ____ he arrived home.
3. If we work with strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ______ great it is.
4. ---What was the party like?
---Wonderful. It’s years ______ I enjoyed myself so much.
5. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ____ it got worse.
6. Roses need special care _____ they can live through winter.
7. He transplanted the little tree to the garden _____ it was the best time for it.
8. Please take an umbrella ________ it rains.
III．短文改错
Though a young man starts to earn his own living, he 1_______
can no longer expect others to pay for all what he needs, 2
but he has to work till he wants to live comfortably. 3
Because he spends most of his time playing about in the 4
way in that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. 5
And if he breaks the laws of society that he used to 6
break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. 7
As he works hard, and has good health, he can make 8
steady progress in his job before he becomes great success. 9
This is the advice what is given to all young people. 10
IV. 完形填空（1）二选一：
I was 9 years old 1 _I found out that my father was ill. It was 1994, but I can remember my mother’s words 2 _it were yesterday: “Kerrel, I don’t want you to take food from your father, 3__he has AIDS. Be very careful 4 _ you are around him.”
AIDS wasn’t something 5__ we talked about in my country 6 _ I was growing up. From then on, I knew 7 _ this would be a family secret. My parents were not together anymore, and my dad lived alone. For a while, he could take care of himself. But 8_ I was 12, his condition worsened. My father’s other children lived far away, so it fell to me to look after him.
We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and 9 _Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled 10 _ I tried to figure out 11_ I was going to manage.
I did not share my burden with anyone. I had seen how people reacted to AIDS. Kids laughed at classmates 12 _had parents with the disease. And even adults could be cruel. __13__ my father was moved to the hospital, the nurse would leave his food on the bedside table 14 _ he was too weak to feed himself.
I had known _15 he was going to die, but after so many years of keeping his condition a secret, I was completely unprepared when he reached his final days. Sad and hopeless, I called a woman at the nonprofit National Aids support. That day, she kept me on the phone for hours. I was so lucky to find someone who cared. She saved my life.
I was 15 when my father died. He took his secret away with him, having never spoken about AIDS to anyone, even me. He didn’ t want to call attention to AIDS. I do.
1. A. when B. that
2. A. that B. as if
3. A. why B. because
4. A. when B. after
5. A. what B. that
6. A. during B. when
7. A. that B. because
8. A. since B. when
9. A. because B. when
10. A. after B. as
11. A. how B. why
12. A. who B. what
13. A. Because B. When
14. A. because B. even though
15. A. that B. why
完形填空（2）四选一：
Sometimes people come into your life and you come to realize that they were meant to be there, to serve some sort of purpose, teach you a lesson, or to help you figure out whom you are or who you want to become. You never know 1 these people may be, but when you lock eyes with them, you know in an instant that they will 2 your life in some profound way.
And sometimes things happen to you that may seem horrible, painful, and unfair at first, but 3 you find that without overcoming difficulties you would have never realized your 4 , strength, willpower or heart. Everything Happens for a 5 . Nothing happens 6 or by means of good luck. Illness, injury, love, brilliant achievements, and sheer stupidity all occur to 7 the limit of your soul. Without these small tests, whatever they may be, life would be like a 8 paved, straight, flat road to nowhere. It would be safe and 9 , but dull and utterly pointless.
The people you 10 who affect your life, and the success and downfalls you 11 , help to create who you are and who you become. Even the 12 experiences can be learned from. In fact, they are the most important ones. If someone hurt you or breaks your heart, 13 them, for they have helped you learn about 14 and the importance of being 15 . Make every day count. Appreciate every moment and take from those moments everything that you possibly can, for you may never be able to experience it 16 ___. Talk to people that you have never talked to before, and actually listen. Let yourself fall in love, break free, and set your sights high. Hold your head up because you have every 17 to. Tell yourself you are great and believe in yourself, for 18 you don’t believe in yourself, it will be hard for 19 to believe in you.
You can make of your life anything you wish. Create your own life and then go out and live it with absolutely no 20 . Most importantly (!!!), if you love someone tell him or her, for you never know what tomorrow may have in store.
