中国地理专题复习(二)
第二讲 中国自然地理状况
(三) 读图综合题
1.读下图"沿北纬32度线我国地形剖面图,完成下列要求:(8分)
(1)图中字母表示的范围,分别代表我国地势的阶梯等级是:
A代表地势第___ 级阶梯,B代表地势第___ 级阶梯,
C代表地势第___ 级阶梯。
(2)图中序号代表的是:
① 高原 ,② 山脉, ③ 盆地
④ 平原, ⑤ 海。
2.长江水系图回答:
(1)写出图中数码所代表地理事物名称:
建成的重要的水电站、水利枢纽:
② ,③ ;
支流:⑥ ,⑦ ;
湖泊:⑧ ,⑨ ;
(2)长江中下游平原是我国三大 基地之一,长江流域既是我国最大的油菜籽产区、 产区和鱼苗基地,也是我国重要的 基地。
3.读我国四大高原、四大盆地、三大平原示意图,填下表(写地形区名称)
山脉名称
两侧地形区
东侧
西侧
大兴安岭
太行山
巫山
第一部分:地球和地图
(政协高补专用)
Ⅰ、地球
复习总要求:
1. 了解地球的一般情况,如形状、大小、质量等。
2. 熟练掌握地球上的经纬网,并会运用经纬线知识解决实际地理问题。
3. 掌握地球的自转运动、公转运动特点及其地理意义。
4. 熟练运用地球运动知识分析常见地理现象和事实。
5. 熟练掌握,并会正确推断时区、正午太阳高度角。
一、地球的形状和大小
1、形状:两极稍扁,赤道略鼓的椭球体------地球自转的结果
*地球形状的地理意义:
(1) 地球上有昼夜之分(地球不透明,不发光)
(2) 太阳辐射强度由低纬向高纬逐渐减少------地球各纬度受热不均。
2、大小:
平均半径=6371千米 赤道周长=4万千米 表面积=5.1亿平方千米
地球质量=60万亿亿吨------有足够的引力吸引住厚厚的大气层(2000~3000千米)
二、地球仪
地球仪是一个正圆的球体,是地球的模型。构成地球仪的要素有:
1、地轴 地球自西向东地自转所围绕的一根假想的轴。
2、南、北极 地轴同地球表面相交的两点,叫两极,其中对着北极星的一端是地球的北极,另一端是地球的南极。
3、赤道 在地球仪上,同南北两极距离相等的大圆圈,叫赤道。赤道将地球平分为南北两个半球,赤道以南为南半球,赤道以北为北半球。
观察经纬网,分析比较经线、纬线、经度、纬度的区别:
画辅助图:(1)经度(两面角)、纬度(线面角) ;
(2)经线、纬线在侧视图、俯视图中的形状;
(3)从经度、纬度数值变化规律判断东经、西经、北纬、南纬。
4、经线 在地球仪上,连接南北两极的线,叫经线,也叫子午线。
5、本初子午线 国际上规定,把通过英国首都伦敦格林尼治天文台原址的那一条经线,定为0°经线,也叫本初子午线。
6、经度 从0°经线算起,向东、西各作180度,以东的180度属于东经,表示方法:“120°E”读做“东经120度”;以西的180度属于西经,表示方法:“20°W”读做“西经20度”。
7、东、西半球 习惯上,自20°W经线顺时针地(或自东向西地)到160°E经线这部分叫做西半球。自20°W经线逆时针地(或自西向东地)到160°E经线,这部分叫做东半球。
8、经线的特点 ⑴所有的经线都相交于南北极点;⑵所有的经线长度相等;⑶两条相对应的经线构成一个经线圈,且都可以把地球平分为两个半球。
9、纬线 在地球仪上,同赤道平行的线叫纬线,纬线长度不等。所有的纬线都自成一个圆圈,叫纬线圈。
10、纬度 由赤道到北极和南极分别作90度,赤道以北是北纬,赤道以南是南纬。北纬90度就是北极,南纬90度就是南极。表示方法:“22°N”读做“北纬20度”;“40°S”读做“南纬40度”。
赤道是周长最大的纬线圈,长度约4万公里。南、北极点是最短的纬线圈长度等于0。
此外,人们根据纬度的不同,称0°~30°SN为低纬地区;30°~60°SN为中纬地区;60°~90°SN为高纬地区。
11、经纬网 在地球仪上,经线和纬线相交,就构成经纬网。
经纬网的用途:⑴确定地球表面任何一个地点的地理坐标,即具体位置。如:我们伟大祖国的首都北京,位于40°N、116°E的交点附近。⑵确定两个地点的相对方向。如根据经纬网就可以看出拉萨城在南京城西边稍偏南一些。
事实上,以上这些规定,大多是人为的制定,地球表面上根本就没有这些线和网。
例题1、地球上某点,它的北侧是热带,南侧是温带,东侧是西半球,西侧是东半球,该点是: A、23.50N,1600E B、23.50S,1600E C、23.50N,200W D、23.50S,200W
例题2、某人从某地A出发,依次向南(B)、东(C)、北(D)、西(E)各行200千米,那么该人回到哪里?(考查了学生的方向和对经纬线特点的掌握情况)
提示:A地的位置有五种可能,(1)赤道 (2)北半球 (3)南半球 (4)北极点 (5)南极点
各种位置情况下,经纬线的特点都不同,通过画图很容易能得出结论。
三、地球上的时区和日界线
地方时:经度不同,地方时也不同。每隔经度15度,时间相差1小时。
东边的时间比西边的时间早。
时区:国际上划分时区的方法。(图略)
规律:A、全球共有24个时区,东西各12时区,东西十二时区合为一个时区。
B、每个时区都跨经度15度。
C、每个时区的中央经线度数=时区数×15度
D、东边的时区比西边的时区时间早
E、算时区:经度数/150 (四舍五入)
区时:每个时区共同使用的时间称为区时。
区时都以中央经线的地方时作为全区共同使用的时间。
北京时间:北京所在的东八区的区时。(但边远地区需调整作息时间)
乌鲁木齐时间:新疆采用的东六区的区时。
世界时:0度经线上的地方时。
日界线:是地球上新的一天的起点和终点。
东十二时区比西十二时区早24小时,即早一天。但钟点相同。
国际上规定以180┾经线作为日界线,但实际两者并不完全重合。
中国跨五个时区:(东五-----东九) (730E------1350E)
例1、2000年文科综合测试第1―第7题。(图略)
例2、一艘航行于太平洋的船,从12月30日12时(区时)起,经过5分钟,越过了180经线,这时,其所在地点的区时可能是( )
A、12月29日12时5分 B、12月30日11时55分
C、12月30日12时5分 D、12月31日12时5分
例3、当全球日期属于同一日期时,北京时间为:( )
A、6时 B、8时 C、12时 D、20时
例4、某地北为中纬度,南为低纬度,用的是“北京时间”,该地的地理坐标是( )
A、23026′N,1200E B、300N,1150E C、23026′S,1160E D、300N,1400E
例5、从甲地(700N,800E)到乙地(700N,1500E),若不考虑地形因素,最近的走法是: A、一直向正东方向走 B、先向东南,再向东,最后向东北走
C、先向东北,再向东,最后向东南走 D、先向东南,再向东北走
(注:球面上两点间的最近距离是:以球心为球心,以大圆半径为半径,经过两点的一段劣弧。)
四、地球的运动(自转运动和公转运动)
(一)自转运动:
1、方向、周期、速度:
(1) 方向:三种方向
在北极俯视地球,逆时针自西向东;
在南极俯视地球,顺时针自西向东;
侧视地球,绕地轴自西向东。
(2)周期:两个周期(恒星日和太阳日)
扩展思维:
A、当自转方向为自东向西,公转为自西向东时:恒星日>太阳日(23小时52分8秒)
B、当自转方向为自西向东,公转为自东向西时:恒星日>太阳日
C、当自转方向为自东向西,公转为自东向西时:恒星日<太阳日(24小时)
结论: 当自转与公转同向时,恒星日<太阳日;
当自转与公转不同向时,恒星日>太阳日
(恒星日永远是23小时56分4秒)。
(3)速度:
角速度:每小时转过的角度。 ω=3600/24小时 即150/小时 10/4分钟
南北极点除外处处都相等。
线速度:每小时转过的弧长。 V= 2πcosΦ R(周长)/ 24小时(时间)
由赤道向两极递减。
结论:南北两极,既无角速度,又无线速度。
2、自转产生的地理意义:
(1)昼夜更替
作图判断:侧视、俯视、立体图、各种变式图等。判断晨线和昏线。(图略)
(2)产生地方时差
(3)产生偏向
作图分析:北半球、南半球、赤道地区水平运动物体的偏向情况。(图略)
*分析偏向对地理事物产生的影响:
A. 影响大气环流和大气运动(举例说明:气旋与反气旋、大气环流)
B. 影响大洋环流(举例:太平洋)
C. 影响河流的冲刷、堆积
(4)影响地球形状:三轴椭球体
(二)地球公转
1、公转的方向、轨道、周期、速度
(1)方向:自西向东
周期:一个回归年365天5时48分46秒
(2)公转轨道与速度
开普勒定律:等同的时间内所扫过的面积相等。
特点:每年1月初过近日点,公转速度快,太阳照射南半球。
每年7月初过远日点,公转速度慢,太阳照射北半球。
速度:平均角速度,约每日东进10
平均线速度,约30千米/秒
影响:北半球夏半年的时间长于冬半年的时间。
北极点的极昼天数(186天)比南极点的极昼天数(179天)长7天。
2、黄赤交角及其影响
启发思考:地球直立公转、倾斜公转、横卧公转时黄道平面、赤道平面的关系,及太阳直射点的移动范围。
黄赤交角产生的原因:(1)地球倾斜着围绕太阳公转,倾斜角度为66034′。
(2)地轴在宇宙空间的方向不因季节而变化。
影响:太阳直射点在南北回归线间往返移动(以一年为周期)
在各种图上会画出黄道、赤道,标出黄赤交角和太阳直射点移动路线。(图略)
*训练1、快速、正确地说出太阳直射点的位置及移动方向
2、极圈纬度与黄赤交角的关系:900―黄赤交角=极圈纬度
3、二分二至日太阳直射点的位置。
4、想象思考:黄赤交角增大或减小时,太阳直射范围、极圈范围、五带范围等。
5、在各种变式图中,判读二分二至日。
3、公转产生的地理意义:
(1)太阳直射点在南北回归线间往返移动
(2)引起正午太阳高度的周年变化
了解太阳高度、正午太阳高度的概念
正午太阳高度:在太阳直射点为900;在晨昏线上为00
规律:随纬度变化规律:夏至日------H由北回归线向南北逐级递减。
冬至日------H由南回归线向南北逐级递减。
春秋分日------ H由赤道向南北逐级递减。
随季节变化规律:
每年夏至日,北回归线以北的纬度带H达最大。南回归线以南的纬度带H达最小值。
每年冬至日,北回归线以北的纬度带H达最小。南回归线以南的纬度带H达最大值。
结论:H=900-φ±δ(φ为某地的纬度,δ为太阳直射点的纬度,当地夏半年取+,冬半年取-)
例题1、计算南通310N二分二至日的正午太阳高度。
2、计算10月1日时,澳大利亚悉尼320S的正午太阳高度。
3、设M(纬度00,300E),N(23026?S,300E)两地正午太阳分别为Hm和Hn,判断下列四项中正确的是 ( )
A、Hm和Hn不可能在同一天达到最小值 (夏至日时,同时达最小值)
B、每年有某一时刻Hm=Hn (当太阳在11034?S时)
C、每年约有9个月Hm>Hn (除太阳在11034?S~23026?S移动时)
D、任何时候都Hm≥Hn (当太阳在23026?S时,Hn=900> Hm)
(3)引起昼夜长短的周年变化
分时段分析:
北半球日期
太阳直射点
北半球昼夜长短情况
春分日~秋分日
北半球
昼长夜短,纬度越高,昼越长。
春分日~夏至日
北半球
昼长夜短,且昼渐长,极昼范围扩大。
夏至日
北回归线
昼最长夜最短,北极圈内出现极昼现象。
夏至日~秋分日
北半球
昼长夜短,且昼渐短。
秋分日~春分日
南半球
昼短夜长,纬度越高,昼越短
秋分日~冬至日
南半球
昼短夜长,且昼渐短,极夜范围扩大
冬至日
南回归线
昼最短夜最长,北极圈内出现极夜现象。
冬至日~春分日
南半球
昼短夜长,且昼渐长。
二分日
赤道
全球昼夜平分
*晨昏线上除春秋分日,日出时刻处处不等。
(4)引起四季更替
天文四季:夏季------白昼最长,太阳最高的三个月(5、6、7三月)
冬季------白昼最短,太阳最低的三个月(11、12、1三月)
传统四季:四立划分
气候四季:春(3、4、5)、夏(6、7、8)、秋(9、10、11)、冬(12、1、2)
(5)形成地球五带:回归线与极圈划分五带。
* 公转地理意义间的相互关系:
习题2、读“2000年1月1日新西兰地区太阳光线照射图”,分析回答:
(1)图中最先进入21世纪的国家是 ,判断理由是 。
(2)图中最早迎来新世纪曙光的国家是 ,判读理由是 。
(3)当瓦努阿岛为2000年1月1日6点15分时(区时),萨摩亚群岛所在时区的区时是 年 月 日 点 分。
习题3、读某日地球光照图,回答有关问题:
(1)此时太阳直射点为 。 (2)A点位于C点的 方向。
(3)这一天B点夜长 小时,D点昼长 小时。
(4)此时H点为 点钟A点为 点钟。
(5)曲线F-G-D表示的是 线(晨线、昏线)。
(6)此时全球已有多少范围进入新的一天(一小半,一大半,一半,全部)? 。
习题4、(1)在同一经线上,相等的有_________________________________。
(2)在同一纬线上,相等的有_________________________________。
(3)晨昏线与经线圈重合,意味着______________________________。
(4)晨线与西经20度重合,意味着_______________________________。
(5)晨昏线与极圈相切,意味着___________________________________。
Ⅱ、地图和等值线图
复习总要求:
1、判读各种比例尺的地图和地形剖面图;能根据图中的有效信息判断地理事物的特征。
2、学会判读各种等值线图。(包括等高线图、等温线图、等震线图、等降水量线图)
一、地图:(三要素:比例尺、方向、图例和注记)
1、比例尺:也叫缩尺 公式略
(1)比例尺的大小与地图的详略:
在同样的图幅上:
比例尺越大,地图上所表示的实际范围越小,但表示的内容越详细,精确度越高。
比例尺越小,则表示的范围越大,内容越简单,精确度越低。
规律: 大范围的地区多选用较小的比例尺地图。如世界政区图、中国政区图等。
小范围的地区多选用较大的比例尺地图。如平面图、军事图、旅游图等。
(2)比例尺的缩放:
A. 比例尺放大:用原比例尺*放大到的倍数。
例如将1/10000的比例尺放大1倍,即比例尺放大到2倍,放大后的比例尺是
1/5000,比例尺变大。
B. 比例尺缩小:用原比例尺*缩小到的倍数。(分数倍)。
例如将1/50000的比例尺缩小1/4,即比例尺缩小到3/4,缩小后的比例尺应为:
3/4*1/50000=1/66500,比例尺缩小。
C. 缩放后图幅面积的变化:
比例尺放大后的图幅面积=放大到的倍数之平方
如将比例尺放大到原图的2倍,则放大后图幅面积是原来的4倍。
比例尺缩小后的图幅面积=缩小到的倍数之平方
如将比例尺缩小到原图的1/3,则图幅面积为原图的1/9
例题1、将1:10000000的地图比例尺放大1倍后,下列说法正确的是 ( )
A、新图比例尺为1:20000000
B、新图图幅面积比原图增加了2倍
C、新图表示的地理事物比原图简略
D、在原图上淮河的长度为10厘米,在新图上长20厘米
例题2、按照1:50000000的比例尺,绘制一幅中国政区图,图纸的长度不得小于______
厘米,图纸的宽度不得小于_______厘米。(10.4厘米 11厘米)
例题3、在1:30000000比例尺的中国地形图上。用尺子量某条河流的长度为21厘米,这条河流是我国的_________。(长江)
例题4、在比例尺为1:140000000的世界地图上,量得北京至莫斯科的图上距离为4.4厘米,两地的实地距离是______公里。把原图放大到2倍后,新图的比例尺为_________。在放大后的新图上,北京至莫斯科的图上距离是________厘米。
(3)垂直比例尺>水平比例尺
2、方向:
(1)在有经纬网的地图上判读:经线指示南北,纬线指示东西。
(2)在有指向标的图上判读:指向标指示北方。
(3)在没有任何标记得图上判读:遵循“上北下南,左西右东”。
二、等值线图:(等高线、等温线、等压线、等震线、等降水量线)
等值线的概念:是某地理现象数值相等的各点的连线。
等值线图的一些特点:等值线上注有数值,而且数值间隔是相等的。因此可以根据等值线的数值大小、疏密程度、排列方向、形状变化等,反映出该地理事物变化的缓急、递变方向及分布特点等。
(一)等高线图的判读:
等高线图的高度注记为“海拔高度”(即某个地点高出海平面的垂直距离,我国的海拔是高出黄海海平面的距离。)
1、判读规律:
(1)数值大小:
海拔200米以下,等高线稀疏,广阔平坦----为平原地形;
海拔500米以下,相对高度小于100米,等高线稀疏,弯折部分较和缓----为丘陵地形;
海拔500米以上,相对高度大于100米,等高线密集,河谷转折呈V字形----为山地地形;
海拔高度大,相对高度小,等高线在边缘十分密集,而顶部明显稀疏----为高原地形。
(2)疏密程度:密集------坡度陡;稀疏------坡度缓。
*有时候图上看不出密集与稀疏时,可根据坡度=垂直相对高度/水平距离来决定。
例如2000年文科综合能力测试第1题:(图略)
如果几条不同高度的等高线相交在一起---表示陡崖。
(3)形状特征:
等高线闭合,且数值从中心向四周逐渐降低----山顶
等高线闭合,且数值从中心向四周逐渐升高----盆地或洼地
两个山顶中间的低地,形似马鞍----为鞍部地形。
如果没有数值注记,可根据示坡线来判断:(示坡线---为垂直于等高线的短线)
等高线弯曲时,如果凸出部分指向低处----表示山脊
如果凸出部分指向高处----表示山谷 (示意图如下)
例题2、98年高考题:在等高距为50米的地形图中,5条等高线重叠于某断崖处,该断崖处的相对高度可能为( ) (注:等高距----两条等高线之间的间隔距离。)
A、180米 B、220米 C、320米 D、280米
2、实际运用:
(1)与气候结合:
A、海拔高的地区应考虑气温的垂直递减。0.60C/100m
B、山区应考虑迎风坡和背风坡。(降水量的差异)
C、盆地不易散热,又容易引起冷空气的滞留等。
例题6、分析我国三大火炉(南京、武汉、重庆)、火洲(吐鲁番)的成因。
处于长江河谷的背风坡 处于吐鲁番盆地中
(2)与河流水文结合:
A. 由山谷的分布,判断河流的位置及流向。
B. 水库坝址的选择:*峡谷地段(水平距离窄,垂直落差大) ;*峡谷上游要有蓄水库区。
(3)与地区规划结合:
A. 建铁路、公路应建在坡度平缓的地区。翻山时应选择缓坡,并通过鞍部。
B. 港口应考虑:避风的海湾;避开含沙量大的河流(以免引起航道淤塞)。
C. 平原地区发展耕作业,山地、丘陵发展林业。
3、地形剖面图: (用途:表示某条线上的地面起伏和坡度和缓。)
由等高线地形图为基础转绘而成的,能更直观地表示地面上沿某一方向地势的起伏和坡度的陡缓。
画法:从等高线图上的剖面线与每条等高线相交的各点,分别向下引垂线,按下图的垂直标尺将各点转绘到相应的高度位置上,然后连成平滑的曲线,即得到该剖面线上的地形剖面图。
比例尺:垂直比例尺>水平比例尺
*各大洲的地形剖面图要基本掌握
(下列地形剖面图参见初中第2―3册)
1. 中国地势三级阶梯地形剖面图
2. 我国西部沿87030′E的地形剖面图
3. 美国地形剖面图
4. 沿00纬线所作的非洲地形剖面图
5. 沿南纬300某大陆附近地形剖面图
6. 死海地区地形剖面图
(二)等温线的判读:
目标:根据等温线的疏密、弯曲情况来判断气温的变化;
根据气温分布的特点来分析影响的因素。
1、判读规律:
(1)等温线数值:(气温无论一月,还是七月,都是由低纬向两极递减。)
数值自南向北递增------北半球; 数值自北向南递增------南半球。
(2)等温线疏密:
等温线密集------气温差异大;等温线稀疏------气温差异大。
例1:参考初中第三册地图册P.7,或课本P.44-45
我国一月份等温线分布密集------冬季我国南北温差大(漠河最冷平均?>30.60C,海南岛160C以上,温差达480C。)
分析原因:A、纬度因素:北方冬季太阳高度小,且昼短夜长。
B、冬季风因素:寒冷的冬季风加剧了北方的严寒。南方由于受重重山地
的阻挡,受冬季风影响和降温的程度远比北方小。
一月份00C等温线为秦岭---淮河一线,为亚热带和温带的分界线。
我国七月份等温线分布稀疏------夏季我国南北温差不大,且普遍高温。(漠河160C,海南280C,南北温差只有120C。)
分析原因:北方虽太阳高度较南方小,但夏季昼长夜短,得到的太阳光热不比南方少。
夏季最冷出现在青藏高原80C(地形因素)
(3)等温线的弯曲分布规律:
等温线向高纬突出------表明气温比同纬高
等温线向低纬突出------表明气温比同纬低 (“高高低低”规律)
等温线平直------下垫面性质单一。(如南半球400---600处的等温线较平直,说明海洋 面积大,性质均一。)
思考:哪些因素影响等温线的弯曲分布?(冬夏季节、海陆状况、地势高低、寒暖流)
见下表:
影响因素
比同纬度
地区气温
等温线
弯曲状况
影响因素
比同纬度
地区气温
等温线
弯曲状况
大陆夏季
气温高
向高纬凸出
大陆冬季
气温低
向低纬凸出
海洋冬季
气温高
向高纬凸出
海洋夏季
气温低
向低纬凸出
地势较低
气温高
向高纬凸出
地势较高
气温低
向低纬凸出
暖流经过
气温高
向高纬凸出
寒流经过
气温低
向低纬凸出
总结:等温线弯曲分布规律------高高、低低规律
例2、读非洲赤道以北和以南地区年平均等温线分布图(图见初中第2册),分析回答:
(1)等温线为什么在大陆内部向南向北弯曲?