1. A. who B. what C. why D. that
2. A. destroy B. affect C. end D. give
3. A. in need B. by turn C. in reflection D. with guidance
4. A. promise B. potential C. belief D. wish
5. A. point B. start C. success D. reason
6. A. in surprise B. on time C. by chance D. with pleasure
7. A. test B. keep C. hold D. send
8. A. shortly B. quickly C. terribly D. smoothly
9. A. heavy B. colorful C. satisfying D. comfortable
10. A. think B like C. meet D. miss
11. A. achieve B. experience C. overcome D. suffer
12. A. bad B. rich C. personal D. pleasant
13. A. forget B. forgive C. remember D. love
14. A. clever B. value C. life D. trust
15. A. helpful B. smart C. careful D. serious
16. A too B. then C. before D. again
17. A. day B. way C. right D. hand
18. A. if B. unless C. as D. until
19. A. the others B. some other C. another D. others
20. A. pains B. regrets C. fair D. stress
棠外高2009届理科综合训练试题（七）
江苏省姜堰中学2008-2009学年度第二学期高三第三次模拟考试
历 史 试 题
注意事项：
1．答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的0．5毫米签字笔将自己的姓名、考试证号填写在答题卡上。
2．选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3．非选择题必须用书写黑色字迹的0．5毫米签字笔，填写在答卷卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并收回。
高三英语语言基础知识复习一
胡小力 马燕 范存智
（一）动词时态
动词时态是英语的一个特点，在汉语中，无论动作发生在过去、现在，还是将来，动词的写法是不变的。因此，受汉语思维的影响，中国学生在写英语中出现的时态错误屡见不鲜。
例1，时态与时间状语不一致：
错误：Over the last 100 years, there were a lot of great inventions happening in human society.
正确：Over the last 100 years, there have been a lot of great inventions happening in human society.
Over the last 100 years 表示持续的一段时间，因此，谓语动词需要用现在完成时，类似的短语还有 during the past/the last few days, in the past/the last few months等。
例2，时态的相互呼应不一致：
错误： I asked my mother to buy me a new dress, but doesn’t have enough money for it.
正确 ：I asked my mother to buy me a new dress, but she didn’t have enough money for it. 并列句时态应该一致。
由于动词时态是初中语法知识的内容，很多高三考生在备考中并不重视动词时态的复习。然而，动词时态作为语法知识的主干知识，是高考英语必须过关的语法项目。动词时态的掌握为动词的语态、语气以及非谓语动词的掌握奠定了重要的基础。初中所学习的动词时态知识基本上停留在基本概念的学习和理解，缺乏综合运用方面的训练。但是，高考英语对动词时态的考查，要求考生要具备动词时态灵活运用的能力，例如写作试题，很多考生由于动词时态基础差，导致所写短文无法上档次、得高分。近几年高考英语的单选试题，很多考生由于动词时态的综合性和语境化运用能力不强导致丢分。
语法动词时态的备考重点可以概括为：“321”，即3个一般时、2个进行时和1个完成时，尤其是现在完成时的用法是考查热点。英语的现在完成时的用途之广及其重要性，除现在、过去和将来之外，远为其它时态所不及。这主要是因为，现在完成时表示过去的动作对目前状况产生的影响或延续到目前的状况，这一功能也是一般过去时所不具备的。例如：
现在完成时的功用基本为以下五点：
1） 对已经开始的动作的结局的总结:
They have completed the whole project.
---You have left the light on.
---Oh, so I have. I’ll go and turn it off. (NMET2000)
The coffee is wonderful! It doesn’t taste like anything I have ever had before. (NMET2005)
2） 对过去动作持续到目前或延续到将来的过程描述:
I have thought that there’s something more important than money.
3）交待过去的动作或行为对现在产生的影响：
I have seen the book already.
The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so. (NMET99)
Shirley was writing a book about
4）表示某一时段内某种动作或行为的重复性或固定性：
I have told her how to use the computer.
5）在条件句中表示将来要完成的动作：
By the time I have read the whole book through, I’ll let you know what I think about the book.
就跟随现在完成时态的状语而言，其数目也远比某些其它时态要多得多。这就从另一个侧面反映了该时态的重要性。还有一些难点是：不表示现在完成意义的现在完成时：
1） 已故伟人的言行
Few writers have exposed the evils of the old society of
2） 用于时间或条件状语从句里，表示将来某时间以前已完成的动作
We’ll start at twelve if it has stopped raining by that time.
You must come to call me after I have finished the work.
3） 可以用在when, before, after, until等引导的时间状语从句中，其主句谓语动词用一般现在时。这时从句谓语动词不是表示将来或现在的“完成”，而是强调“经常性的”做完某事以后。
They often play basketball after they have had supper.
He begins to read English aloud as soon as he has done his exercises.
-- I’m going to leave at the end of this month.
--I don’t think you should do that until you have found another job.
(06北京)
4） have got表示现在或将来的意义，相当于动词have (has) 或will (shall) have
We have got to work tomorrow afternoon though it’s Saturday.
动词时态中的一般过去时、现在进行时和将来时在学习的过程看似容易，但是，在高考英语中丢分也很常见。例如以下有关动词时态的高考试题的通过率基本没有过半，个别试题的通过率是单项填空试题中最低的。
1. ---Your phone number again? I _____quite catch it.
---It’s 9568442. (NMET95)
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
2. ---
---But she______! (NMET98)
A. promise B. promised C. will promise D. had promised
3. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _____so rapidly. (NMET2001 )
A. is changing B. has changed C. will have changed D. will change
4. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I _____half of it. (NMET2004)
A. was missing B. had missed C. will miss D. missed
5. Scientists think that the continents ______ always where they _____today. （北京05年）
A. aren’t; are B. aren’t; were C. weren’t; are D. weren’t; were
我们可以从以上高考试题中明显地感悟到，近几年高考试题通过增加综合性与语境化因素，考查动词时态运用能力已成为试题的考查重点。
一般过去时的功用大致可分为以下四种：
1） 表示主语过去的动作或处于过去某阶段的状态，He drank too much. （过去动作）She was very sad.（过去状态）
2） 表示过去某段时间内经常或反复发生的动作，He often came back home late.
3） 表示过去某段时间内连续发生的事或动作，There was a flood every year in the region.
4） 在条件和时间状语从句中表示过去将来要发生的动作，Although he was in poor health, he would not stop working.
使用一般过去时应该注意三点：
1） 跟随一般过去时的常用副词或时间状语；
2） 动词过去式语用的准确把握，切记过去时只是用来反映过去某阶段所发生的事情，牵涉对目前的影响；
3） 动词过去式的正确拼写。
将来时在初中一年级就已经学到了。但是，一些非将来时形式表示的将来时间是动词时态的难点。
非将来时形式表示的将来时间有以下几方面：
1、 一般现在时表示将来
1）The talk is about to begin. “be about to do”通常用于书面语中，表示最近即将发生的动作，不能和表示将来时间的状语连用，但可与now连用。
2）I’m sure you’ll succeed if you work harder. 用于条件状语从句中。
3）Whatever you say, I will not change my mind. 用于让步状语从句中
4）Tomorrow is Sunday.
I’m thirty in September.
一些表示日期、年龄等的名词作表语时，用一般现在时表示将来。
5）I’ll give you anything you ask for。
One who comes will be welcome.
在限定性定语从句中，将来的动作应用一般现在时。
2、一般过去时表将来
在一些间接引语或类似间接引语的句子中，虽然指的是将来的行动，但为了表明将来两件事发生的先后的时间关系，可用过去时表示先发生的那一件事。
1）I wondered if you were free tonight.
I thought you would come to know him.
在口语中，表示“试探性”以示客气和尊重时，要用过去时表示将来或现在的行动。
2) If I wrote to my brother tomorrow, he would receive the letter on Tuesday.
在if引导的非真实条件从句里，将来的动作必须用过去时的形式表示。
3、将来时的其他用法
1) President to Sign Bill (=President Is Going to Sign the Bill)
在报刊标题中，介词to常用来表示将来时。
2) Tell him to come early when you meet him.
在祈使句里，谓语动词用的是现在时形式，但表示的却是将来要发生的事情。
时态与写作：
在叙事写人的过程中，你如果能把握好文章的语言特点，准确地使用好动词的时态，才能使叙事的过程有层次感和立体感。例如以下考生描述自己所经历的一件事：
It was
a Monday morning on July 7 when the final examinations came to an end,
my mother suddenly decided to take me to
该文以一种时态为主（过去时），多种时态为辅，正确、合理地使用了丰富的谓语动词时态，体现了叙述文的语言特征。由于动词时态运用的准确，使文章有“动”感，这种让往事再现的“动感”是优秀叙述文所要追求的。
（二）非谓语动词
非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。但是它在英语中的作用仅次于动词时态。非谓语动词的特点是，它在句中不作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。然而它可以作其他各种成分，如主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、表语等。其难点是它的动词特点；即可以有自己的宾语、状语以及时态和语态的形式变化。因此，非谓语动词是高中语法学习的难点和重点，是高分考生必须具备的语法知识基础。非谓语动词掌握的如何在高考中是可以拉开档次的，是高考中的热点和失分点。例如以下高考试题通过率非常低，但是对一本考生有很好的筛选作用：
1. The managers discussed the plan
that they would like to see _____the next year.(NMET2000)
A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
2. _____such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (NMET2001)
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
3. The research is so designed that once_____ nothing can be done to change it. (NMET2002)
A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun
4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains_____ whether they will enjoy it. (NMET2002)
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
掌握非谓语动词用法有以下几方面的关键点：
1. 谓语还是非谓语
错误：Mary, coming here ? everybody else, stay where you are. (NMET2006)
正确：Mary, come here ? everybody else, stay where you are.
2. 主动还是被动
1) 错误：There have been several new events adding to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. (北京2006)
正确：There have been several new events added to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
2) 错误：When compared different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. (2006浙江)
正确：When comparing different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
3) 错误：The prize of the game show
is $30,000 and an all expenses paying
vacation to
正确：The prize of the
game show is $30,000 and an all expenses paid vacation to
4) 错误：You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it explaining often enough. (2005天津)
正确：You should understand the traffic rule by now. You have had it explained often enough.