(2)非洲赤道以南的东海岸和西海岸,哪里气温高?为什么?
(3)从等温线值来分析,说明非洲气温分布有何特点?
(4)为什么非洲可以用年均等温线,而其他各大洲却要用1月或7月等温线图来说明气温分布特点?
(三)等压线图的判读:(同一海拔高度民主上气压水平分布情况)
目标:(1)根据等压线的排列和数值------气压场类型
(高压、低压、高压脊、低压槽、鞍部)
(2)判断风向
(3)分析天气变化
1、判读规律:
(1)等压线的排列和数值:
低压中心------类似于等高线图中的盆地(*中心为上升气流)
高压中心------类似于等高线图中的山顶(*中心为下沉气流)
高压脊------类似于等高线图中的山脊(脊线)
低压槽------类似于等高线图中的山谷(槽线)
(2)等压线的疏密程度:(决定风力大小)
等压线的密集------气压梯度力大------风力大
等压线的稀疏------气压梯度力小------风力小
(3)在等压线图上判定风向(任意点)和天气形势:
判定风向规律:先明确高低气压;其次确定气压梯度力的方向;最后根据南、北半球画出偏向风。
天气:是指大气短时间内的物质状态,包括气温高低、湿度大小、风向、气压等指标。
A、由高纬吹向低纬的风------寒冷干燥
B、由低纬吹向高纬的风------温暖湿润
C、低气压过境时,多阴雨天气;高气压过境时,多晴朗天气。
(四)等降水量线图的判读:
把图上年平均降水量相等的各点连成光滑的曲线。说明年降水量的分布情况
等降水量线基本与海岸线平行,且能显著的反映经度地带性规律。
例如:我国年降水量分布图(见初中地理第三册),根据图中的等降水量线分布情况,可看出我国年降水量的分布特点。 由东南沿海向西北内陆逐步减少。
(五)海洋表面平均等盐度线图的判读:
1、世界海洋表面盐度的分布规律:由副热带海区分别向两侧的低纬和高纬递减。
2、等盐度线的弯曲分布------暖流、寒流的影响。
暖流经过------盐度增大------等盐度线向高纬凸出。
寒流经过------盐度减小------等盐度线向低纬凸出。
(六)等震线的判读:
等震线上地震裂度处处相等。
第二部分 区域地理
复习要点:
总论:
1、七大洲分界线(注意南美洲、北美洲、拉丁美洲的范围)
*南极洲是跨经度最大、地势最高的洲。
2、四大洋的位置(被哪些大洲包围);及大洋中著名的岛屿。
*北冰洋是跨经度最大的大洋。
3、世界主要的交通要道及其地位(包括运河、海峡)。
亚洲:
1、季风气候显著
2、日本自然环境的特点;经济高速发展的原因;工业分布特点;主要工业区。
3、东南亚的国家;东南亚的热带经济作物;分析新加坡经济快速发展的原因;
4、印度的位置;主要物产;亚洲耕地最多。
5、中亚的位置;主要物产。
6、分析西亚在世界上的战略地位;(三洲五海之地、丰富的只有资源)
非洲:
1、东非裂谷带;气候类型南北对称分布。
2、埃及苏伊士运河;长绒棉产量世界第一。
欧洲:
1、海岸线最曲折(挪威峡湾------冰川侵蚀形成);地势最低。
2、典型的温带海洋性气候和地中海气候;
3、著名的河流------莱茵河、多瑙河、塞纳河、泰唔士河,及其流经的主要国家、著名城市、主要工业区。
4、熟悉欧洲各分区主要国家;欧洲联盟。
5、英国、法国的相对地理位置;各自主要的经济特色;英国的老工业区和新工业区。
6、德国的位置;分析德国鲁尔区工业发展的有利条件。
7、了解俄罗斯的邻国;莫斯科、摩尔曼斯克的位置。
8、了解巴尔干半岛上各国的相对位置。
北美洲:
1、北美洲三大地形区;地形对气候的影响;各地形区的矿产。
2、五大湖;及其周围的工业城市。
3、分析美国东北部工业发展的有利条件。
4、分析美国电子工业中心“硅谷”高速发展的原因。
5、美国农业带分布;农业专业化生产的好处。
6、熟悉中美洲、西印度群岛的位置。
南美洲:
1、南美洲主要地形区、气候类型;安第斯山脉对南美洲气候的影响。
2、巴西的位置;著名物产。
大洋洲:
1、大洋洲的范围(注意所属的南北半球,180度经线的位置)。
2、澳大利亚自流井成因;半环状气候类型分布。
3、澳大利亚著名物产;堪培拉和悉尼的位置。
南极洲:
1、南极洲轮廓特点;外围大洋位置的判断。
2、我国中山站、长城站的位置。
3、南极科考的重要意义。(对比分析我国对北极地区进行科学考察的意义)
一、 总论
1、 大洲分界线(注意南美洲、北美洲、拉丁美洲的范围)
A、南美洲、北美洲自然分界线;北美洲、拉丁美洲政治分界线。
B、亚非分界线:苏伊士运河
C、亚欧分界线:乌拉尔山、乌拉尔河、高加索山、土耳其海峡。
D、南极洲是跨经度最大、地势最高的洲;欧洲是地势最低的洲;亚洲是面积最大的洲。
2、四大洋的位置(被哪些大洲包围);及大洋中著名的岛屿。
A、分别被哪些大洲包围
B、岛屿:太平洋------夏威夷群岛、新西兰南北二岛
太平洋――夏威夷群岛、马来群岛、新西兰南北二岛
大西洋------格陵兰岛、冰岛
印度洋------科伦坡岛、马达加斯加
北冰洋是跨经度最大的大洋。
3、世界主要的交通要道及其地位(包括运河、海峡)。
A、苏伊士运河:通航能力26万吨;巴拿马运河------通航能力为5―10万吨。
B、马六甲海峡、直布罗陀海峡、麦哲伦海峡、非洲南端好望角、曼得海峡、霍尔木兹海峡、土耳其海峡、白令海峡。
4、发达国家和发展中国家:
发达国家:20多个,主要分布在欧洲、北美、大洋洲、亚洲的日本。
发展中国家:150多个,绝大部分是亚非拉国家。
二、亚洲
1、季风气候显著:(热带季风、亚热带季风、温带季风、大陆性季风、海洋性季风)
读亚洲气候类型分布,分析季风气候显著的原因。
2、日本:
(1)自然环境特点:
先熟悉地名:四大岛、濑户内海、日本海、太平洋、关东平原、东京湾、富士山、北海道渔场。
A、岛国,海岸线曲折。------多优良港湾。如横滨(最大港口)、名古屋、大阪、神户、北九州。
B、3/4为山区;海洋性季风气候(冬季温暖,夏季凉爽。)------森林覆盖率世界第一(68%);水力丰富。
C、位于环太平洋火山地震带上------多火山、地震。(富士山3776米活火山,1995年阪神地震)
D、矿产贫乏------工业所需的燃料、原料需大量进口。
利用优越的海洋运输条件进口铁矿石、石油、煤炭:
铁矿石------由澳大利亚、巴西、印度进口
石 油------中东、东南亚
煤 炭------中国
(2)日本经济发展的特点:
A、高度发达的资本主义国家
B、经济发展的有利条件:多港湾、多人力资源优势、较高的科学技术水平。不利条件:矿产贫乏、市场狭小。
C、进口原料,出口工业品,大力开拓国家市场。冶金、石化、汽车、造船、电子等工业是日本的主要工业部门。
D、日本工业遵循“接近消费市场,接近对外贸易的海港”布局原则,工业区集中分布在太平洋沿岸和濑户内海沿岸。
四大工业区:京滨区、阪神区、名古屋区、北九州工业区、濑户内海工业区。
3、东南亚:
(1)熟悉东南亚各国的位置
(2)熟悉东南亚的物产:天然橡胶、金鸡纳霜、锡(马兰西亚)、石油。------“单一经济”
A、分析东南亚发展热带经济作物的有利条件是什么?(湿热的气候;肥沃的土壤。)
B、分析东南亚单一经济的不利影响是什么?(初级产品在国际市场上价格低廉,因而在国家贸易中处于不利的地位。
(3)新加坡似东南亚新兴的工业国,其发展的原因是什么?
A、扼马六甲海峡咽喉位置,且地处东南亚中心,成为东南亚各国相互贸易的集散地和转口中心。
B、针对资源匮乏,面积小、市场狭小的缺陷,充分利用本国人口多,技术先进的优势,发展转口贸易(加工型贸易)。
C、充分发挥旅游业的优势(“世界花园”城市)
新加坡成为“世界花园“城市的原因?
A、热带雨林气候,适宜热带树木、花草的生长。
B、市政规划合理:重工业集中在西部,有污染布局在远离市区的小岛上。
C、环保工作做得深入、细致。
4、印度的位置
(1)熟悉南亚的位置:
恒河、布拉马普特拉河、印度河、恒河三角洲、恒河平原、印度河平原、新德里
主要物产:煤、铁、锰、棉花、小麦、水稻、黄麻
(2)独特的热带季风气候:
一年分三季:
4―5月为热季(西南季风尚未来临,气温很高,降水稀少。)
6―9月为雨季(盛行西南季风,降水丰沛,常出现洪涝灾害。)
10―次年3月为凉季(盛行东北季风,天气温暖干燥。)
由于热季和凉季同属干季,因此,一年也可分为干季(10―5月)和雨季(6―9月)两季。
(3)印度耕地面积1.73亿公顷,居亚洲第一位,为农业发展提供了良好的基础条件。 但由于降水集中雨季,干季降水稀少,且降水量年际变化大,水旱灾寒较频繁,因此发展水利灌溉对农业生产特别重要。
5、中亚
(1)中亚位置的重要性:自古以来是亚欧大陆东西交通的必经之地。
中亚深居大陆中心地区,远离海洋。
著名的古代“丝绸之路”从中亚南部穿过。“丝绸之路”东起中国西安和渭水流域,向西经河西走廊、新疆、阿姆河和锡尔河中上游,直到地中海东岸。“丝绸之路”在历史上促进了欧洲、亚洲和非洲各国与中国的友好往来。
在现代,中国新疆境内的铁路已与哈萨克斯坦的铁路接轨,从而形成从我国江苏连运港向西横穿中亚,直到西欧的铁路线------亚欧第二大陆桥。
(2)中亚是世界重要的棉花产地:乌兹别克斯坦有“白金之国”之称。(棉花)
中亚主要的出口物资:小麦、棉花、畜产品(细毛羊、羔羊皮)
6、分析西亚在世界上的战略地位 (三洲五海之地、丰富的只有资源)
(1)熟悉西亚地图,掌握主要产油国、海湾、霍尔木兹海峡等。
(2)西亚成为战略要地的原因:
A、处五海三洲之地,地理位置十分重要。(土耳其海峡、霍尔木兹海峡、苏伊士运河)
B、是世界石油储量最多、产量最大、出口量最多的地区。
储量占世界一半以上,产量占世界1/3,出口量占世界60%。西亚石油主要出口到日本、美国和西欧。
(3)西亚发展农业离不开灌溉。(灌溉农业)
三、非洲
1. 熟悉一组地名:四大河流、沙漠、几内亚湾、埃及、南非、尼日利亚、开普顿等。
2. 东非大裂谷的成因
成因:属于地堑构造,由板块张裂作用造成。(或由地质作用形成的大断裂)
3. 非洲的气候特色:
A、“热带大陆”------3/4以上面积处于南北回归线之间;绝大部分地区年均温在200C以上。
B、“干燥大陆”------干旱半干旱面积广大。
C、气候类型呈带状分布并大致对称于赤道
*分析气候类型南北对称的原因
先看图,熟悉南北对称的气候类型------自然带。
(1)赤道横贯中部
(2)地形起伏不大,海岸线较平直。
但赤道附近的东非高原因地势高,而出现了热带草原气候。(*非洲的热带草原面积居世界第一。)
4. 非洲尤其是东非、中非、西非粮食匮乏的原因
(1)人口增长快
人口自然增长率在世界大洲中居首位,约为28‰。(欧洲5‰,中国11.2‰)
1978―1988年十年中,非洲人口增长了34%,粮食只增长了24%。人口增长超过了粮食增长。
(2)农牧业生产落后,产量很低。
因为:长期的殖民统治
长期地发展单一经济。
原始落后的耕作方式,使自然环境恶化。
(3)国家政局不安定,影响生产发展。
5、“富饶的大陆”----黄金和金刚石产量长期以来居世界首位。
尤其是南部非洲区是世界罕见得矿产富集区,主要有金、铀、金刚石河多种稀有金属。
6、埃及:(属于北非,属于白非洲)
(1)熟悉地名:开罗、尼罗河(世界最长6600KM)、阿斯旺大坝、苏伊士运河
(2)盛产长绒棉。
条件适宜:A、肥沃的沙性土壤
B、便利的灌溉条件
C、夏季阳光充足,冬季温暖无霜。
*埃及最大的港口亚历山大港是著名的棉花市场。
(3)首都:开罗,是非洲最大的城市。附近有举世闻名的金字塔和狮身人面像。
7. 南非:
(1)开普顿港口:属于地中海气候。
(2)黄金之国,其他主要矿产有铀矿、煤炭等。
四、欧洲
1、海岸线最曲折 多半岛、岛屿、海湾。(地名:四大半岛、大不列颠岛、爱尔兰岛、
冰岛、地中海、波罗的海、北海、巴伦支海、挪威海、英吉利海峡。)
使欧洲大陆深受海洋的影响,与同纬亚洲地区相比,冬季比较温和,夏季较为凉爽,气温年较差较小,降水季节分配较均匀。
*挪威峡湾------冰川侵蚀形成。
2、面积第六(1000万平方公里);地势最低(平原地形为主)。
3、拥有世界上最典型的温带海洋性气候和地中海气候
(1)分析温带海洋性气候典型的原因?(主要分布在西欧地区)
A. 欧洲大部分地处盛行的西风带 (复习有关气压带、风带的知识)
B. 西部沿岸海域有势力强盛的北大西洋暖流,直达北冰洋巴伦支海西部。西风吹过暖流上空,将温暖湿润的空气带入欧洲大陆内部,使之温和多雨。
C. 欧洲海岸曲折,山脉多呈东西向延伸,有利于西风和海洋影响的深入。
(2)海洋性气候的特点:
冬季温和,夏季凉爽,全年有雨,秋冬较多,雨日多,日照少。
由于日照少,不利于农作物的生长。 但有利于多汁牧草的生长
(3)分析地中海气候的成因?(主要分布在南欧地中海一带)
冬季受西风带控制------温和多雨 (复习有关气压带、风带移动规律)
夏季受副热带高压带控制------炎热干燥
植被为亚热带常绿硬叶林,叶质坚硬。 盛产油橄榄、柠檬、无花果、柑橘等
4、熟悉欧洲各分区主要国家
看图时,注意河流与流经的国家,河流与流经的城市,河流与流经的工业区之间的关系。(著名的河流------莱茵河、多瑙河、塞纳河、泰唔士河。)
5、简介欧洲联盟
原称欧洲经济共同体(欧洲共同市场),简称“欧共体”,是欧洲国际性经济组织,成立于1957年,成员国有爱尔兰、比利时、丹麦、德国、法国、荷兰、卢森堡、葡萄牙、西班牙、希腊、意大利和英国等12国。1991年12月,欧共体12国在荷兰马斯特里赫签订了欧洲联盟条约。该条约1993年11月生效,原欧共体改称欧洲联盟。1995年奥地利、芬兰、瑞典加入欧洲联盟。欧洲联盟在世界上的地位和作用日益提高,已成为国际上的一支重要经济力量。
6、德国
1. 熟悉德国的位置;德国1990年10月统一,全称德意志联邦共和国,首都柏林。
2. 分析德国鲁尔区工业发展的有利条件。
德国是欧洲经济实力最强的国家;贸易额与美国不相上下。
鲁尔区是欧洲和世界著名的工业区。
有利条件:
A、煤炭资源丰富(褐煤产量世界第一)
B、地处东欧和西欧、南欧和北欧铁路交通枢纽,莱茵河流贯全区,水源充
足,航运便利。
C、雄厚的科技力量。
工业部门中以煤炭、钢铁、化工有名。
德国的新兴工业正在向南部发展。如慕尼黑------宇航、飞机和电子工业。
7、英国与法国:
1. 英国与法国的相对地理位置:英吉利海峡
2. 比较英国、法国的主要自然特征
英国
法国
首都(流经的河流)
伦敦(泰晤士河)
巴黎(塞纳河)
最大海港
伦敦
马赛(地中海岸)
主要工业区和工业中心
英格兰中部区、苏格兰地区(电子)、伦敦(新老工业中心)、伯明翰(钢铁)、曼彻斯特(纺织)、阿伯丁(石油)
巴黎盆地(最大的综合性工业区)、敦刻尔克、福斯(钢铁)
在欧洲的经济地位
是欧洲最大的石油出口国;海运发达。
工业占绝对优势;
农业产值和谷物产量仅次于俄罗斯,是欧洲最大的粮食出口国。(出口小麦)
主要特产
葡萄酒(香槟、白兰地
8、俄罗斯
(1)了解其邻国;掌握莫斯科、摩尔曼斯克(冬季不冻港,受暖流影响)的位置。
邻国:芬兰、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、白俄罗斯、乌克兰、格鲁吉亚、阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、蒙古、中国、朝鲜
(2)重要的地理特色:
A、拥有世界上最大的亚寒带针叶林带
B、拥有欧洲最长的河流------伏尔加河。
C、摩尔曼斯克濒临北冰洋,位于北极圈以北,终年不冻。
D、西伯利亚是北半球的寒冷中心。
E、以重工业为主的工业,(核工业、宇航工业占绝对优势)。轻工业不发达。农业不稳定,谷物需大量进口。
F、主要工业区:莫斯科综合工业区、圣彼得堡(波罗的海沿岸)、乌拉尔工业区(钢铁、机械)、新西伯利亚工业区(重工业、军事)。
G、目前工业、人口正向乌拉山脉以东迁移。
例题:1999年上海地理高考题:将俄罗斯西北工业区和中国珠江三角洲工业基地的工业部门以及工业发展条件等方面的异同点填入表中。
工业区(工业基地)
俄罗斯西北工业区
中国珠江三角洲工业基地
濒临的海域
波罗的海
南海
主要工业中心
莫斯科、圣彼得堡
广州、珠海、深圳
主要工业部门
机械、化学、多种轻工业
以出口为主的多种加工工业和制造业
两地工业发展特点及条件的共同点 ( AC )
A、属于加工型工业区 B、靠近国内有色金属重要矿产区
C、主要工业中心是全国重要海港与外贸中心 D、附近的燃料与原材料价格低
E、着重发展技术要求较高的工业部门
(珠江三角洲主要为家用电器、服装、食品、玩具制造等劳动密集型工业)
9、巴尔干半岛上各国的相对位置。
巴尔干半岛被称为“欧洲火药桶”。
参见附录资料:
材料一:科索沃是南斯拉夫联盟塞尔维亚共和国的一个自治省,南部与阿尔巴尼亚和马其顿毗邻。面积10887平方公里,首府普里什蒂纳,人口约200万,其中90%为阿尔巴尼亚族人,塞族和黑山族人不足10%。科索沃多山,矿产资源丰富。
科索沃曾是中世纪塞尔维亚王国的政治中心,是塞族历史和文化的摇篮,那里有众多塞族人的教堂和修道院。后被奥斯曼土耳其帝国占领近500余年,其间大批塞族人被迫外迁,阿族人乘机迁入。1912年科索沃地区并人塞尔维亚版图,后来成为第-南斯拉夫公国的-部分。二战结束后,科索沃随塞尔维亚进入南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国,60年代成为南享有较多自治权利的两个自治省之-,其自治地位被写进了1974年的宪法。但是,科索沃省阿族人闹独立、试图建立“大阿尔巴尼亚”的暴力活动始终未停止过。整个80年代和90年代初,科索沃的局势一直动荡不安。1989年,塞尔维亚当局通过修改宪法,取消了科索沃自治省地位,使科索沃的阿族人大为不满,民族矛盾进一步激化。1992年,在前南斯拉夫解体过程中,阿族人宣布成立“科索沃共和国”,但除阿尔巴尼亚外,“新国家”至今未得到国际社会的承认。一些阿族分裂分子还组建了“科索沃解放军”,试图通过暴力活动达到独立的目的。