3. 动作状态发生在谓语动词所表明的动作之前
1) 错误：The manager, making it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting. (2005江西)
正确： The manager, having made it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting
2) 错误：I remember to call him up this morning and he promised to come.
正确：I remember calling him up this morning and he promised to come.
4. 动作状态发生在过去还是将来
1) 错误：---Is Bob still performing?
---I’m afraid not. He is said to leave the stage already as he has become an official. (2005江苏)
正确： ---Is Bob still performing?
---I’m afraid not. He is said to have left the stage already as he has become an official.
5. 搭配to do 还是doing
1) 错误：He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk to lose the good
opportunity. (2005上海)
正确：He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk losing the good
opportunity.
2) 错误：The room needs to clean.
正确：The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned.
3) 错误： He hurried to the station only finding that the train had left. (2005广东)
正确：He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.
6. 是不定式的‘to’还是介词 ‘to’
1) 错误：Isn’t it time you got down to mark the papers? （2006重庆）
正确：Isn’t it time you got down to marking the papers?
2) 错误：He is used to live in the north.
正确：He is used to living in the north.
3) 错误：He used to swimming in the small river.
正确：He used to swim in the small river.
7. 是 ‘-ed’形式还是 ‘-ing’形式
1) 错误：Surprising and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize. （2006全国）
正确：Surprised and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
2) 错误：A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left unsatisfying. (2006天津)
正确：A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left unsatisfied.
由于非谓语动词在中学课本里出现的比较分散，很多考生往往缺乏比较完整系统的概念，特别是它们之间的区别。
易错易混非谓语动词的用法：
1、to do还是 doing:
to do 常表示具体的将要发生的动作或事情，侧重动作，而doing往往表示概念性和习惯性的动作或事情，侧重事情。
（1）remember to do 记住要做……(动作)
remember doing 记住做过……（事情）
（2）try to do 设法做……(动作)
try doing 尝试……(事情)
（3）mean to do 想要/计划/打算做……(动作)
mean doing 意味着……(事情)
2、doing 和having done
doing / having done 都表示主动，doing表示和谓语动作同时或几乎同时或之后发生，having done侧重动作发生在谓语之前；done /having been done 都表示被动，done表示和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。
Waiting outside, she felt tired and worried.
The train leaves
Having done all his work, he went to bed.
Blamed for the
breakdown of the school computer network,
Having been
separated from other continents for millions of years,
3、to do / to be doing / to have done / to have been doing
有了时态语态的基本概念，不定式各种形式的含义和作用就不难理解和使用。to do / to
be doing / to have done / to have been doing 都表示主动，to do往往表示将来，即在谓语动作之后发生，to be doing表示和谓语动作同时发生，to have done表示在谓语动作之前发生，to have been doing 表示一直持续到谓语动作；to be done / to have been done 都表示被动，前者表示将来，即在谓语动作之后发生，后者表示在谓语动作之前发生。
He is said to study abroad soon. 据说他很快要出国学习。
He is said to be studying abroad now. 据说他现在正在国外学习。
He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他留过洋。
He is said to have been studying abroad for years. 据说他在国外留学多年。
He is said to be given a prize. 据说要给他奖励。
He is said to have been given a gold medal. 据说他已经获得金牌。
4、非谓语动词作状语
非谓语动词作状语时，不定式一般表示原因、目的或结果，但往往都是句型或搭配，而doing的用法比较多，可以表示伴随、方式、时间、条件、原因、结果、让步等等。
The question is too difficult to answer. (结果)
The boy is old enough to go to school. (结果)
I am glad to meet you. （原因）
He came early in order/ so as to sit in the first row. （目的）
In order to sit in the first row, he came early. = To sit in the first row, he came early. （目的）
He hurried home only to find his dad dead. (结果)
此外，有一些属于搭配用法，需要一些强化记忆，经常不用自然会淡忘。可以总结一些规律性的东西。
1） 有些动词往往接doing作宾语。如：admit, avoid, delay, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, risk, suggest, understand 等；
2）有些动词搭配的to是介词，后面还需接doing或名词作宾语。如：be(get) used to, look forward to, devote to, object to, subject to, get down to，refer to, stick to等等；
3）有些是固定搭配。如：spend …(in) doing; hear/see/watch/feel/listen to/look at/observe … do/doing/done; find … doing/done; have … do/doing/done; get … to do/doing/done; leave… doing/ done; make/let … do; make oneself done;
4) 有些是固定句式。如：There is no need/doubt to do…; It’s no use/good doing…; It remains to be seen …; Sb/ Sth is said/reported/thought/believed to do…;
（一）动词时态练习