材料二:巴尔干半岛诸国地图。
材料三:科索沃战争严重恶化了以美国为首的西方同俄罗斯的关系。巴尔干是俄罗斯南进战略的主要基地,俄南两国是历史盟友。北约打击南意味着打断俄在巴尔干的战略支点。科索沃战争结束后,俄已决定修改军事理论,并且准备重新审议裁军计划。其次,科索沃战争使欧洲警醒。法国前国防部长米永4月9日就发表文章说:“北约1999年春对塞尔维亚民族主义发动的战争可能会成为欧洲觉醒的一个起点,它使欧洲意识到如果想要在国际舞台上特别是在自己所在的大陆上维护自己的政治存在的话,那它就必须拥有自己的防务。”科索沃战争之后,越来越多的欧洲国家对美国在北约事务中“唯我独尊,我行我素”的霸权作风表示不满。虽然美国一直担心欧洲防务特性的发展可能动摇其对欧洲安全的主导权,甚至还发出警告:欧洲防务特性真正形成之日,就是北约名存实亡之时。但是今年下半年以来欧盟还是加快了建设共同防务的步伐。第三,科索沃战争也从反面教育了发展中国家。包括印度、印尼、阿尔及利亚等国在内的广大发展中国家进一步认识到:当今世界还是一个强权的世界,为了捍卫国家独立和主权,民族必须团结,国家必须强大。
五、北美洲(自然地理意义)
1、熟悉四组地名:
(1)海洋、海湾、半岛、岛屿(太平洋、大西洋、北冰洋、墨西哥湾、拉布拉多半岛、阿拉斯加半岛、佛罗里达半岛、纽芬兰岛。)
(2)主要地形区(落基山脉、海岸山脉、大平原、阿巴拉契亚山脉)
(3)河流、湖泊(密西西比河、科罗拉多河、五大湖(美洲大陆地中海)冰蚀形成、尼亚加拉瀑布)
(4)著名城市(华盛顿、纽约、波士顿、费城、芝加哥、底特律、匹兹堡、休斯顿、旧金山、洛杉矶、西雅图、多伦多、渥太华、蒙特利尔、温哥华)
2、北美洲南北纵列的三大地形区:
(1)分析三大地形区对气候产生的影响。
A、西部高大的科迪勒拉山系:(是北美洲大陆重要的气候分界线。)
使太平洋和西风带的影响难以深入内陆。(使北美洲的降水来源主要来自大西洋。)
使山系西部的温带海洋性气候和地中海气候呈南北延伸分布。
B、中部广阔的大平原:(西部称大草原)
冬季,北方寒潮可不受阻碍地南下。夏季,南部暖湿气候可长驱北上。
大面积地区夏热冬冷,气温年较差大。大陆性特征显著。
C、东部低矮的山地高原:
由于地势低矮 来自北方的干冷气流一直影响到东海岸。
夏秋季节,飓风常常袭击东南部。
3、美国:
(1)美国是世界石油产量最大,进口最多的国家。
A. 工农业高度发达,生产消费量大。
美国是世界上进口小汽车、钢铁、石油、纺织品最多的国家;美国农业属“石油农业”,能源消费量大。
B. 人口多,高消费,高浪费。
(2)美国三大工业区:
*分析美国东北部工业区高度发达的原因?
A. 东北部是欧洲移民最早迁入的地方,资本主义发展最早。
B. 矿产资源丰富。如阿巴拉契亚山北部的煤炭,五大湖西部的铁矿。
C. 大西洋沿岸有许多良港。如纽约、费城等。
D. 五大湖水运便利。(保证了铁矿石、煤炭与主要城市高效率的运输联系)
E. 平原肥沃,临近玉米带、小麦区、乳畜带,农业基础好。
F. 拥有庞大的市场。(人口稠密、生活水平高,市场潜力巨大,发达的工业、农业、矿业、交通运输业本身就是重工业产品庞大的消费市场。)
G. 东北部地区是美国数量技工和科技人员集聚的地方。
东北部主要工业城市:
纽约------美国最大的工业中心、港口和金融中心。
芝加哥------美国第二大工业中心,机械制造有名。也是国内最大的交通枢纽。
底特律------四大汽车城之一。
匹兹堡------著名的“钢都”。
波士顿和费城------是重要的工业中心。
**小结:一个地区工业发展条件的分析规律。
a.历史基础;b.矿产资源;c.交通运输;d.农业基础;e.消费市场;f.科技力量;g.劳动力。(运用以上分析规律,学会分析日本、德国、英国工业发展的条件。)
*分析美国西部、南部地区工业发展的原因?
西部、南部工业区是新兴工业区,工业发展速度大大超过东北部工业区。
A. 东北部工业区已达饱和状态,且出现环境问题。
B. 西部、南部有丰富的石油资源。如南部墨西哥湾沿岸,西部加利福尼亚洲。
C. 西部、南部环境优美,旅游业发达,属于“阳光地带”。
D. 建立了新兴的石油、宇航、电子、飞机等工业。
休斯敦------石油化工、宇航工业。是最大的石化中心和最大空间研究、发展中心。
旧金山------附近有世界著名的电子工业中心“硅谷”。
洛杉矶------西部最大的城市、工业中心和海港。其西北郊有电影业中心好莱坞。
西雅图------飞机制造工业
*分析美国“硅谷”高速发展的原因?
美国“硅谷”是高技术工业发展的先驱和典范。“硅谷”以微电子工业为主导,集中了数千家电子工业企业,是美国以至世界电子工业的中心。微电子工业是电子工业的技术基础,因而成为高技术中的最高技术。“硅谷”的每一项重要发明,都会影响到全世界电子工业的发展。自60年代以来,世界电子工业更新换代的新产品、新技术、新设备、新工艺,几乎都出自“硅谷”。至70年代末,由于“硅谷”的土地被占尽,许多企业把新工厂建到国内的得克萨斯等州,以及东南亚、墨西哥等地,以充分利用这些地区劳动力、土地、住房都很便宜的优势条件。
“硅谷”现在是美国经济增长最快、最富裕的地区。
刺激“硅谷”迅速崛起的因素主要有以下几个方面:
A.地理位置优越,环境优美。(“硅谷”位于旧金山东南部,背靠海岸山脉,面金山湾。)
B、气候宜人。
C.有高等院校,智力和科技发达。(有斯坦福大学等)
D.便捷的交通,临近旧金山航空港,高速公路贯通全境。
E.稳定的军事订货量。(美国国防部一直维持着对“硅谷”半导体元件稳定的订货量, 其订货额一度占“硅谷”总产值的40%。)
(3)分析美国农业生产的特点:
A、农业现代化水平高,(农业生产的全过程实现了机械化、电气化和化学化。)
是世界上规模最大、生产率最高的农业国。
B、种植业和畜牧业并重。(主要粮食作物有玉米、小麦、水稻、燕麦等,主要经济作物有棉花(中国、 美国、中亚地区是世界产量最多的三大棉花生产国)、大豆、甜菜、烟草等,畜牧业很发达,以养牛、猪、鸡为主。)
C、是世界最大的农产品出口国。(但进口热带农产品)
D、农业生产实行了地域专门化。
*地域专门化------指农业生产中按地区进行的社会分工,即各地区根据当地自然条件、社会经济条件、市场需求及历史地位,形成一种比较集中的特定农业部门,该部门以大量商品性农产品投入到区际农产品的交换中去。
*地域专门化生产的好处是:a.充分发挥地区的环境和资源优势。b.充分采用先进技术,提高生产效率。 缺陷:加剧了农业生产不平衡的状况。
*主要的专业化农业区和农业带有:(参考地图)
棉花带:位于北纬350以南的美国东南部。得克萨斯州是美国棉田面积最大、棉花产量最
多的州。
玉米带:位于乳畜带以南广大低平原地区。这里也是美国的大豆产区和重要的肉牛与猪的
饲养区。
乳畜带:位于五大湖以南的东北部地区。(此处热量不足,土壤不肥沃,不宜发展种植业。)
小麦区:位于大平原中部(冬小麦区)和北部地区(春小麦区)。
混合农业区:
亚热带作物带:以种植柑橘、甘蔗和水稻为主。
畜牧灌溉农业区:
4、熟悉中美洲、西印度群岛的位置。
了解中美七国的国名;
西印度群岛中最大的为古巴岛(甘蔗)
六、南美洲
1.熟悉地名:
(1)海洋、海峡、岛屿:加勒比海、麦哲伦海峡、德雷克海峡、火地岛
(2)河流:亚马孙河(世界河流之王)、马拉开波湖(石油产区)
(3)主要地形区:呈“K”字
安第斯山脉(世界最长)、巴西高原(世界最大)、巴塔哥尼亚高原、亚马孙平原(世界最大的冲积平原)、拉普拉塔平原、潘帕斯草原
*巴西高原与拉普拉塔平原交界处,多急流瀑布,如著名的伊瓜苏瀑布。巴西和巴拉圭在伊瓜苏瀑布以北合作建造了迄今世界上最大的伊泰普水电站。
(4)主要气候类型:热带雨林气候(亚马孙平原)、热带草原气候(巴西高原)、亚热带季风性湿润气候(巴西高原东南部、潘帕斯草原东部)、温带大陆性气候(巴塔哥
高三综合专题课 西部开发问题
一.教学设计思路:
随着我国综合国力的增强,党中央、国务院提出:实施西部大开发战略,加快中西部地区的发展。这是我国社会主义现代化建设的一项规模宏大的系统工程;是实现共同富裕、加强民族团结、保持社会稳定和边疆安全的战略举措;是扩大国内有效需求,实现经济持续快速发展的重要途径;也是适应世界范围内经济结构调整、提高我国国际竞争力的迫切要求。无论是在经济上还是在政治上,都具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。
全国各地掀起一股开发西部的热潮,从而也使西部开发成为考试的热点,因此把西部开发作为综合知识的复习专题是有必要的。
本专题以地理学科知识为主线,联系其他学科相关内容来复习,共分为三个部分,第一部分:西部地区的自然地理特征;第二部分:西部地区的人文地理特征;第三部分:以西部地理特征为主线与其他学科的综合知识。
二. 教学目标:
1.使学生概略地了解西部地区的自然、人文地理特征和生态环境特征。
2.使学生了解西部开发中的重大方针、政策。
3.初步探索以西部地理特征为主线与其他学科知识的综合,通过创新习题训练,使学生了解各学科知识的广泛性和交叉性,培养学生综合分析问题、解决问题的能力,拓展学生的思维空间。
三。教学方法:
1.通过多媒体教学,大容量、高速度地复习西部地区的自然、人文地理特征。
2.讲练结合,重在训练。
四.教学过程设计:
西 部 地 理 环 境
西北
青藏高原
西南
范围
陕、甘、宁、新、
内蒙古
青、藏
云、贵、川、渝、桂
地形
塔里木盆地、天山、
准噶尔盆地、祁连山、
黄土高原、内蒙古高原
青藏高原、柴达木盆地
云贵高原、四川盆地、横断山脉
气候
干旱
(温带大陆性气候)
高寒
(高原山地气候)
湿润
(亚热带季风性气候)
河湖
多内流河、湖
(塔里木河,青海湖)
多大江大河源头
(三江源:长江、黄河、澜沧江)
多外流河,水量丰富
(长江、珠江水系)
资源
能源
草场、煤、石油、
天然气、铁、有色金属、钾盐、水能、风能、
旅游资源
草场、太阳能、地热、旅游资源
森林、水能、煤、铁、有色金属、旅游资源
人口
比重23%,密度小,分布不均,多民族聚居
交通
铁路:包兰、兰新、
宝中、北疆,
新建南疆铁路
以公路为主,
计划修建青藏铁路
(格尔木―拉萨)
铁路:宝成―成昆、成渝―川黔、贵昆,
新建南昆铁路
农业
以畜牧业和灌溉农业为主(河西走廊、河套平原、宁夏平原、新疆绿洲农业区)
高寒牧业、
种植业(藏南谷地)
种植业(四川盆地)
工业
西安―飞机制造
兰州―有色冶金
新疆―石油工业
包头―钢铁工业
林芝―毛纺
钢铁―重庆、攀枝花
煤炭―贵州六盘水
电力―重庆、贵州、
四川
严峻的
生态
环境
荒漠化、草原退化、
水土流失、水资源短缺
草场破坏、
滥捕滥猎野生动物
天然林破坏、
水土流失
西部大开发――地理学科与其它学科的联系
地理学科
与其它学科的联系
物
理
1.西部地势特点决定了其丰富的水能资源
水能的开发利用――
水电站的建设:E=mgh(注意单位)
发电量的计算:P发=UI
远距离输电:P损=RI2
2.西北地区典型的风蚀地貌的形成与气候的关系
温差大,物理风化作用强(热胀冷缩)
化
学
1.西南喀斯特地貌的成因
(溶洞、钟乳石、石笋、石柱等)
流水(含CO2)对石灰岩的化学溶蚀作用:
2.石油天然气是西部地区重要的能源资源和化工原料
石油天然气作为能源燃烧和作为化工原料加工过程中的化学反应:
生
物
1.西北地区以温带大陆性气候为主,气温的年、日较差都大 ,降水稀少――决定了农作物的产量和含糖量都高
生物的光合作用和呼吸作用分别是合成有机物和消耗有机物的过程,白天日照强,光合作用也较强;夜晚则相反
光合作用:
呼吸作用:
2.西部生态环境脆弱,在开发过程中的环保问题、自然保护区的建立、天然林保护以及林业生态工程
生态系统、生态平衡等知识与地理学科的交叉
政
治
1.在开发西部能源的过程中,既要注意经济效益,又要注意生态和社会效益,走出一条可持续发展的道路
哲学原理:普遍联系的观点
一切从实际出发
发展的观点
2.正确认识西部大开发,跳出资源依托型发展战略,走市场导向型发展战略
经济学原理:市场调节与宏观调控相结合
市场调节是基础
历
史
1.目前西部大开发与历史上西部地区的发展
国家对西部地区的开发经历三个阶段:
50年代―屯垦戍边
60-70年代―“大三线”建设
80年代以来―改革开放加大了对西部的支持力度
2.西北地理环境的变迁对人类文明的影响
著名的楼兰、尼雅文明的覆灭对西部大开发的启示
3.西部边疆和平问题
西部地区遭受列强入侵的历史:
19世纪中期―法国以越南为跳板入侵云南、广西等地
19世纪70年代―俄国侵占伊犁,英军入侵西藏南部
西部大开发相关的重大方针政策
一. 正确处理东部和中西部的关系,努力实现地区经济协调发展
1.在东部地区经济发展到一定程度后,是实现邓小平同志“两个大局”战略构想的重要举措。
2.西部地区要借鉴东部地区的经验,引进和利用东部地区的资金和技术,加快发展,缩小与东部地区的差距。
3.中部地区要承东接西,发挥地区优势争取自身的较快发展。
4.东部地区要抓住实施西部大开发战略的机遇,提升产业层次,使经济发展迈上新台阶。
二. 加快基础设施建设,为西部大开发打好基础
1.水利设施建设:节水、防洪、蓄水、调水。
2.交通运输建设: 以公路建设为重点,全面加强铁路、机场和天然气管道干线建设,形成全国性的综合运输体系。
3.加快电网、通信和广播电视等基础设施建设。
三. 搞好生态环境建设和保护,努力实现可持续发展
1.改善生态环境,是西部地区开发和建设必须首先研究和解决的一个重大课题。
(1)全国水土流失面积360万平方公里,西部占80%。
(2)全国每年新增荒漠化面积约2400万平方公里,西部占95%。
(3)每年因上游水土流失,进入长江和黄河的泥沙量达20多亿吨。
2.采取“退耕还林(草),封山绿化,以粮代赈,个体承包”政策。
(1)国家向农民无偿提供粮食和种苗。
(2)实行个体承包。
3.坚持“全面规划、分部实施、重点突出、先易后难、稳步推进”的原则。
4.搞好规划和试点示范。
四. 依靠科技进步,提高劳动者素质
1.加快科技成果推广应用。
2.确保教育优先发展。
3.加强人才利用、引进和培养。
五. 西部大开发要有新思路和新办法
1.充分发挥市场机制作用。
2.运用新思路编制好专项规划。
3.积极探索适应新形势的投融资办法。
4.因地制宜发展特色经济。
(1)大力发展特色农业(生态农业、节水农业―西北地区
“种植、养殖、沼气”三位一体农业―西南地区)。
(2)要把旅游业培育成为西部经济的重要支柱产业(美丽多姿的自然风光,丰富多彩的民族风情,闻名遐迩的文化古迹等)。。
5.以全方位开放促开发。
综 合 练 习
阳光照射图类型及解题技巧
一、日照图的类型
(一) 地球侧视图(二分日,二至日)
1、 昼半球在纵切面上的投影
2、 夜半球在纵切面上的投影
3、 把昼半球、夜半球平分在纵切面的投影
4、 4、昼半球、夜半球不等量切开在纵剖面上的投影
(二)、极地俯视图
1、 北半球在赤道平面上的投影图
2、 南半球在赤道平面上的投影图
3、 南半球或北半球的一部分在赤道平面上的投影图
(三)、矩形投影图
1、 全球图
2、 半球图
3、 局部图
高一英语新教材备课资料
ON TEACHERS’ BOOK (1A) AND TEACHING TECHNIQUES
OUTLINES
OVERVIEW
TASK-BASED TEACHING/LEARNING
TEACHING ACTIVITIES
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENT
TEACHING MATERIALS
OVERVIEW
Each unit is consisted of three parts
Teaching aims and demands
Suggested teaching notes
Supplementary reference materials
Teaching aims and demands
Topics
Understanding of the title and some goals
Example 1 (Unit One)
Title: Good friends
Goals:  Talk about friends
 Learn to make apologies
 Write an e-mail
Topics:  Talk about friends and friendship
 Discuss problems occurring in a friendship and
suggest solutions
 Write an e-mail to make an e-pal
Teaching aims and demands
Example 2 (Unit Twelve)
Title: Art and literature
Goals:  Talk about art and literature
 Review making decisions and giving opinions
 Review the Attributive Clause
Topics:  Talk about art and literature
 Talk about artists, painters and writers
 Tell stories
 Make decision and give opinions
Teaching aims and demands
Function items
Understanding of Listening and/or Speaking
Example 1 (Unit One)
Listening:
Some friends discuss common problems that occur in a friendship.
Speaking:
Some students talk about likes and dislikes.
Function items:
 Likes and dislikes
 Making apologies
Teaching aims and demands
Example 2 (Unit Two)
Speaking:
The speaking exercise gives students the opportunity to practise
communication skills that help them keep conversation going that may otherwise
breaks down.
Function items:
 Language difficulties in communication
--- Can you spell that, please?
--- Could you repeat that, please?
--- What do you mean by … ?
…
Teaching aims and demands
Vocabulary
Based on texts
 New words (371 +176)
 New expressions (77)
Teaching aims and demands
Grammar
Bases on Grammar
Functional description with grammar terms followed by one or two examples
Example 1 (Unit One)
直接引语和间接引语(1)
 转述他人的叙述----陈述句
 转述他人的疑惑----一般疑问句
 转述他人的问题----特殊疑问句
Teaching aims and demands
Example 2 (Unit Nine)
现在进行时被动语态
 用英语描述事物正受到某种影响或某种处理----使用现在进行时变动语态(is
/ are being + 过去分词)
 用英语描述人物正受到某种影响或某种处理----使用现在进行时变动语态(is
/ am / are being + 过去分词)
Suggested teaching notes
教学内容分析
总体分析
包括中心话题、相关话题和语言
单项分析
包括内容介绍、目的分析
example
Suggested teaching notes
教学方法建议
Core task
Warming up
Listening
Speaking
Pre-reading
Reading
Post-reading
Language study (word & Grammar)
Integrating skills
Suggested teaching notes
Core Tasks
Based on topics/themes
Structured
Authentic
Example 1 (Unit One)
Work out standards of good friends
Introduce your good friend
Write an e-mail to find a e-pal
Make friends with your new classmates, roommates, teammates, close neighbour or others
Suggested teaching notes
Example 2 (Unite Three)
Plan a trip (especially, during National Day)
Work out some tips the trip
Design an eco-travel for the local tourism
Travel on holiday and write postcards or travel notes
Suggested teaching notes
Warming up
Keep Warming up in mind
Stimulating
Brainstorming
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Four)
Suggested teaching notes
Listening
Step by step (in two aspects)
(1) in skills----planned
In Book 1A, we should help students concentrate their mind while listening, and
then remember what they hear
(2) in procedure----programmed
Pre-listening (warming up)
Listening (with purpose)
Post-listening (extension)
Suggested teaching notes
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Nine)
Suggested teaching notes
Speaking
MMC drill/practice pattern. In TB, more attention is paid on C
Enough time
The whole class (single, pair, group, class work, etc)
Situation
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Two)
Suggested teaching notes
Pre-reading
Warming up in background
Semi-control and/or un-control
Open-end
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Two)
Suggested teaching notes
Reading
Step by step (in skills)
In Book 1A, we should help students in skimming, scanning, guessing and summing
up, etc.
Level by level (in internalization)
Surface meaning
Deep meaning
For pleasure
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Seven)
Suggested teaching notes
Post-reading
Deepening comprehension of topics
Extension
All kinds of activities
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Three)
Suggested teaching notes
Language study
Word study
understanding the meaning in context, and by suffix and prefix
Lexical chunk
Grammar
Discovering
MMC
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Four)
Suggested teaching notes
Integrating skills
Reading
As extensive reading material
As sample for writing
Writing
Step by step
Criteria for writing and evaluating
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Four)
Suggested teaching notes
教学评价建议
Self-assessment
Based on goals
Peer assessment
Mainly about students’ learning itself
Self-testing
Focusing on form, including words and grammar
Example 1 (Unit One)
Example 2 (Unit Four)
Supplementary reference materials
Supplementary notes
For teachers, but not for students
Background
For teachers
TASK-BASED TEACHING/LEARNING
Focus on form   Focus on meaning
Non-communicative learning
Pre-communicative language practice
Communicative language practice
Structured communication
Authentic communication
TEACHING ACTIVITIES
Step by step (procedure)
Pre-activities
Warm up in form and meaning
Break any chain
Activities
Control, semi-control, un-control (MMC)
Surface structure and deep structure and others
Post-activities
Consolidation
Extension
Development
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Working form
Single work
Pair work
Group work
Class work
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Interaction form
Teacher-student interaction
Student-student interaction
Student-teacher interaction
ASSESSMENT
Checklist
System
Self-assessment
Peer assessment
Teacher’s assessment
TEACHING MATERIALS
Textbook
Extended materials
Understanding of materials
The world around
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit18.doc
标题 Mainly Revision
章节 第十八单元
关键词 高二英语第十八单元
内容
一、教学目的和要求:
1.单词和词组:
fly(n.) L.69四会
in order that shout at L.71
waiter lay the table by accident L.69三会
cigar announcement track truth book(v.) charge L.70
extremely determine stupid permit prison couple L.71
Hank Stram Tina Max carrige in common L.70二会
get in touch with absence Frankfort Bonn turn up on one’s own
rush hour brake cyclist rude L.71
2.复习日常交际用语(Unit13―Unit17)
3.语法:复习第十三单元至第十七单元的语法项目
a)名词从句 Noun Clause(as an attribute)
b)定语从句 Attributive clauses(by/in which)
c)过去分词 Past participle(as an attribute, adverbial)
d)省略句 Ellipsis
e)名词从句 Noun Clauses(as Appositive)
二、重点与难点
L.69
1.There are thousands of jokes in English which have a “play on words”.
在英语里,有数以千计的“双关语”的笑话。
句中的play on words意为“俏皮话”,“双关语”,“文字游戏”。即利用英语音异义或一词多义的现象构成含义诙谐的语义双关的词语。这一词组也可以作动词短语,作“说俏皮话”,“做文字游戏”解。本课中的小对话就是例子。
例如:Customer:What’s this?
Waiter:It’s bean soup.
Customer:I don’t want to know what it’s been; I want to know what it is now.
顾客说的最后一句俏皮话,就是通过“bean”和“been”这二个同音异义的词表现出来的。因为“It’s bean soup”和“It’s been soup”听起来是一样的,实际上前句的句意为“这是豆汤”,而后句的句意则为“这原来是汤”。
2.Customer:What’s wrong with these eggs?
Waiter:Don’t ask me. sir, I only lay the table.
这段对话的意思是顾客向服务员提意见问道:“这些鸡蛋怎么了?”(也许味道不对,也许是坏鸡蛋)。而服务员却回答说:“别问我这个,(我也不知道怎么回事),我只是摆了桌了”。这一笑话的关键词是动词lay,这是个多意词,lay eggs是(鸡、鸭)生蛋的意思,而lay the table是摆桌子准备用餐的意思。
另外在交际用语中,表示“……怎么了”有多种方法,例如:“你怎么了”可以有以下几种:
What has happened to you?
What’s the trouble with you?
What’s wrong with you?
3.…Quite by accident. 纯属偶然。
“by accident”意为“碰巧”,“偶然地”,“意外地”,“非有意的”,类似的词组还有by chance,相当于accidentaly,例如:
I met her quite by accident/chance. 我遇到她完全是偶然的。
He failed the exam by accident. 他考试没通过纯属偶然。
L.70
1.Hank Stram was on vocation travelling through Europe by train with his two children.
汉克斯特拉姆正在与他的两个孩子乘火车作穿越欧洲的旅行。
句中的on vocation意思是“正在度假”,另外还可以用on holiday表示“正在度假”。除此之外,on还可以构成一些习语,如:
on business出差 on purpose有意
Our manager is away on holiday this week. 我们的经理本周休假。
He’s gone to Canada on business. 他去加拿大出差了。
The family are on holiday in France. 这一家人在法国度假呢!
2.He bought a coffee and as the train was travelling fast and moving from side to side, he decided to drink it there and not to carry it back to his seat.
他买了份咖啡。由于火车跑得快,左右摇晃,因此他决定在餐车里喝掉它,而不带回到座位上去。
a)句中的get a coffee意为“拿/买一份咖啡”。coffee作为物质名词时是不可数名词,例如:Latin American countries export coffee. 拉丁美洲国家出口咖啡。
如果指“一份咖啡”或“一杯咖啡”时,常用a coffee或a cup of coffee来表示。
b)from side to side的意思是:“晃来晃去”。句中的from…to…还可以组成很多词组,例如:
from time to time有时 from morning to (till) night从早到晚
from beginning to end自始至终 from head to foot从头到脚
from bad to worse每况愈下
In order to buy her husband a birthday present, she went to from shop to shop.
为了给她的丈夫买生日礼物,她转了一家又一家商店。
3.They found that they had a / of in common and get on well.
他们发现他们有许多共同之处而且相处得也很好。
a)句中的in common作“(和……)有共同之处”,“共用”解,例如:
Real friends should have everything in common. 真正的朋友应该是共享一切。
The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the neighborhood.
这个居民区所有的儿童共用这个游泳池。
另外,in common与介词with连用时,意思是“和……一样”。例如:
In common with many boys, he likes playing football. 和许多男孩子一样,他喜欢踢足球。
In common with you, he kept his mouth shut at the meeting yesterday.
他和你一样,在昨天的会上一音不发。
b)句中get on well为动词短语,作“(同……)相处得好”解,也可作“在……方面进展不错”解,与get along意思相近。例如:
How are you getting on with your classmates? 你和同学们相处得如何?
I’m getting on well in my new job. 我的工作情况进展不错。
We got on together like old friends. 我们相处得像与朋友一样。
4.Finally Hank and his friend gave each other their addresses and promised to get in touch again with each other when they both returned to the States.
最后,汉克和他的朋友互换了地址,并且保证回到美国后和对方联系。
句中的to get in touch with…是一个动作性动词词组,意思为“与……进行接触”,“和……取得联系”。如果表示状态,则用词组keep in touch with…,意思是“和……保持联系”。例如:
She was anxious to get in touch with you. 她渴望和你取得联系。
I’ve been trying to get in touch with you all afternoon. 我整个下午都在和你联系。
Have you kept in touch with him? 你仍和他保持联系吗?
For six months, the astronauts have kept in touch with the research centre on the earth by radio.
六个月来,宇航员们一直用无线电与地面上的研究中心保持联系。
*lose touch with…是“和……失去联系”的意思。例如:
I used to see him quite often but we have lost touch.
我以前常看见他,但现在我们相互失去了联系。
I don’t want to lose touch with you. 我不想和你失去联系。
5.He had gone through six carriges when he found he could go no further.
他走过了六节车厢,突然发现再也走不通了。
a)go through在句中的意思是“穿过”,这是一个十分活跃的动词短语,还可以作“审阅”,“检查”,“用完”,“经历(困难、痛苦等)”解。例如:
It’s quite dangerous to go through a forest alone. 一个人穿越森林是相当危险的。
They went through our luggages at the customs. 他们在海关检查了我们的行李。
Our tearchers are going through our papers in their office. 我们的老师正在办公室阅卷。
I went through all the money my parents gave me. 我花光了父母给我的钱。
My grandparents went through a lot during the war.
我的祖父母在战争期间经历了许多艰难痛苦。
b)注意when的用法。在此句中when意为“突然发生某事”,常常可译为“……正在……突然……”,这是when的固定句型及表达法,不可以用其它连词替代。例如:
I was just coming to see you when I ran into him. 我打算来看望你,突然又碰到他了。
I was about to leave when it began to rain. 我正准备离开突然下雨了。
c)句中的could go no further与could not go any further同义。例如:
I have visited the city no more since last summer.
I have not visited the city any more since last summer.
从去年夏天起,我再也没去过那个城市。
6.I’m going to see what Dad is up to. 我要去看看爸爸怎么了。
be up to是一个多义词组,需要根据上下文去理解。它可作“(打算)做……”,“(觉得)有条件做……”,“由(某人)决定……”解。例如:
They are very quiet. I wonder what they are up to there.
他们非常安静,真不知他们在那干什么呢。
Is she up to such an important job? 她能胜任如此重要的工作吗?
Whether he will take it or not is up to you. 他是否接受这个就看你的了。
It’s up to us to give them all the help we can. 应由我们来决定是否能尽我们所能地去帮助他们。
What have you been up to lately? 你近来在忙什么呢?
7.Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee. 两个小时端杯咖啡是够长的了。
a)复数名词作为一个整体看待时谓语动词用单数。例如:
Twenty dollars is too much for a child to spend a week.
一个星期花消20美元对小孩子来说多了点。
Three hours is not enough for them to complete the task.
对他们来说三个小时完成这项任务是不够的。
b)句中的take over作“拿过来”解,另外还可以作“接替(职务)”,“接管”解。例如:
I’ll take over his job while he is on holiday. 他度假时我将接替他的工作。
This large company has taken over many small ones. 这家大公司接管了许多小公司。
Was it in 1948 that the Government took over the railways in Britain?
大不列颠政府是在1948年接管铁路的吗?
8.She had gone through just a few carriages before she found herself at the front of the train.
她只走了几节车厢就发现自己已经来到列车的前部。
这里请注意句中连词before的译法,在此before作“(不多久)就……”解。例如:
He didn’t wait long before his father came back. 没等多久他爸爸就回来了。
It wasn’t long before he told us about the affair. 没多久他就把这事告诉了我们。
before在作连词用时,还可以作“……(之后)才……”解。例如:
It was a long time before I got to sleep again. 过了很长时间我才又入睡。
It was evening before we reached the little town. 天黑了我们才到达那小城。
It will be five years before we meet again. 五年以后我们才会再想见。
9.The message is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you.
他留下话,你们应去那家旅馆,房间也已经给你们定好了。
a)句中的be to do sth.常常表示“应该做某事”或“按计划将做某事”,这是表示将来时间的一种结构,用于第二人称时,常含有转达别人指示的意思。例如:
you’re to go to the teachers’ office after school. 放学后你要去老师办公室。
We are to wait for her at the school gate. 我们要在校门口等她。
They’re to begin their experiment next week. 他们计划下周开始他们的试验。
另外,这一结构用于第三人称时,通常表示命令或指示,例如:
“The room is to be locked”. The manager said. 经理说,“这个房间要上锁”。
She’s to be back before ten. 她必须在十点以前回来。
b)此句中的book一词作动词用,意思为“订(票,房间,座位等)”。例如:
He had booked two seats on the plane from New York to London.
他已经预定了二张由纽约飞往伦敦的机票。
I believe it’s terribly crowded, so you’d have to book seats now.
我认为一定十分拥挤,你最好现在就预定座位。
与book构成的短语有:
book down登记,记帐 book in签到 book up订(车票,住处等)
10.The hotel paid the taxi driver and put the charge on their hotel bill.
旅馆给出租汽车司机付了款,并将费用记在他们的旅馆帐单上。
句中的charge是个多义词,在这里作“费用”解,除此之外,还可以作动词用,作“收(费)”,“索(价)”,“控告”,“指责”等解。例如:
What is the charge for a room? 租住一个房间的费用是多少?
There is no charge for the exhibition. 这个展览不收费(免费)。
How much do you charge for a haircut? 理个发要多少钱?
We don’t charge anything for this? 我们对此不收费。
Please charge these to my account. 请把这些记在我的帐上。
He was charged with stealing. 他被指控犯了偷窃罪。
L.71
1.But the hardest part was the interview. 但是最难的一关是面试。
句中的interview是名词,作“接见”,“会见”解,另外还可以作及物动词用。例如:
In the morning, I had three interviews. 早上我有三次会。
He refused to give any interviews to newspaper reporters. 他拒绝一切新闻记者的采访。
The film star interviewed the journalist one by one. 这位影星会见一个又一个的记者。
The manager said it was time to interview the staff members in his company.
经理说是该接见公司职员的时候了。
2.A yellow car passed me and suddenly stopped, as there was another car coming in the other direction.
一辆黄色的小汽车从我身边开过并且突然停了下来,因为对面正好有一辆车开过来了。
在英语中,表示动作的方向多用介词to或toward(s),但如果用名词direction时,则用介词in,构成in…direction,意为“朝……方向”。例如:
In which direction does the river run? 这条河流向何方?
She hurried away in the opposite direction. 她匆匆忙忙地朝相反的方向走去。
The ship was sailing in the direction of Dalian. 轮船朝大连方向驶去。
3.I had to brake hard and I hit another cyclist. 我只好急刹车,撞到了另一位骑车人。
brake一词既可以作名词用也可以作动词,在此是作动词用的。例如:
The driver braked hard as the child ran onto the road in front of him.
那孩子跑到汽车前面的路上,司机猛踩刹车。(作动词用)
His brakes failed on a steep hill. 他的车闸在陡峭的山路上失灵了。(作名词用)
4.I cycled as fast as I could and saw that the driver in the yellow car was waiting at the red light.
我以最快的速度骑过去,看到黄轿车里的司机正在红灯的地方等着。
The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could.
面试进行得很顺利。我把我的经历告诉了公司,并且尽可能老老实实地回答了他们的问题。
在这两句中,均有由as…as引导的比较状语从句。“as+adv.+as+Subject+can/could”这一结构常可以用“as+adv.+as+possible”来代替,作“尽可能”,“尽量”解。例如:
I shall come to see you as often as I can (as often as possible)
我尽可能地经常过来看望你。
Please get them to finish it it as quick as possible. 请让他们尽快地完成这项工作。
5.I was still so angry I was determined to tell him what I thought of him.
我很生气,决心把我对他的看法告诉他。
a)此句是由so…(that)的句型引导出来表示结果的状语从句,其中的that省去了。口语常常可以省略。
b)(be) determine(d) to do sth.与make up one’s mind基本同义。例如:
He determined (was determined) to go there first. 他决定先去那儿。
I was determined not to follow his advice. 我下定决心不采纳他的建议。
Have they determined where the new school will be built?
他们决定在什么地方建新学校了吗?
6.I told him that he had knocked two people off their bicycles and had nearly caused a bad accident. 我告诉他他把两个人撞下了自行车,并且差一点儿造成一场事故。
a)此句中的knock off作“将……撞离……”解。例如:
He was so angry that he knocked all the books off the table.
他十分生气并将桌子上的书全都摔到了地上。
除此之外,knock off还作“停止工作”,“减(价)”,“扣掉”解。例如:
What time do you knock off? 你什么时候下班?
We have done enough for today. I think we’ll knock off.
我认为我们今天干得够多了,就到这儿吧。
I’ll knock you five pounds off if you buy two. 如果你买两个,我就给你减掉五英磅。
knock是一个比较活跃的动词,可以和许多介词、副词构成词组。如:
knock sb. down将某人打倒在地 knock at/on the door敲门 knock into sb.撞在某人身上
b)句中的cause作动词用,意为“引起”,“造成”。例如:
I hope you’ll forget all the unhappiness I’ve caused you.
希望你能忘记一切由我而引起的不愉快。
What caused his illness? 什么使他生病了?
The situation caused the serious concern to the Government.
当前的形势引起了政府的关注。
cause作名词用时,意为“起因”,“根源”,“理由(不可数)”。例如:
The cause of the fire was a cigarette end. 这场火灾的起因是烟头。
There is no cause for complaint. 没有什么可以抱怨的理由。
7.I seem to remember that the last time we met I did most of talking, so perhaps I should let you do the talking this time.
我似乎记得我们上次见面时,主要谈话的是我。因此这次也许该让你来讲话了。
句中的the last time引导出了一个状语从句。在英语中,一些名词词组可以充当连词,引导状语从句。例如:
The moment he spoke, we recognized his voice. 他一说话,我们就听出他的声音了。
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次进来时请关上门。
Don’t look up new words each time you meet them. 不要一遇到生单词就查字典。
8.I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me for having been so rude. 我很高兴,经理决定不因我曾经粗暴无理而生我的气。
句中由for having been so rude引导的短语作状语,说明angry的原因。由于动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前,也就是说粗鲁的行为发生在经理之前,因此用完成形式having been来表示。例如:
He was sentenced to death for having killed a man.
他因为杀了人而被判了死刑。
He felt sorry for having wasted so much time.
他因过去浪费了太多的时间而感到遗憾。
She forgot having been taken abroad when she was a child.
她忘记当她还是个小孩子时曾去过国外。
三、同步测试
Ⅰ.选择最佳答案:
1.Here is my card. Let’s keep in .
A.relation B.touch C.connection D.friendship
2.I dislike the way he treats his students.
A.which B.by which C./ D.on which
3.They are boys that they can’t do the work well.
A.so small B.so little C.such few D.such little
4.My father often asks how I at school with my classmates.
A.get on B.get down C.get off D.get up
5.―How long has this bookshop been in business?
― 1992.
A.After B.From C.Since D.In
6.―Why does Tod look so unhappy?
―He seems to .
A.to being scolded B.being scolded
C.to have scolded D.to have been scolded
7.It’s useless only about it.
A.talk B.talking C.talked D.to be talked
8.I still remember the many times he saved the wounded soldiers on the battle field.
A.where B./ C.in which D.which
9.Who is it up whether to start the experiment or not?
A.to deciding B.to decide C.to to decide D.for to decide
10.When people talk about the cities of Japan, the first comes into mind is Tokyo.
A.of which B.that C.city D.one
11.The two words have something with each other.
A.in difference B.in ordinary C.in common D.in same
12.Can you lend me the book the other day?
A.about that you talked B.you talked about
C.which you talked D.that you talked
13.She hasn’t got enough to buy the computer.
A.that B.which C.for which D.with which
14.We think it important college students should master at least on foreign language.
A.that B.what C.whether D.what
15. I will accept the gift is none of your business.
A.What B.Whether C.If D.Which
16.He was born in Nanjing but studied in Beijing .
A.So did I B.So I did C.So was I D.So it is with me
17.What’s the for her anger? She’s usually not easy to get angry.
A.reason B.fact C.cause D.wrong
18.I was about to leave the telephone rang.
A.after B.while C.when D.before
19.The woman looks worried. She seems something.
A.having lost B.to be losing C.to have lost D.to lose
20.It was raining hard, caused the river to rise.
A.which B.as C.it D.that
Ⅱ.完型填空:
Two women came to Solomon with a hard problem.” This woman and I live in the same house. “explained one of them.” I gave 1 to a baby, and two days 2 , she bore a baby dead. But when I was 3 she put her dead child next to me and 4 my baby. As I got up and looked at the baby, I saw that it was not 5 .
6 this the other woman said, “No! The 7 child belongs to me.” The first woman answered, “No. The boy 8 is my son, not hers. “This was how the women 9 .
Solomon 10 for a sword, and, when it was 11 he said, “Cut the baby that is alive 12 half, and give each woman half of it.”
“No!” cried the first woman. “Please 13 put the child to death. Give it to her.” But the other woman said, “Don’t give it to 14 of us, go on and cut it.”
Finally Solomon spoke, “Don’t 15 the child! Give it to the first woman. She is the 16 mother.” Somomon knew this because the first woman loved the baby 17 much that she was ready to give it to the other woman. 18 this way the baby could be saved. When people heard how Solomon had 19 the problem they were glad to have such a 20 king.
1.A.food B.milk C.birth D.death
2.A.behind B.later C.before D.back
3.A.working B.sleeping C.dreaming D.lying
4.A.woke B.killed C.brought D.took
5.A.my B.her C.mine D.hers
6.A.At B.With C.On D.In
7.A.living B.alive C.lively D.lived
8.A.dying B.living C.death D.alive
9.A.quarrelled B.talked C.said D.fought
10.A.looked B.cared C.sent D.called
11.A.brought B.taken C.carried D.held
12.A.into B.in C.by D.onto
13.A.not B.not to C.won’t D.don’t
14.A.neither B.either C.both D.any
15.A.die B.beat C.murder D.kill
16.A.wrong B.real C.mistaken D.clever
17.A.too B.very C.that D.so
18.A.By B.Through C.In D.With
19.A.found B.grasped C.solved D.worked
20.A.wise B.brave C.cruel D.funny
Ⅲ.阅读理解:
(A)
Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions. People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they many become normal citizens again. The things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value. They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.
1.What is the topic of the text?
A.Young thieves. B.An unusual illness.
C.Reasons for stealing. D.A normal child’s actions.
2.From the text we learn that small children .
A.have little control of themselves B.usually steal things but grow up honest
C.are usually kleptomaniacs D.like to give things away
3.Kleptomaniacs usually steal things that .
A.are valuable B.are unimportant
C.their friends like D.they themselves need
4.Which of the following words can best replace(替代) the word desire in the first sentence?
A.chance B.power C.right D.wish
(B)
Our neighbour asked my daughter what she put on her cat to make him smell so good, “Maybe it’s the perfume I use,” came the reply “The cat sleeps with his nose against my neck, so some of the scent must rub off on him.”
The next evening our neighbour was in a department store when she noticed a familiar fragrance(香味) in the air. Our neighbour liked shopping very much and always went to the same store. She asked the woman who had just walked by what perfume she was wearing. After learning the name, our neingbour said, over the heads of all in the crowded store. “It smells wonderful. My friend’s cat wears it.”
1.The cat smelled good because
A.the writer’s daughter put perfume on him B.the cat slept with the girl
C.the cat liked the smell of the perfume D.the cat wore perfume
2.Which of the following sentences does not keep to the topic?
A.Our neighbour asked my daughter what she put on her cat to make him smell so
good.
B.“It smells wonderful.”
C.She liked shopping very much and always went to the same store.
D.“My friend’s cat wears it.”
3.In the sentence “After learning the name,…” the world “name” refers to .
A.the lady’s name B.the name of the perfume
C.the name of the store D.the name of the cat
4.On hearing the neighbour’s words, the lady in the store would probably be .
A.happy B.angry C.worried D.proud
5.When the neighbour said, “It smells wonderful. My friend’s cat wears it.” she wanted to .
A.make fun of the lady B.make fun of the perfume
C.sound funny D.praise the perfume
Ⅳ.改错:
According to an old story, a farmer once found that 1.
a bag of corn had been stolen in his house. He went to 2.
the judge and told him his loss. The judge ordered that 3.
all the people of the farm must come before him. He 4.
took a number of sticks of equal long and gave one stick 5.
to every man. He then said, “Come here again tomorrow. I 6.
shall know who of you is the thief because the stick 7.
giving to the thief will be one inch longer than the 8.
others.” The next day a thief was found because he 9.
was afraid of being found out and cut an inch of his stick. 10.
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit10.doc
标题 At the Tailor's Shop (在裁店缝)
章节 第十单元
关键词 高二英语第十单元
内容
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
■ 大纲规定的单元日常核心交际用语指南
Advice And Suggestions (劝告和建议)
● Idiomatic Sentences 功能套语
1. There seems to be something wrong with it . I can't possibly wear it . 这好象有点毛病,我不能穿了。
2. I would like you to change this for a new one . 我很想让你把这个给我换个新的。
3. You sold me so old a bike that I can't use it . I insist that you give me my money back . 你买给了我如此破旧的自行车,我就不能用。我要求你退我款。
4. It's not our fault . I'm afraid I can't do that . Why can't you do something about it ? 这不是我的错,恐怕我作不了主,你能不能灵活点 ?
5. Could you give me some advice on English study ? 我想征求一下关于学习英语的建议。
6. I 'd like your advice about / on this plan .
7. What do you think I should do ?
8. You'd better not trouble him . 你最好不要麻烦他。
9. Let's help him with the luggage .
10. Why not ask him to go with us ?
11. How / What about seeing a film ? 去看电影怎么样 ?
12. I strongly advise you to keep your promise .
13. I'm afraid I can't follow your advice .
14. That's impossible , but thank you all the same . 这不可能,但还是要谢谢你的。
15. Why don't you put off the meeting till next week ? 你为何不把会议推迟到下周 ?
● Model Dialogues 交际示范
A
A:Hello . You look tired today . What happened ?
B:I went to bed too late . I was reading a novel and forgot the time .
A:Really ? You need a rest tonight .
B:Yes , I think so .
A:You'd better go to bed earlier if you can .
B:Yes , you're right .
B
A:I've lost my ruler . Have you seen it anywhere ?
B:Sorry , I haven't . You'd better try your desk .
A:Yes , I did , but I didn't find it .
B:Why don't you ask Jim ? He was using a ruler just now .
A:Thanks . I'll go and ask him .
■ 单元核心句型结构
1. It looks / seems as if … 看起来好象 ……
It looks as if it is going to rain . 看起来天要下雨。
测试要点:as if = as though 后 接虚拟语气。如:
He talks as if he had been there many times . 他谈话的样子好象是他已经去过那里好多次了。
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water , it looks as if it were broken . 当一支铅笔部分放入一杯水中,它看起来就像是断了似的。
2. I insist (that) …
测试要点:
我认为应该……(宾语从句用虚拟);
I insist he ( should ) write a letter of thanks to the school . 我坚持认为他应该向学校写个感谢信。
我坚持说……(宾语从句不用虚拟)。
He insisted that he didn't steal the money . 他坚持说他没有偷那笔钱。
3. I should like / would like sb to do sth 很乐意让某人干……
I should like you go shopping this weekend . 我倒很想让你周末去买东西。
测试要点:
should like /love + to do 与简略回答。如:
- Would you like to go swimming this Sunday ?
- I'd like / love to .
(用 to 代替 go swimming )
should like / love sb to 很想让某人去干 ……
We'd like our teacher to point out and correct our mistakes in our exercises . 我们很想让老师指出并改正我们作业中的错误。
should like / love + to be + done 喜欢被……
Little Jim would like to be taken to Beijing next Christmas .
4. Why don't you do … ? = Why not do … ? 为何不…… ?
Why don't you (= Why not ) have a look at the other blouses ? 为何不挑选一下别的衬衫 ?
■ 单元误点警示
单元词组 take place 透射出的隐型被动
在第 38 课中的词组 take place (发生)属“隐形被动”范畴 ,不用被动语态的形式。中学英语教材中还有一些不用“be/get + 过去分词”的结构,其具体表现形式如下:
◆ 有些词(组)常用主动形式表达被动意义 (break out ,take place ,belong to ,shut off ,turn off ,work out制定 ,add up to , run out 用完 ,give out耗尽 ,等) 如:
The lights on the wall turned off .
The incident took place in Dec.1936 .
◆ 动词不定式作定语,一方面与所修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系, 另一方面又与句子的主 语有逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动式代表被表式。如:
Do you have any letters to post ? (对比:Manager wang , I'll go to the post office . Do you have any letters to be posted) ?
◆ 某些表示感觉、状态或特征的连系动词(look, sound, taste, smell, feel, become, appear, prove, turn out等)的主动形式常表被动意义。如:
- Do you like the material ?
- Yes , it ____ very soft . (NMET 94)
A. is feeling B. felt
C. feels D. is felt [ 答案:C ]
His theory proved correct .
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth .
◆ 有些动词由“vt”变成的“vi”时, 常用主动形式与方式状语连用表被动意义,这类动词的主语常是物,该类常用动词有:sell , lock , fill , dry , run , open , cut , read, wear , write , translate , wash , shut , blow , digest , begin 等。如:
The door blew open . The book sells well .
This cloth wears long . The story won't translate well .
The food won't digest . The suitcase won't lock easily .
◆ 表“需要”的动词 (need , want , require , deserve , bear , demand) 后用动名词的主动形式,或不定式的被动式表被动;在 be worth 后只接动名词的主动形式表被动。如:
- What do you think of the book ?
- Oh , excellent. It's worth _____ a second time . (MET89)
A. to read B. to the read
C. reading D. being read [答案:C]
Your coat demands (requires , needs , wants) washing . (washing = to be washed)
He certainly deserves sending (= to be sent) to prison .
This telephone directory is well worth buying .
◆ 一些介词加上具有动作意义的名词,常可表被动意义。如:
Several new railways are under _____ (建议 ) in China . (NMET96) [ 答案:construction]
常考的此类介词短语有:on show=on exhibition , on sale , on fire , out of sight , in sight , under discussion , in the charge of , in the possession of , without help , without permission , under arrest , under repair , under consideration , under development 等。
◆ 有些以-able ,-ible 结尾的形容词 ( visible 可见的, invisible 无形的,breakable 的, drinkable 可饮用的 readable 可读的, acceptable 可接受的,respectable可尊敬的,countable 可数的,sensible可觉察的,等) 如:
The water in this well is drinkable(=fit to drink) . (19) Many things are invisible to us .
◆ 由过去分词转化而来的形容词 (pleased , interested , satisfied , frightened , worried, dressed , surprised , wounded , broken) 仍含有被动意义。如:
The girls are always dressed well .
The boy cried , with a glass broken .
◆ 使役动词 have/get+宾语+过去分词 ,表示该分词的动作由别人来完成。如:
-Good morning. Can I help you ?
-I'd like to have this package ____ , Madame . (MET89)
A. be weighed B. to be weighed
C. to weigh D. weighed [答案:D]
I'll get my hair cut on Sunday .
◆ 有些名词以 -ee
结尾含被动意义 (以-er , -or 结尾却含主动意义) 。如:
trainee受训者(trainer训练员),employe(e)雇员(employor雇主),addressee收件人
(addresser, addressor发件人) ,rejectee被弃者 (rejecter抛弃者) 等。
◆ 当不定式在作表语(或宾补)的形容词(heavy , light , interesting , pleasant , simple, comfortable, dangerous , strong , big , small , sweet , smooth , nice , fit , important , impossible , necessary , good , easy, hard , difficult 等) 后面作状语, 且不定式与句中主语 (或宾语)在逻辑上有动宾关系时,常用主动形式表被动含义。如:
The chair looks rather hard , but in fact, it is very comfortable to _____ . (MET88)
A. sit B. sit on
C. be sat D. be sat on [答案:B]
They found the article hard to understand .
(注意:当不定式中的动词为不及物动词时需补上适当的介词。又如:This river is dangerous to swim in)
◆ 动词happen , last持续 ,let出租 ,blame责备 ,seek寻求 , 等用主动形式表达被动意义。如:
It is I who am to blame .
This house is to let . 此房出租。
◆ 有些动词 (look , bake , burn , print…)的进行时态表被动意义。如:
Bread is baking .
The fish is cooking .
【指点迷津】
■ 单元重点新词透视
1. run ( ran , run ) 作不及物动词意思是“颜色退色”。褪
Will the colours run if the dress is washed ? 这衣服洗起来会不会掉颜色 ?
The red on his face ran . 他脸上的红润不见了。
Some colours run quickly in the sun . 有些颜色在阳光下很快就褪色了。
〖测试要点〗
run forward 向前跑去。run first 跑了第一。run a temperature 发烧。run a factory 办工厂。run into 跑进,偶然遇到。sth + run out = become used up (主语常是时间、食物、金钱) 用完了 。sb + run out of + sth 用完了。例如:
His money soon ran out . 他的钱很快就用完了。
He is always running out of money before payday . 他老是发工资的日子还没有到就把钱给花完了。
Last Sunday he ran into his old friend in the street . 上星期天他在街上遇到他的老朋友。
2. foolish 愚蠢的,傻的,卤莽的,可笑的,荒谬的
It's foolish of me to do so . 我这样做真蠢。
That's a foolish action . 那是各愚蠢的行为。
You look foolish in that dress .
It was foolish of her to act that way . = How foolish of her to act that way . 她那样做该有多笨啊 !
〖测试要点〗
辨析 foolish (愚蠢), stupid (笨), silly(傻)
foolish 强调缺乏智力、智慧或者判断力,像愚人似的做出不合常理的事来。
I think it's foolish of her to let pass such a fine opportunity to go abroad . 我认为她放弃这样一个出国的好机会是十分愚蠢的。
stupid 常用于生气和责骂时,用于人的性格时指智力或反应迟钝。
What a stupid boy he is ! 他是个多么笨的孩子啊 !
You are not stupid , just lazy ! 你不笨,就是懒 !
He is stupid in learning maths . 他学数学很笨。
silly 指智力低能,所做所为太无见识,因而常招致讥笑,含“聪明一世,糊涂一时”。
I felt silly because I didn't know what to say . 我觉得很傻,因为我不知道说什么好。
Don't ask such silly questions ! 别再问这样傻的问题了。
3. insist vt.& vi. 坚持;坚决认为;坚决要求
He insisted that I was wrong . 他坚持认为我错了。
〖测试要点〗
(1) insist on + doing 坚持做
She insisted on going to Beijing herself . 她坚持自己去北京。
Mother insisted on our going to Dalian by train . 母亲坚持要我们乘火车去大连。
(2) insist 后不接不定式,接宾语从句。表示坚持认为应该作某事时用可以省略 should 的虚拟语气;表示坚持说明自己的看法时不用虚拟语气。
He insisted that he wasn't a thief .
He insisted that I (should) finish this job alone .
He insists that he has done right . 他坚信自己做对了。
(3) insist on 主要是“坚持”意见、看法、主张。stick to 常指“坚持”原则、计划、决定,含有继续干或者接着干之意。
He insisted on this point . 他坚持这一点。
He insisted on knowing the fact . 他坚决要知道事实的真相。
But Einstein stuck to his theory and went on with his research .
We must stick to our plan .
Lao Chen always sticks to his promise .
4. depend 依赖,依靠,信赖,相信
〖测试要点〗
(1) depend on / upon 依靠 ,信赖(不用被动语态,但在否定句中常用不定式的被动式)
He is a man to depend on .
He isn't a man to be depended on .
China doesn't depend on foreign countries .
Whether we will hold the sports meet depends on the weather .
You can depend on this newspaper .
You may depend on it that he will want to come .
Whether we can go for a picnic depends on our money .
(2) depend on sb for sth ; depend on sb to do sth
He depends on his neighbour for help .
All living things depend on the sun for their growth . 万物生长靠太阳。
(3) depend on / upon it 毫无疑问,没错
Depend on it , we will win this match .
(4) It (all) depends (on) + 从句“要看……而定”
It depends on whether you want to do it or not .
It depends what you think of it .
5. choice 选择,抉择
When you make friends , make a careful choice .
〖测试要点〗
have no choice but / except to do 只有干……
He had no choice but to sing a song for us .
■ 单元重点词组扫瞄
Lesson 37
1. There seems to be something wrong with … 好象……有毛病
There seems to be something wrong with my radio .
2. or else 要不然,否则
Hurry up , or else you'll be late for this important meeting .
He must be drunk , or else he is mad .
3. follow the instructions 按照说明进行
It looks as if it hasn't been washed following the instructions . 好象没有按照衣服的说明要求去洗。
4. the fault of ……的过错
That is not the fault of our company .
5. give back 退还,归还
You must give back the book to him by tomorrow .
I hope you will give my money back next week .
Will you please give the ruler back to Tom ? = Will you please give Tom back the ruler ?
6. do something about 对……采取措施
Why don't you do something about the rubbish in front of your school ?
7. change A for B 用A交换B;换乘……车
I'd like to change this dress for one in a larger size .
You have to take No. 101 at first and then change for the bus No. 101 .
8. in the sun 在阳光下
They stood in the winter sun , talking .
It's bad for you to read in the sun .
Lesson 38
1. take place 发生,出现,举行
This dialogue takes place at a tailor's shop .
When and where did the accident take place ?
It took place on a rainy morning last week .
Great changes have taken place here since 1978 .
The dance will take place after school .
2. find sth rather expensive 发现……相当贵
3. try on 试穿
-Can I try on this pair of shoes ?
- Sure , try it on , please .
4.have sth on / about / with + sb 身上带有某物
I don't have any small notes on me . 我随身没有带小钞票。
You had better have a pen on you .
Do you have any small change about you ? 你带有零钱吗 ?
Have you any notebook about you ?
Carry your driving licence with you .
〖测试要点〗
have on 穿着(不用进行时态)
Today she has on a white blouse . = Today she wears a white blouse . = Today she is wearing a white blouse .
5. judge by / from 根据……来判断;从……来判断
We should judge a man by his deeds .
You shouldn't judge strangers always by the clothes he wears .
〖测试要点〗
judging by / from 依……来判断 (作评注状语)
Judging by his words , he got angry .
6. pay for 支付费用;负担款项;付出代价
How much did you pay for the dictionary ?
Have those books been paid for ?
You will have to pay for your mistakes . 你总得为你的错误付出代价的。
7. put sb to the trouble of doing sth = trouble sb to do sth 麻烦某人干,为难某人干
I'm sorry to put you to the trouble of helping me .
He didn't want to put me to the trouble of meeting him at the airport .
8. apologize to sb for sth = make an apology to sb for sth 因……向某人道歉
He made apologies to us for breaking the mirror .
9. just a moment / minute 等一会儿
10. worry about 担心,担忧,着急,发愁
Don't worry about it . It's nothing .
Worrying about your health will make you ill .
〖测试要点〗
be worried about 为……担心,为……着急
Don't be worried about me , Mary .
She's always worried about her health .
11. be after 寻找,追求
The police are after the missing boy in the woods .
12. get / take off 脱下
You can get off your coat now .
Get off your wet clothes .
13. do sb a favour = do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙,给某人一恩惠
Will you do me a favour this time ?
She did me a great favour 5 years ago .
He is always ready to do his friends a favour .
〖测试要点〗
当 do sb a favour 后面有不定式时常用 do sb the favour to do 或者 do sb the favour of doing 。注意冠词的变化。
Do me a favour , please . Turn the radio down .
She asked me to do her the favour of closing the door .
Will you do me the favor to lend me your dictionary ?
14. make … to one's (own) measure 根据某人的身材尺寸做
Mother will make new clothes for me to my own measure .
I'd like to have the skirt made to my own measure .
It seems that this dress is made to her measure .
15. depend on / upon 依赖,依靠
Everything depends on the conditions , time and place .
Children must depend on their parents .
She is a girl to be depended on .
You can depend on us to do the work well .
16. put / write down 写下,记下; 放下
Be sure to put down every word she says on the phone .
Let me put down your telephone number before I forget it .
This bus stopped to put down passengers , but that bus stopped to pick up passengers .
〖测试要点〗
辨析下列由 put 构成的搭配:
put out 扑灭。put away 把……收起来,放好。put on 上演,穿/戴上。put in / into practice 实施。put in order 整理,整顿。put off 推迟,拖延。put up 举起,建立,为……提供食宿。
17. drop in 顺便拜访
I'll drop in and leave the new address .
Would you like to drop in and have a cup of coffee
〖测试要点〗
drop in + on sb 顺便拜访某人
drop in + at sb 顺便拜访某地
call on sb (比较正式)拜访某人
visit sb = pay a visit to sb (最正式)拜访
On my way back , I dropped in at my brother's house .
Let's drop in on Aunt Wang , shall you ?
18. show sb out 送某人出去
Wait a moment . Let me show you out . 等一下,我送你出去。
〖测试要点〗
show sb in 领某人进来。。show sb around + place 领某人参观。show sb into 领某人进入。
要特别注意 show sb to the door 把某人送到门口。show sb the door 把某人赶出门去,下逐客令。
He wouldn't listen to my apology . He showed me the door . 他对我的道歉听也不听就把我赶出了门。
Lesson 39 & 40
1. do some research about = make some research about / on 对……进行调查研究
They have done some research about free markets in this city for some time .
They have done a great deal of research on that subject .
〖测试要点〗
research 虽然可以用复数,但其前不用 two , three , many , several , 但可以加 some 。可以用:do two pieces / items of research 做两项研究工作。
research 后可以接介词 on , about , into 。如:
He has made scientific researches on atom for ton years . 他从事原子科学研究已十年了。
2. offer the best advice and service 提供最好的建议和服务
3. do up 扎好,扣好,包好,整好,打扮。
You've done up your buttons the wrong way . 你把钮扣扣错了。
She went to the mirror to do up her hair .
They did up all the old newspapers and put then in a separate room .
Mary has done herself up for the palace ball .
4. be suitable for + ing / sth 适合于,宜于
These story-books are suitable for children to read .
This kind of food is unsuitable for the patients .
Is he suitable / fit for this job ?
5. understand about … 懂得有关……
对比:Do you understand the meaning ? 你明白/ 理解那个意思吗?
Do you understand about space ? 你了解有关太空的情况吗 ?
6. take sb seriously 对某人认真接待,重视某人
It is foolish of you not to take this boss seriously .
7. (and) what is worse = to make matters worse 更糟糕的是
What was worse , this wine was not at all suitable for drinking with a meal .
He felt very hungry . What's worse , he had no money on him .
It got dark , and what was worse , we lost our way in the forest .
8. give sb the right / wrong change 给某人对/错钱
9. keep back 扣下,止住,隐瞒,留在后面
The boss kept back $30 from her pay without any reason . 老板无缘无故地从她的工资中扣掉30美元。
On hearing the news , the woman couldn't keep back her tears .
There's no need to keep it back from you .
10. enjoy equal rights 享有平等的权利
In China women enjoy equal rights with men .
11. fight sb to the end 同某人血战到底
No matter how powerful the enemy seems , we must fight them to the end .
12. know little about 对……知之甚少
13. in the world = on earth = completely 完全地,究竟,到底
14. get caught in 遇到,挂住
Her dress got caught on a nail .
They got caught in the rain the day before yesterday .
15. come off 脱离,掉下来
The branches have come off the trees .
16. in the same order 以相同的顺序
17. as usual 和往常一样,照例
As usual , he got up very early .
Only a week after the fire in the store , it was doing business as usual .
■ 单元语法学习目标
●对 as if 用法的探微
本单元的语法学习是掌握 as if 的用法。as if 是连词词组,相当于 as though , 意为“好像,好似”,引导表语从句和状语从句。学习中应注意如下四点:
1 . as if 引导表语从句。
as if 引导表语从句时,可以和 as though 互换,其句型为:“It looks / seem as if …”,其中 it 本身无词义,是无人称代词,looks / seems 是连系动词,as if 引导表语从句。例如:
It looks / seems as if you have got no experience . 看来你似乎并没有经验。
2 . as if 引导方式状语从句。
as if 引导的方式状语从句中,从句中的动词一般要用虚拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反的主观设想,动词用过去式 (be 用 were ,适用于各种人称);若表示与过去事实相反的主观设想,动词用“had + 过去分词”形式。例如:
He acted as if he were smoking . 他那举动好像他抽烟似的。
They talked as if they had been friends for years . 他们说话很亲热,就像多年的老朋友似的。
3 . 如果主句的谓语动词是过去式,从句中的动词往往可以用陈述语气,不用虚拟语气。例如:
I heard a noise as if she was crying . 我听到一种声音,好象她在哭泣似的。
He walked past me as if I didn't exist . 他从我身旁经过时,好象我不存在似的。
4 . as if 引起从句不用虚拟语气,用陈述语气的情况有:
如果句子的谓语动词是连系动词 look , feel , seem , taste , smell 等时,从句往往用陈述语气。
It looks as if we shall have to walk home . 看来我们得步得回家了。
He looks as if he is going to smile . 他看起来象要微笑似的。
如果所描述的行为本身就是一种事实时,通常用陈述语气。
The astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the spaceship floor . 宇航员们感到他们好象是被压在船舱上了。
说话者认为属于事实的成分比较大,假设的成分较小时,一般用陈述语气。试比较:
He walks as if he were drunk . (没有醉酒)
He is walking this way and that as if he is drunk . (醉酒的可能性很大)
● No matter + 疑问词及其它
本单元的另一个语法学习项目是 no matter + 疑问词。一般说来,No matter + 疑问词(what , when , etc . )表示“不管(无论)什么,何时”等等。这种结构在句中主要作用是来引导让步状语从句。
No matter what happened , he wouldn't say a word . 无论发生什么事,他都守口如瓶。
No matter what difficulties she met , she was going to be a singer . 不管会遇到什么困难,她决意要当歌唱家。
No matter how busy he was , he always came to see me . 无论他多么忙还总是来看我。
在引导让步状语从句时,与上述结构有相同意思和用法的结构是:疑问句 + ever。
Whatever happened , he would not say a word .
不过,在使用疑问句 + ever 时,有以下几点用法需要注意。
★ 引导主语从句或宾语从句时,只能用“疑问词 + ever ”,而不能用“no matter + 疑问词”。
Whoever smokes here will be punished . 无论谁在这抽烟都要受到惩罚。
Beggars will eat whatever they are given . 饥不择食。
★“疑问词 + ever”可以用作修饰名词的关系形容词。
Take whatever books you like best . 拿你最喜欢的书吧。
★“疑问词 + ever ”搭配连用时,可用来加强语气,用在特殊问句中,表示“到底、究竟(= at all)的意思。
What ever do you want ? 你到底要些什么 ?
How ever did I forget it ? 我怎么竟然把它忘了 ?
★“no matter”可以单独用在句中或用作表语,意思是 it doesn't matter (不要紧),never mind (没关系)。
It makes no matter whether he likes it or not . 他喜欢不喜欢都没有关系。
It is no matter whether you get there early or late . = It doesn't matter whether you get there early or late . 你早晚到那儿都没关系。
No matte , madam . 不要紧,夫人。
★ No matter 与 who , what , where , when…. 连用时,从句的时态用一般现在时表示将来。
No matter where you go , she'll love you . 无论你走到哪里,她都会爱你的。
★“no matter + 疑问词”放在句末时,往往不需要动词跟在后面。
I'll always believe you , no matter what . (不用 happen)不论发生什么,我都会相信你的。
〖针对练习〗
用“no matter + 疑问词”或“疑问词 + ever”填空
1 . ______ you go , you'll find your friends .
2 . I'll eat _______ you gave me .
3 . _______ he says , I'll do it .
4 . _______ he is in trouble , I'll be ready to help him .
5 . _______ she says should be considered .
6 . The teacher will give a medal to _______ studies hardest .
7 . You may take ______ gifts you want .
8 . _______ made you so angry ?
9 . _______ promise to buy you a car ?
10 . ______ have you made so great progress ?
11. baggage it is , it will be kept until the owner returns .
答案:1 . Wherever / No matter where 2 . whatever 3 . Whatever / No matter what 4 . Whenever / No matter when 5 . Whatever 6 . whoever 7 . whatever 8 . What ever / Who ever 9 . Who ever 10 . How ever 11. No matter whose
二、学海导航
【学法指要】
● 哪些词能引导让步状语从句
◇ 用连词 though 和 although,译成汉语为“虽然……但是……”。后者的语气稍正式些。要注意的是:英语中用了 though (although),在主句中不要再加 but 。但他们可以与副词 still 和 yet 等连用,加强语气。
Although it was quite late , we were still working in the fields . 虽然时间很晚了,但我们还在田里工作着。
◇ 用 if 或 even if , 译成汉语为“即使……”。
If we failed in this English examination , at least we did our best . 即使我们在这次英语考试中失败我们至少尽了最大努力。
I'll go even if it rain . 即使天下雨,我也要去。
◇ 用 whether ,译成汉语为“不论”。
Whether it may rain or not , I'll do morning exercises . 不论天下雨不下雨,我都做早操。
◇ 用 even when ,译成汉语为“纵然……”等含义。
Even when it was raining heavily , he refused to take an umbrella . 纵然天在下大雨,他也拒绝带雨伞。
◇ 用 while , 它和 if , when 所引出的让步状语从句是通过连词在句中表达的内容与主句的内容在意义上相反。
While I appreciated (重视) the honour , I could not accept the position . 尽管我 重视荣誉,但是我不能接受那个职位。
◇ 用 as ,但语序要倒装。
Poor as he is ( = Though he is poor) , he is honest . 虽然他贫穷,但他诚实。
◇ 用连接代词(副词) whatever , whichever , whoever , wherever , whenever 和 however 等来引导让步状语从句。
Whatever happens , (=No matter what) , we'll carry on the experiment . 不管怎么样,我们要继续试验。
He will never succeed , however hard he tries . 无论他如何努力尝试,他都不会成功。
● 条件在哪里 ?
请先看这样两句话:
1 . Without electricity human life would be quite different today .
2 . Given more attention , the trees could have grown better .
以上两句都是虚似条件句,但在这些句子却看不到 if 引导的条件状语从句,那么,它们的条件在哪里呢 ?
1 . 在 without 等引导的介词短语里,without 是最常见的用来表示条件的介词,意思是“若没有”等。
Plants couldn't grow without air . 没有空气植物就不能生活。(without air = if there weren't air)
Without your advice , he couldn't have succeeded . 若不是你的忠告,他不可能成功。(without your advice = if it hadn't been for your advice)
另外 under 也常用来表示条件。
We could have done better under more favorable conditions . 在更有利的条件下,我们能干得更好。
2 . 在but for 或 except for 引导的短语里,but for 与 except for 意义接近,可译作“要不是……”,等于 if it hadn't been for 。
But for the rain , we should have had a pleasant journey . 要不是下雨, 我们旅途愉快的。
But for your coming , I should have been very lonely . 要不是你来,我会感到寂寞的。
Except for you , I should be dead by now . . 要不是因为你,我活不到现在。
She would have left her husband except for the children . 若不是为了孩子,她早就离开她丈夫了。
3 . 用分词表示。
Invited , I would have come with you . (=If I had been invited , I would … )要是受到邀请,我会跟你一块去的。
I'd come and see you in Austria , given the chance . (= … if I were given the chance . )有机会的话,我会到奥地利去看你。
4 . 隐含在 but 引导的并列句中。
We would have given you a ride this morning , / but the car was full . ( = … this morning if the car hadn't been full . )今天上午我们本可以让你搭我们的车的,但车上人满了。
He could have passed the driving test , but he was too nervous . 他原本能够通过驾驶考试的,不过他太紧张了。
5 . 隐含在副词 otherwise (否则,不然的话,等于 if not)。
It snowed heavily , Otherwise , I could have arrived earlier . 天下了大雪,不然的话,我会早到的。(此处,otherwise = if it hadn't snowed heavily)
6 . 隐含在 but that 引导的从句里。这里 but 为介词,but that 的意思是“若不是……”。
I'd have come with you but that I was so busy . (= I'd have come with you if I hadn't been so busy . )我要是不忙,会跟你一块儿去的。
He would have helped us but that he was short of money . (= He would have helped us if he hadn't been short of money . )要不是那时他缺钱,他会帮助我们的。
7 . 隐含在上下文的语境中。
- We could have walked to the station . It was so near . 我们本可以步行去车站,它这么近。
- Yes . A taxi wasn't necessary . 对,当时乘出租车是不必要的。 (MET'92)
此句上下文隐含了“如果不乘出租车的话”这个条件(车站很近,乘出租车没必要。)
I would have acted as he did . 我不会象他那样干的。(隐含的条件是:“如果我要干的活if I had done it。”)
在下一个例句中,隐含的条件更不难体会。
Before liberation , years like these would have meant certain death for many people . Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children .
解放前要是碰到这样的年景,很多人肯定会死掉,许多人会逃荒要饭,许多人会被迫卖儿卖女。
【妙文赏析】
A Bullet in Mr Hand's Back
Mr Hand was very strong when he studied in a middle school . He liked (1) and his favourite game was running . So he won several (2) at the sports meetings . He had hoped to go to college before the (3) broke out . He was told to join the army and he (4) the front . He was very brave and was hardly (5) anything . But one day he was badly wounded and his (6) sent him to the field hospital at once . The doctors tried their best to (7) him , but a bullet (子弹) was in his back and they couldn't bring it out when he was being (8) on . Having come out of hospital , Mr Hand was (9) by a police station . He worked hard but he often had a (10) in his back and had to go to the hospital . But the (11) in his town could not help him and advised him to go to a (12) hospital in the capital . He (13) their suggestion and started . His friends saw him off at the (14) . As the planes were often hijacked (劫持) , at the (15) he was stopped and the policemen told him to hand over all his things that were made of (16) .
“I'm sorry to tell you , sir , ”said Mr Hand . “I can't (17) you unless you use knives ! ”
“Are you having a (18) with us , sir ? ”called out an officer .
“Don't be (19) , sir , ”Mr Hand said with a smile . “I'm trying to have the bullet (20) out ! ”
Having heard his explanation , the officer let him in .
从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。
1 . A . lessons B . sports C . reading D . writing
2 . A . medals B . chances C . plans D . projects
3 . A . hire B . earthquake C . war D . flood
4 . A . left B . was left C . sent to D . was sent to
5 . A . afraid of B . tired of C . in need of D . interested in
6 . A . officers B. officials C . soldiers D . secretaries
7 . A . rescue B . save C . encourage D . explain
8 . A . examined B . checked C . operated D . treated
9 . A . borrowed B . employed C . stationed D . elected
10 . A . mark B . disease C . pain D . result
11 . A . doctors B . scientists C . folks D . relatives
12 . A . near B . old C . good D . better
13 . A . accepted B .received C . appreciated D . thanked
14 . A . railway station B . airport C . port D . bus stop
15 . A . plane B . office C . exit D . entrance
16 . A . medal B . model C . metal D . plastic
17 . A . see B . look at C . hear D . listen to
18 . A . joke B . arguing C . problem D . communicating
19 . A . sad B . afraid C . angry D . astonished
20 . A . sent B . brought C . finding D . dug
〖答案〗 1 . B 2 . A 3 . C 4 . D 5 . A 6 . C 7 . B 8 . D 9 . B 10 . C 11 . A 12 . D 13 . A 14 . B 15 . D 16 . C 17 . D 18 . A 19 . C 20 . B
〖释疑〗1. 从下一句 his favourite game was running 可以确定应选 sports 。2. 在运动回上自然是获得奖章,故选 medals 。3. 从上下文可以知道他不是生长在和平的年代(He was told to join the army .),故选war 。4. 保家卫国就会被派往前线,所以选D。5. 从very brave 和 hardly 可以知道他英勇无畏,选A。6. 在战场受伤只能是战友们伸出友爱的手把他送到战地医院,故只能选 C。7. 受重伤已经脱离在战场的险境,面临的就是抢救他的性命,rescue 是营救,save 是抢救生命,所以选 B。8. 动手术符合语境。9. 康复出院后应是被雇佣,所以选B。10. 由于前面的伏笔中有背部子弹未取出,现在疼痛是在所难免的,所以选C。11. 既然建议他当地医院无能为力,爱莫能助,只有医生说出此言。12. 从 in the capital 暗示出只有条件好的大医院才能取出他背部的子弹。并不是医院旧或离当地近就能如原以尝。13. 从started(出发)知他接受了(accepted)建议,不只是接到(received)建议。14. 下文 planes 的提示说明朋友在机场送行。15. 根据常识在入境出接受海关检查,只有 entrance 符合此意。16. 对人有危险的器物恐怕金属类的比较现实,故选 metal。17. 幽默在于 Mr Hand 并没有什么恶意,自己身上的子弹只有用手术刀才能解决问题。可对方却产生理解上的偏差,故用listen to sb 表达服从之意。18. 从检查人员的大声喊叫(called out)中可以感受到请Mr Hand 不要开玩笑而妨碍公事。19. Mr Hand 一看对方脸色和反应不对劲,知道自己的话引起了误会,故笑容满面(with a smile)地向怒气冲冲的警察们解释说明。故选C。20. have sth + done 是让……被。bring out 取出。dig out 不符合实际。
【思维体操】
世界名人系列 NMET阅读理解 (2)
Abraham Lincoln
When Abraham Lincoln took office in March of 1861 , James Buchanan said to him, “If you are as happy on entering the White House as I'm leaving it , you are the happiest man in this country . ” Difficult times lay ahead for Lincoln , and both men knew it . Seven Southern States had already left the Union , four more states would soon follow them . The start of the Civil War was only weeks away . Many people doubted (怀疑) Lincoln's ability to pull the Union together . He was just a country lawyer . He had only a few years of schooling , and he had served one term in Congress (国会) . His only real fame came from a series of debates (辩论) over slavery . Lincoln's firm s
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit12.doc
标题 Mainly Revision
章节 第十二单元
关键词 高二英语第十二单元
内容
一、教学目的和要求
1.单词和词组:
the other day
goldfish
L.45L四会
breath
hold one’s breath
throw at
L.46
fine (vi.)
dish
get away
fall over
L.47
recent
exercise (vi)
L.48
tank
underwater
bush
L.45三会
lion
Green Park Zoo
attack
frighten
pale
L.46
stare
stare at
carry off
so as to
attract
keeper
struggle to one’s feet
speed up
flow
L.47
exact
L.48
for one thing
centimetre (cm)
L.45二会
Cousins
L.46
Jo run out of
L.47
2.日常交际用语:
复习第七至十一单元出现过的日常交际用语。
3.语法:
复习第七至十一单元出现过的重点语法项目。
二、重点与难点
L.45
1. We need to find one about 30 centimeters (cm) by 30cm by 50cm .
我们需要找一个大约30公分宽、50公分长的水箱。
句中的30cm by 30cm by 50cm是体积的表示法,其中介词by表示“用……去乘”的意思,分别表示宽、高、长的长度。例如:
I want to buy a cage 1.5m by 1.5m by 3m.
我想买一个1.5米宽、1.5m高、3m长的笼子。
另外,句中的体积表示法也可以写出1.5m×1.5m×3m
2. Check the prices before you decide whether to buy one .
要看好价格,然后再决定买不买。
句中的whether to buy one是疑问词+不定式结构,作及物动词的宾语。在此“whether”作“是否”解,在这种结构中,不能用if代替(if to buy one是错误的)。例如:
We haven’t decided whether to have a party .
我们还没决定是否举行一次聚会。
They didn’t tell us when to paint the house .
他们没告诉我们什么时候粉刷房屋。
The worker showed us how to operate the machine .
这位工人告诉我们怎样操作这台机器。
3. For one thing they keep the water clean . Also they make the tank look much prettier .
一则它们(水下植物)可以使水保持清洁,再则他们可以便水箱看起来漂亮些。
a)句中的for one thing意思是“首先”,“一则”,用来举出理由,常用在For one thing…,for another…或For one thing…Also…这种结构中,意思为“一则……,再则……”或“首先……,其次……”。例如:
I can’t stay here for long . For one thing , I’ve no time . For another , I’ve no money .
我不能在此逗留太久。首先,我没时间,其次,我没有钱。
I think she’s fit for the job . For one thing , she dances . Also she’s fond of singing .
我认为她适合这个工作。一则她会跳舞,再则她喜欢唱歌。
b)keep在句中是“使……保持”的意思,make是“使/让……”的意思,在这二个词的后面都跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。在本句中,keep后面的复合宾语是“名词+形容词”(keep the water clean);而make后的复合宾语是“名词+不带to的不定式”(make the tank look prettier)。例如:
Good food keeps you healthy .
好的食物能使你保持健康。
Please keep the room clean .
请保持室内清洁。
He made his parents happy .
他使他的父母高兴。(这是跟“名词+形容词”的复合宾语。)
They made the child cry .
他们把孩子给弄哭了。
L.46
1. The manager of the zoo said that the young lion , which was born in the zoo and is now six months old , would probably not attack people .
动物园的经理说,幼狮是在动物园出生的,只有六个月,很可能不会咬人。
a)这是一个主从复合句,其中的主句是“The manager of the zoo said”,其后跟了一个由that补导的宾语从句“that the young lion…would probably not attack people”,而在这一从句中,又插入了一个非限定性定语从句“which was born…six months old”,来修饰先行词the young lion .
b)句中的副词probably作“或许”,“可能”解,是most likely(很可能)的意思。所学过的类似的副词有:possibly , maybe , perhaps。另外还有形容词likely,也有很可能的意思。这些词都表示可能性,但在程度上和用法上稍有不同。perhaps作“或许”解,含有“也许如此”,“也许不如此”的意味,它和possibly的意味相似,但possibly通常与情态动词can , may , must等词连用。例如:
Perhaps it is true ./It may possibly be true .这也许是真的。
△Maybe也作“或许”解,同perhaps的意思接近,但比perhaps更为普通,它是英国英语,而maybe是美国英语。例如:
Perhaps it is true ./Maybe it is true .这或许是真的。
△probably也是“或许”、“可能”的意思,它比perhaps和possibly所表示的可能性大。例如:
They will perhaps succeed ./They may possibly succeed .
这二句语的意思是“他们或许会成功。”其中含有“不会成功”的意思较多。
但下面这个句中表达的意思则是含有“会成功”的意思较多。例如:
They will probably succeed .他们很可能会成功。
△而形容词likely也有“很可能的意思,大体上和probable同义,但比probable更为多用。在用法上他们也是有些不同的。likely后面常跟动词不定式式(be likely to do sth .);而probable之后通常不跟不定式。例如:
He is likely to come .
他很可能会来。
在这外句子中,likely不可用probable代替。但在下面的句子中,probable却可以代替likely。例如:
It is likely that he’ll come ./It is probable that he’ll come .
2. Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police .
无论谁看到这头狮子请打电话给动物园和警察。
句中的anyone who相当于whoever。anyone为代词,意思是“任何人”,“无论何人”。
例如:I didn’t see anyone . 我没见到任何人。
Does anyone know the answer ? 有人知道答案吗?
请注意区别anyone与any one。anyone是代词,作“任何人”解;any one可起形容词的作用,也可起代词的作用,意思是“任何一个的”,“任何一个人(一件事)”。
另外any one后可接of短语,而anyone则不可以接of短语。例如:
I didn’t ask anyone to help me with the work .
我没有请任何人帮忙。
I didn’t ask any one of them to help me with the work .
我没有请他们中的任何一个人帮忙。
3. Mrs Cousins was making a lot of noise with the pans and did not hear anything unusual .
卡曾斯太太摆弄锅盘的响声很大,所以她没听见有什么特殊的动静。
句中的noise一词的意思是“声音”,尤指喧闹声,噪音。make a noise作“喧嚷”、“吵闹”、“发出噪音”解。例如:
Don’t make so much noise ./Don’t make such a loud noise . The baby is sleeping .
别这么吵闹,小婴儿正在睡觉。
我们学过表示“声音”的词还有:voice和sound,表示“声音”时,这三个词可以通用。例如:
I heard a voice/sound/noise .
我听到了一个声音。
但是它们分别又各有特定的含义。
△noise作“噪音”、“嘈杂声”、“吵闹声”,主要指不悦耳,不和谐的声音,它既可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词。例如:
Noise is another kind of pollution .
噪音是另外一种污染。
Very loud noise can make people ill , or even drive them mad .
很大的噪音可以使人得病,甚至使人发狂。
△voice多指人发出的声音,包括说话声,歌声或笑声,有时也用于引申的意义,作“意见”、“发言权”解。例如:
They boy shouted at the top of his voice .
那男孩高声呼叫。
I’m sorry I didn’t recognize your voice .
对不起,我没听出来你的声音。
She has a sweet voice .
她的声音甜美。
I’ve no voice in the matter .
对于这件事,我无发言权。
△sound含义最广,指可以听到的任何声音。例如:
a weak sound微弱的声音,a strange sound奇怪的声音,the sound of music音乐之声。
I heard a strange sound outside .
我听到外面有一种奇怪的声音。
He went upstairs , without a sound .
他悄悄地上了楼。
4. She was just about to open the window and shouted at the dog to frighten it , when she stopped and stood quite still .
她正准备打开窗户,大声吓唬一下那条狗,这时她突然停住了,站着一动也不动。
a)句中的be about to do sth表示“即将做某事”,“马上就要做某事”,“正要做某事”。例如:
Don’t go out now . we’re about to have lunch .
现在不要出去,我们就要开饭了。
We were just about to leave when you telephoned .
我们正要离开时,你来电话了。
这里需要注意的是,about常与when搭配使用,这时其句子的特点是英语主从关系和汉语的主从关系恰好相反,比如上面的这个句子,英语中when you telephoned是时间状语从句,而汉语句中则是主句,而we were about to leave在英语中是主句,汉语中却成了从句。又如:
I was about to start when it began to rain .
我正要动身,就开始下雨了。
b)句中的when是连词,连接两个并列的分句,意思是“届时”,“在那时”,“……然后”,必要时在when的从句之前加逗号。例如:
I was about to go to bed last night , when I heard a cry for help .
昨晚我正要睡觉时,突然听到了呼救声。
My friend Jack came to see me , when I had dinner .
我的朋友杰克来看我,那时我正在吃晚饭。
c)句中的stood quite still短语中stood可以看作是系动词,后面跟的是形容词still作表语,意思是“静止的”,“不出声的”。to stand still相当于to remain unmoving and silent,用以说明句子中的主语所处于某种状态。类似的动词还有sit , lie,在这些词后也可以跟形容词作表语,对句子的主语进行描述。例如:
He stood still , watching the old people playing chess .
他站在那儿一动也不动,观看着老人们下棋。
He lay awake , thinking about changing his job .
他毫无睡意地躺着,考虑要换个工作。
She sat still , waiting for their decision .
她坐着不动,等候他们的决定。
5. At that very moment , the animal bent over the baby .
就在那一刹那,狮子俯身看着婴儿。
a)句中的very是形容词,用来加强语气,作“正好”,“就在”,“正是”解。例如
That’s the very thing I’m after .
那正是我在追求的东西
This is the very man we have been talking about .
这个人正是我们在谈论的(那个)人。
b)动词bend意为“弯腰”,“曲身”,“屈服”,与over一起构成短评动词相当于turn over , lean to the ground,例如:
The tall man bent to listen to the little boy .
那位高个子男人弯下腰来听小男孩讲话。
I can’t bend before them .
我不能向他们屈服。
He stopped and bent over to tie his shoes .
他停下来,弯腰系鞋带。
6. Mrs , Cousins held her breath , and her whole body went cold .
卡曾斯太太屏住呼吸,全身发冷。
a)句中的短语hold one’s breath意思是“屏住呼吸”,“不出声”。例如:
How long can you hold your breath for ?
你能屏住呼吸多久?
The audience held their breath as the acrobat walked along the tightrope .
杂技演员走钢丝时,观从们都屏住了呼吸。
b)句中的went(go为原形)作系动词用,意思是“变得”(同become),cold是形容词,作表语,说明主语发生的变化。类似的系动词还有:fall , get , turn等。例如:
Eggs are easy to go bad in summer .
在夏天,鸡蛋容易变坏。
It’s getting dark , let’s stop working .
天快黑了,咱们停止工作吧。
The leaves of the trees turn green when spring comes .
当春天来临时,树叶就变绿了。
Before liberation , he often went hungry .
解放前,他经常挨饿。
Has anything gone wrong with the machine ?
机器出什么毛病了吗?
7. Worse still , it could even carry off the baby in its mouth .
更糟的是,狮子甚至可能把婴儿叼走。
句中的worse still是“更糟糕的是……”,同于what’s worse .这是形容词词组构成的插入语,用来作补充说明,插入语后面通常用逗号同句子的其它成分分开。例如:
Lots of trees were blown down , Worse still (What’s worse) , some people were killed or injured .
许多树木被风刮倒了,更糟糕的是,还死伤了一些人。
It was very cold last night . Worse still , it was snowing .
昨天晚上很冷,更糟的是,还下着雪。
8. There was not a moment to lose . ( = She had no time to waste .)
不能再耽误了。
There was not a moment to lose .
是一个固定的表达法,意思是“立即行动起来”,“一刻也不能耽误”。lose在这里作“耽搁”,“浪费时间”解。例如:
Hurry up , there’s not a moment to lose .
快点,一刻也不能耽搁了。
She’s very ill .Take her to the hospital and there’s not a moment to lose .
她病得不轻,快送她去医院,一刻也不能耽误。
9. The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her hand so as to attrack the lion’s attention .
当她摇晃着手中的猪肉吸引狮子的注意力时,狮子看着她。
句中的attract是“吸引”,“引起注意”,“引起兴趣”的意思,(=draw)。例如:
The new film in going to attract a lot of visitors .
这部新影片会很受欢迎的。
The newly built museum began to attract a lot of visitors .
这座新建的博物馆吸引了不少参观者。
10. “Here ! Eat that !” she cried as she threw the leg of pork as far as she could onto the grass away from the table .
她一边尽可能地把猪腿扔到远离桌子的草地上,一边喊着,“喂,吃这个吧!”
a)句中的here,是感叹词,用来引起别人注意,译时比较灵活。例如:
Here , look at the beautiful picture !
喂,请看这张美丽的画片!
Here , don’t walk so quickly .
喂,别走那么快。
Here , give me a hand .
喂,请帮帮我。
b) as far as she could后面省略了动词throw,这是一个状语从句,相当于as far as possible(尽可能远)。
这二个结构是这样的:
as + adj./adv. + as + one can .
as + adj./adv. + as possible .
例如:
I shall come to see you as often as I can/possible .
我会尽可能常来看你。
I’ll try to work as hand as I can/possible .
我将尽可能地努力工作。
L.47
1. It’s not safe to go outside until it is caught .
在抓住它之前,外出是不安全的。
a)在这个句子中,句首的it是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式短语to go outside,而第二个短语是人称代词,在这里代替的是the young lion。
b)在这里要注意的是句中not…until…的结构,其中的until相当于before的意思。这种结构的句子,翻译时可以译作“在……之前不……”,也可以译作“到……之后才……”。
如本课中的这句话还可以译作“抓住狮子之后,外出才是安全的。”请看下面的句子:
Don’t leave until I come back .
在我回来之前不要离开。(我回来之后再离开。)
We won’t do anything until we’ve thought it over .
在我们仔细考虑之前,我们不会做任何事情的。(在我们仔细考虑之后才会去做的。)
He didn’t do his homework until his mother came home .
他妈妈回到家之后他才做功课。
2. Two keepers from the zoo came into the house and looked into the garden .
动物园的两位饲养员走进屋来,察看了一下花园里情况。
句中的动词短语look into的意思是“调查”,“研究”,“了解”的意思,但在本句中有“观察”,“调查”之意。例如:
We’ll look into this matter together .
我们将一起调查这件事。
The police are looking into the records of all those involved in the crime .
警察在查阅所有被牵扯到这个案子里的人的档案。
其实look into的本意是“向里面看”。例如:
Father said to his son , “look into the box and tell me what you see” .
父亲对儿子说:“朝箱子里面,然后告诉我你看到了什么”。
3. Walking slowly across the grass he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired .
慢慢地穿过草地,他把枪筒对准狮子,紧接着他就开枪了。
a)句首的walking slowly across the grass是~ing短语作状语 ,表示伴随的动作。这种~ing短语作状语时,可以放在句首也可以放在句末。
b)句中的point…at…是“把……对准”,“指向”的意思。另外point to的意思是“指”“指着”的意思。例如:
She was pointing her fingers at him .
她把手指指着他。
“Point the gun at the target” , the officer ordered .
军官命令道“把枪对准靶子”。
The hands of the clock pointed to ten .
钟表的指针指着十点。
It’s impolite to point your fingers at people .
用手指指人是不礼貌的。
4. The lion made a sudden angry noise and struggled to its feet .
狮子突然发出一声怒吼,挣扎着站了起来。
a)句中的make a noise是“发出响声”的意思,在noise一词之前可以加形容词或不定代词,如make a great noise(发出很大的响声),make a loud noise(发出闹声),make no noise(不发出声响)等。另外,noise一词可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。例如:
Don’t make any noise . The hildren are sleeping .
别吵闹,孩子们正在睡觉呢。
What’s that noise ?
那是什么响?
Who’s making those strange noises ?
谁弄出的那种怪声?
b)句中的struggle to one’s feet短语是“挣扎着站起来”的意思。动词struggle是“挣扎”,“奋力”,“作努力”,“斗争”的意思。例如:
The people were struggling to get out of the burning building .
人们奋力逃离出燃烧着的建筑物。
A bird was caught and was struggling to get free .
小鸟被捉并且奋力挣脱。
5. After a moment , it fell over and lay still .
不一会儿,它(狮子)就摔倒在地,一动不动了。
句中的fall over是“摔倒”的意思。例如:
A girl fell over and hit her head .
小女孩摔倒了,碰了头。
He fell over a rock and hurt himself .
他跌倒在石头上并且受了伤。
The hunter fired and the deer fell over dead .
猎人开枪了,鹿儿倒下死了。
三、同步测试
I选择最佳答案
1. She seems to the People’s Park before .
A. be visiting B. have visited C. visit D. had visited
2. If you go to see the film , so I .
A. go B. am C. do D. will
3. He is not fit for the position . For one thing , he’s not received enough education . For he doesn’t work hard .
A. one other B. the second C. the other thing D. another
4. Worse , they lost their way in the forest .
A. still B. all C. also D. more
5. Please keep when I take the picture f you .
A. calm B. quietly C. still D. silently
6. Not asking of his friends to help , the boy did it by himself .
A. someone B. anyone C. anybody D. any one
7. I’ve written to my family, them about my school life here .
A. and tell B. to be told C. telling D. tell
8. “Please get yourselves for the coming exam” , the teacher said to the students.
A. to prepare B. prepared C. prepare D. preparing
9. Do you still remember the match we watched several months ago ?
A. for a time B. sometimes C. sometime D. at times
10.──When can you finish it ?
──It’s hard to say . I’ll finish it .
A. as fast as possible B. as soon as possible
C. as much as possible D. as possible as I can
11. It’s never easy to succeed hard work .
A. after B. unless C. without D. with
12. All the problems raised at the meeting were solved .
A. one from the other B. one to another
C. one by one D. one after one
13. What kind of did you see in the zoo ?
A. the new animal B. a new animal C. an animal D. new animal
14. He saw a boy running out the big tree .
A. from behind B. from C. around D. of
15. He likes doing his homework with the radio on .
A. to turn B. turning C. turned D. turn
16. Anyone who breaks the law can’t escape .
A. punishing B. being punished C. punished D. from punishing
17. The most interesting thing about this animal is it lives on .
A. how B. what C. which D. where
18. It was yesterday that I the news .
A. until , didn’t know B. not until , knew
C. until , knew D. not since , knew
19. The doctor asked Charlie to breathe deeply , and .
A. did Charlie so B. Charlie so did
C. so Charlie did D. so did Charlie
20. The needle of a compass(指南针)always the south .
A. refers at B. points at C. points to D. refers to
II完形填空
The United States is full of cars . There are still many families 1 cars , but some families have two or more . However , cars are used for 2 joy . They are a necessary part of 3 .
Cars are used for 4 . They are driven to offices and factories by workers who have 5 to get to their jobs . When 6 are sent to different parts of the city , They have to drive in order to 7 their goods , Farmers have to drive into cities in order to buy things .
Sometimes small children 8 be driven to school , In some cities school buses are used only 9 children who live more than a mile 10 school . When children are too young to walk 11 far , their 12 take turns to drive them to school , One mother drives on Monday , taking her own children and the 13 as well . Another mother drives on Tuesday , another on Wednesday 14 , So people say they 15 a car pool . Men also form car pools-three or four of them take turns to drive to the place 16 they all work .
More car pools should be formed in order to put 17 cars on the road and to use less oil . Car-leaving place is a great problem , and 18 is the over-busy road
科目 英语
年级 高二
文件 high2 unit13.doc
标题 unit13
章节 第十三单元
关键词 高二英语第十三单元
内容
一、教学目的和要求
⒈单词和词组
ruler
L.49
四会
go on with the First World War wouldwide right(n.)
L.50
peace
work out stick(vi.) stick to ruler
L.51
course(n.)
L.52
communist professor
L.49
三会
scientific darkness shy content lead to discovery
L.50
cheque human right
prove bent respect leading sadness take sides(in)
L.51
fuel
advance advanced mathematics education
L.52
further education technical
Albert Einstein Alexander Bell
L.49
二会
the Nobel Prize bookmark
L.50
Swiss Hitler Jew
L.51
⒉日常交际用语:
Is it…? No, it’s not him/her Is he/she…?
Who is he/she? What did he do? It must be him/her
⒊语法:
学习名词性从句作语的用法。
二、重点与难点分析
Lesson 49
⒈I’m doing a word puzzle in this newspaper. 我正在猜报纸上的字谜。
puzzle意为“谜”,do a word puzzle or do a puzzle in words意为“猜字谜”。
这里的puzzle是名词,作“难题”,“难以解释的东西”讲。
例如:The murder case was a puzzle to the police. 这桩谋杀案对警察局来说是一个难题。
puzzle也可以作动词,意为“使人迷惑不解”。例如:
The murder case continued to puzzle the police.
这桩谋杀案仍使警察局迷惑不解。
⒉It must be him! 那肯定是他!
情态动词must主要指“肯定”和“禁止”,前者用于肯定句,表示推测,后者用于否定句,表示禁止。例如:
My father must be watching TV now.
我爸爸现在肯定在看电视。
She must be in the classroom.
她肯定在教室里。
You mustn’t smoke in public places.
公共场所禁止吸烟。
Lesson 50
⒈When he was a young boy he used to ask lots of questions…
他小时候常常问许多问题…
used to do sth. 意为“过去常常做某事”
be used to doing sth. 意为“习惯于做某事”
be used to do sth. 意为“被用来干什么”
例如:I used to drink coffee in the evening, but now I am used to drinking coffee in the morning.
过去我常常晚上喝咖啡,但是现在我习惯于早上喝咖啡。
Computers can be used to do a lot of work nowadays.
如今计算机可用来做许多事。
⒉By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learned maths all by himself.
到十四岁时,他已经自学了数学。
by与时间名词连用时表示“到某时为止”,“不迟于…(时间)”
当by后接将来时间时,句子时态用一般将来时或将来完成时;当by后接过去时间时,句子时态用过去完成时。当by后接现在时间时,句子时态用现在完成时。
例如:
My mother will be back by 5 o’clock this afternoon.
今天下点五点以前我妈妈就回来了。
We had learned 2000 English words by the end of last term.
到上学期期末为止,我们已经学了2000个英语单词。
By the end of this century, China will have become a more powerful and beautiful country in the world.
到本世纪末,中国将成为世界上更强大更美丽的国家。
By now, several bridges have been built over the Changjiang River.
到目前为止,长江上已经建了好几座桥。
⒊He found it hard to get along with the other boys.
他觉得很难与别的孩子相处。
在此句中,it为形容宾语,hard为宾语补足词,真正的宾语是不定式短语to get along with the other boys.
在一个含有复合宾语(即:宾语+宾补)的句子中,当宾语是不定式短语或从句时,由于不定式短语或从句较长,所以常使用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语置于句尾,以保持句子的平衡。例如:
I found it difficult to learn French well.
我觉得学好法语是很难的。
They kept it quiet that he was dead.
对于他的死他们保密。
⒋All through his life Einstein was content to spend most of this time alone, although he married twice and had lots of close friends.
虽然爱因斯坦结过两次婚,而且有很多亲密的朋友,但是在整个一生中,他还是愿意独自度过他的大部分时光。
content adj. 满足的;满意的;愿意的
be content with sth. 对…感到满意
be content to do sth. 愿意做某事
She is content with her present job.
她对目前的工作很满意。
I am always content with very little.
我总是很容易满足。
I shall be well content to do so.
我很愿意这样做。
⒌With the pay that he received and saved, he went on with his studies at university, where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905.
他用自己挣来和积存的钱继续读大学,1905年在大学获得博士学位。
⑴此句是复合句。其中包含两个定语从句。
a: that he received and saved修饰the pay
b: where he received a doctor’s degree in 1905是非限定性定语从句,修饰university.
⑵receive意为“收到”,accept意为“接受”,二者的语义有别。例如:
I received her invitation last week, but I didn’t accept it.
上星期我收到她的请柬,但是我没有接受。
⑶a doctor’s degree 博士学位
a master’s degree 硕士学位
a bachelor’s degree 学士学位
注意学位前的不定冠词
receive/win/get a doctor’s degree/a master’s degree/a bachelor’s degree意为获得博士/硕士/学士学位
Tom received a doctor’s degree in physics in Boston University last term.
上学期汤姆在波士顿大学获得物理学博士学位。
⒍…he began the research and studies which led to his new discoveries in physics.
…他开始了研究,这些研究使他在物理学方面有了新的发现。
⑴which led to his new discoveries in physics是限定性定语从句,修饰先行词组the research and studies
⑵lead to意为“引起”、“导致”、“造成”、“通向”
The car accident led to many deaths.
那次车祸使许多人丧生。
There is only one path leading to the forest.
只有一条小路通向森林。
Hard work and proper ways will lead you to success.
勤奋的工作和正确的方法会使你成功。
⒎In 1933 Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA.
1933年爱因斯坦和他的家人离开欧洲去美国。
leave for意为“动身到(某处)”介词“for”表示目标,去向。
My father left for Guangzhou two days ago.
我父亲两天前动身去广州了。
She left home for the railway station a few minutes ago.
几分钟前她离开家动身去火车站了。
⒏Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the USA.
爱因斯坦在美国安静地度过了他的余生。
⑴此句中的live是及物动词,常用于live…a life结构。意为“过着”(某种)生活。
例如:live a happy life 过着幸福的生活
live a hard life 过着艰苦的生活
live a miserable life 过着悲惨的生活
live a quiet life 过着宁静的生活
They are used to living a quiet life in the country.
他们习惯在农村过安静的生活。
The children in the city are living a happy life.
城里的孩子们过着幸福愉快的生活。
⑵句中的rest意为“其余的(部分或人),其他的(部分或人)”,使用时须与the连用。
Pick out the good apples and throw away the rest.
挑出好苹果,将其余的扔掉。
Some of the boys climbed the hill, the rest played games.
有些男孩爬山,其他的男孩做游戏。
⒐Besides his work in physics, he spent a lot of time working for human rights and progress.
除了在物理学方面的工作以外,他还花了大量的时间为人权和进步而工作。
注意besides和except的区别
besides意为“除了…之外(还有),有肯定和附加的含义”
except意为“除了…之外(不包括本身在内),有否定和排除的含义。”
例如:
Three girls went to the park besides Mary.
除了玛丽外,还有三个女孩去了公园。(玛丽去了公园,另外三个女孩也去了公园。)
All of us passed the maths exam besides Mike.
除了迈克外,我们大家也通过了数学考试。(迈克及格了,我们大家也及格了。)
All the girls went to the park except Mary.
除了玛丽外,其他女孩都去了公园。(玛丽没去公园。)
All of us passed the maths exam except Mike.
除迈克外,我们大家都通过了数学考试。(迈克没通过)
⒑It was said that he found in music the peace which was missing in a world full of wars and killlings.
据说他在音乐中找到了平静,这种平静在一个充满战争与杀戮的世界里是没有的。
⑴句中which was missing in a world full of wars and killings是限定性定语从句,修饰先行词the peace.
⑵full of意为“充满”。形容词短语full of…作定语,放在其所修饰的名词a world之后,a world full of wars and killings相当于a world which was full of wars and killings. 例如:
He brought us a basket full of vegetables. 他带给我们满满一蓝子蔬菜。
⒒Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
爱因斯坦就是这样一个人,一个质朴的人,一位二十世纪最伟大的科学家。
此句是倒装句。句中的such是代词,作“这”或“这些”讲。谓语动词根据情况用单数或复数。例如:
Such is my wish. 这就是我的愿望。
Such were his words. 这就是他讲的话。
Such is the answer to the question. 这就是问题的答案。
Lesson 51
⒈But Einstein stuck to his opinion and went on with his research.
但是爱因斯坦坚持自己的意见并继续研究。
⑴动词短语stick to意为“坚持(意见,看法等)”,其中to是介词,后跟名词或代词。例如:
No matter what you say, I will stick to my opinion.
不管你说什么,我会坚持我的观点。
I will stick to my work unitl it’s finished.
我会坚持干我的工作,直到完成它。
⑵stick(stuck, stuck)既可以作动词,也可以作名词。意为“贴,粘”,“卡住,陷在…里(无法移动)”、“手杖”例如:
The old woman can not walk without a walking stick.
这位老太太没有拐杖不能行走。
Don’t forget to stick a stamp on an envelope before you put it into the mail-box.
把信投进信箱前别忘了在信封上贴上邮票。
The car stuck in the mud.
汽车陷入泥里了。
The key has stuck in the lock.
钥匙卡在锁里了。
⒉From that time on Einstein was greatly respected as the leading scientist of the century.
从那时起,爱因斯坦备受尊敬,被公认为本世纪最杰出的科学家。
from that time on/from then on意为“从那时起”,常与过去时连用。
since that time/since then/ever since then意为“从那时起”,但与完成时连用。例如:
From then on he began to learn Russian.
从那时起,他开始学俄语。
Since then he has been writing poems.
从那时起,他一直在写诗。
⒊…as Switzerland did not take sides in the war. ……由于瑞士在大战中没有参加战争的任何一方。
take sides with sb./take the side of sb. 同意某人,支持某人,和…站在一边。例如:
Switzerland refused to take sides in world War II.
瑞士在第二次世界大战中拒绝参加任何一方。
He took sides with Mother against Father in the argument.
争论中他站在母亲一边反对父亲的意见。
⒋When Germany was ruled by Hitler in the early 1930s…….
二十世纪三十年代初期希特勒统治德国的时候……
in the early 1930s也可以写成in the early 1930’s二十世纪三十年代初期
in the middle 1990s 二十世纪九十年代中期
in the late 1990s 二十世纪九十年代末期
⒌Grammer:Noun Clauses as the Subject
语法:名词性从句:主语从句
用作主语的从句叫主语从句,它是名词性从句这一。引导主语从句的连接词有:连词that,whether;连接代词who,what和which;连接副词when,where,how,why等等。例如:
What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.
他所希望看到的是,全世界的一切军队全都消亡。
What he has done has nothing to do with us.
他所做的事情与我们无关。
That there is life on another planet is almost impossible.
在另一个星期上有生命几乎是不可能的。
Who killed the young man remains a question.
谁杀死了这个年轻人仍然是一个问题。
When we will hold the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
我们何时召开会议还没有决定。
Whether we can control the floods is still uncertain.
我们能否控制住洪手还不能肯定。
Which team will win the football match is still unknown.
哪支队会赢得足球赛还不知道。
Why he didn’t tell the truth wasn’t quite clear.
他为什么不说实话,还不清楚。
以上例句中的主语从句都是放在句首,但是,有时主语从句太长时,如果放在句首,会使句子显得笨重。因此,我们常用it作形式主语,而把主语从句挪到后面去。可用it作形式主语的主语从句常见结构有:
⒈It is+adj./n.+that-clause.
It’s a pity that… 遗憾的是……
It’s possible that… 可能是…….
⒉It is said/reported that……据说/据报道…
⒊It seems/happened that…似乎/碰巧……
例如:It is possible that he misunderstood what I said.
他可能误解了我说的话。
It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods.
据报道洪水过后很多人无家可归。
It happened that I was free that day.
碰巧那天我有空。
whatever,whoever也可以引导主语从句。
Whoever comes will be welcome. 无论谁来都会受到欢迎。
Whatever she did was right. 不管她做什么都是对的。
三、同步测试
(一)单项选择
⒈Don’t always ______ your own opinion.
A.stick B. stick to C. stick in D. insist in
⒉His mistakes _____ his failure.
A. led to B. led of C. lead on D. lead for
⒊The Second World War broke out in _____ when Einstein was in ______.
A. the early 1940s; the USA B. 1937; Switzerland
C. the late 1930s; the USA D. the thirties; France
⒋My sister ______ an invitation but she didn’t _____ it.
A. accepted; receive B. received; accepted
C. accepted; accept D. received; accept
⒌By the time I ______ the bus station, the bus _______.
A. got to/left B. reached/has left
C. arrived/has gone D. left/arrived
⒍_____ five years _____ the book about pollution.
A. It spent him/to finish B. It spent him/finishing
C. He spent/finishing D. He spent/to finish
⒎Facing this _____ problem, I found myself _____ about how to work it out.
A. puzzled; puzzled B. puzzled; puzzling
C. puzzling; puzzled D. puzzling; puzzling
⒏In the daytime the stars are not seen to twinkle ______.
A. in a apace B. in the space C. in space D. on space
⒐______, paper was first made in China.
A. It is known to all B. We all know
C. It is known that D. As it known to all
⒑______ we will go to the beach tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. Why B. If C. Where D. Whether
⒒Nobody knew _______.
A. where he comes B. where he was from
C. where he is from D. where does he come from
⒓Computers can only give out _____ has been stored in them.
A. that B. which C. what D. anything
⒔She wanted to know ______.
A. whether I knew her and where did she work.
B. if I knew her and the factory she worked there.
C. whether I knew her and the factory she worked.
D. if I know her and the factory where she worked.
⒕It doesn’t matter _____ I rest or not.
A. if B. whether C. that D. when
⒖The trouble is ______ we are short of tools.
A. what B. that C. how D. which
⒗That is ______ there appears a rainbow in the sky.
A. what B. when C. why D. however
⒘The thought ______ he might fail in the final exam worried him.
A. which B. that C. when D. /
⒙_____ I will accept the gift is none of your business.
A. If B. Whether C. What D. Which
⒚_____ wants the book many have it.
A. who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person
⒛The problem is _____ will go.
A. that B. that who C. who D. whoever
(二)阅读理解
A
In the year 2000, the world is going to have a population of about 8 billion(十亿). Most scientists agree that the most severe problem is food supply.
Who is going to feed all those people? Where is the food going to come from? Are we going to have enough food? Are we going to produce more artificial(人选的) food?
One way of improving the situation is for people to eat less meat. Why? Because it takes 4 kilos(公斤) of grain protein(蛋白质) to produce half a kilo of meat protein. Clearly, there is not going to be sufficient meat protein for 8 billion people. Gherefore, it will also necesssary to change eating habits because meat is the main part of many people’s food today.
A possible solution to this latter problem is the soybean.(大豆) The soybean plant produces beans which have a very high fat and proteim content. Scientists can now make these look and taste like real meat. They can also make many other artificial products such as soybean milk, for example, which has a taste of milk and can be used in cooking in very much he same ways as cow’s milk. In fact, one woman in the United States fed her family only on soybeans for year! She gave them soybean beef, soybean chicken, soybean milk, and sometimes just soybeans. Possibly, we are all going to eat soybeans in the future and finally give up meat completely from our tables.
⒈What is the main subject of the passage?
A. A solution to man’s food problem.
B. A solution to the population problem.
C. Advantages of soybean.
D. How to develop good eating habits.
⒉According to the passage, meat will completely disappear in the future because _____.
A. people have to spend too much time energy to produce it
B. too much grain protein is needed to produce it
C. it contains too much fat and protein
D. it is no good to the health
⒊According to the passage, the main part of food that many people are eating today is ____.
A. soybeans B. grain C. meat D. milk
⒋In this passage, “artificial food” refers to food made from _____.
A. milk B. grain C. protein D. soybeans
⒌Soybean meat is similar to real meat _____.
A. in appearance but not in taste.
B. neither in appearance nor in taste.
C. both in appearance and in taste.
D. in taste, but not in appearance.
B
It is true that times are changing for the old people in Brtain. But not all the changes are bad ones. Modern medicine, for example, has made old people healthier than ever before. Aother advantage is that there are many more old people than there used to be. This means that old people often have a good social life with their own clubs and organizations. Old people, too, have more money now than their own parents and grandparents had.
The biggest disadvantage of modem life is loneliness. The young leave home when they grow up and many old people live alone. Fewer old people have brothers and sisters. An old person’s one or two children may have moved to another part of the country.
Even when they live nearby, the young people have their own work to do and their own children to look after. They have not much time for the old. Problems of loneliness often start when people stop work. When people retire they often find it difficult to start a new life without their jobs.
The world has changed so fast since 1900 that it is difficult for old people to understand the problems of the young. And the world is changing even faster these days than it was fifty years ago. It makes you thing, doesn’t it? What will it be like when today’s young people are old?
⒈To the old people, the changes in society are ______.
A. better than they expected
B. not as good as they wish
C. both good and bad
D. difficult to understand
⒉According to this passage, the old people today ______.
A. often go to clubs with their brothers and sisters
B. prefer lonely life to social life
C. live more happily than their parents and grandparents
D. like to share their feelings and thoughts with other people
⒊Although some old people live near their sons or daughters, ______.
A. they still feel lonely
B. they want to move to other places
C. they have no time to look after the young people’s children
D. they like to live with their own brothers and sisters
⒋In the last century, old people did not have so many problems because ______.
A. they had big families
B. they lived with their children
C. the young were king to the old
D. the society didn’t change so rapidly
⒌What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Modern society only belongs to the young.
B. Modern life has brought new problems to the old.
C. Today’s young people are happier than their parents.
D. It is necessary to take better care of the old people.