潍坊市2006―2007学年度上学期10月份段考
高一化学试题
注意事项:
1、时间：90分钟，满分：100分。
2、本试题分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分（请把Ⅰ卷答案涂在答案卡上）。第Ⅰ卷1――4页，第Ⅱ卷5――8页。
3、答第Ⅰ卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考号、考试科目、试卷类型用铅笔涂写在答案卡上。
4、每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答案卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。
可能用到的相对原子质量：H:1 O:16 S:32 Na:23 Cu:64 C:12 Mg:24
第Ⅰ卷（选择题，共48分）
元素及其化合物知识复习思路
高考化学总复习一般分三轮展开：第一轮复习的主要内容是学科内主干知识的复习与学科能力的培养（一般安排在先年9月至次年3月），第二轮复习的主要内容是热点（或专题）复习与综合能力的培养（一般安排在次年3月至4月），第三轮复习的主要内容是套题训练与查漏补缺（一般安排在次年5月）。元素化合物知识是中学化学的重要组成部分，是其它版块研究的具体对象。从备考复习角度讲这部分知识也是高考命题的重要热点之一，况且化学实验、化学计算、化学原理等也常把元素化合物作为背景和载体。因此，复习中应把这部分内容放在必须导深、导活、导透的战略高度来认识。
由于元素化合物涉及到的知识点太多，且许多都是描述性的，内容繁杂零碎，需要理解和记忆的东西分散、不系统，因此复习使用起来不太容易。鉴于这些特点，在进行专题复习时应着重抓好如下几点。
思想政治课教学要转入素质教育的轨道
在社会主义市场经济条件下，中学生的思想状况有许多新的变化，他们关心国内外大事，渴望了解我国改 革开放、建设有中国特色社会主义的重大方针政策；他们思维活跃，面对社会上一些腐败现象和拜金主义问题 ，在人生价值方面产生诸多疑虑；他们对思想政治课的教学要求甚高，不满足于背条条、考条条，希望教师能 在理论和实践的结合上，情理交融地解除自己的思想疑惑。思想政治课的教学改革必须适应我国社会主义市场 经济发展的形势，针对中学生的思想实际，围绕思想政治课的教学任务，切实贯彻理论联系实际的方针，彻底 改变应试教育的模式，把教学真正转入素质教育的轨道。具体地说，思想政治课教学改革应注意下列四个问题 ：
[初中地理论文]中学地理学科能力层次问题探讨
普及初中教育而带来的“两极分化”现象是实施素质教育所必须正视的一个问题。为使每一处学校中的每 一个学生都能主动地学习，学科教学必须“因材施教”，实行“分层次教学”。“分层次教学”所面对的首要 问题是如何划分教学内容和学科能力的层次。本文仅就中学地理学科能力层次问题谈谈我们的粗浅认识。
能力是人们成功地完成某种活动所必须的个性心理特征。它是身体的生理机制与心理机制的综合体，包括 体力、智力和心力（非智力因素）。其中，智力是能力的灵魂，因而成为学科能力的核心。根据现行课程方案 和中学地理教学大纲对中学地理教学的要求，以及学生心智（心力和智力）发展（阶段性）特点，我们认为中 学地理学科能力可分为下列三个层次。
The Use of Body Language in Middle Schools
【Thesis】: With the continual reform of language teaching and learning methods, teachers are in great demand to organize the classes in English and create English-learning circumstances. However, with the limitation of students' vocabulary, teachers have to simplify their teaching language with the help of facial expressions and body movements. In this article, the possibility and the effect of using body language in listening, speaking, reading and writing will be further discussed.
【Key words】: English teaching in middle schools, body language
I. Introduction
As everyone knows, the classroom teaching is one of the most important ways that the students learn English. As far as the English teaching in the middle schools is concerned, teachers have to arouse the students' interest so that they may learn better. There are many ways to arouse the students' interest and help them to learn better, body language used in English teaching is one of them.
Body language is an important media through which people communicate with each other. It refers to the patterns of facial expressions and gestures that people use to express their feelings in communication. The specialist on body language research, Fen. Lafle. Angles, once said: "Once it was lost, a baby couldn't have grown into a normal person". It's also true to the juveniles. In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students' characters. For, teachers are usually respected, and factually, what or how the teachers say and do will be possibly imitated by the students (sometimes subconsciously). In a word, teachers' graceful body language helps to improve the students' artistic-appreciation and moral character. If the students develop a wonderful body language, which will possibly leads them to form an optimistic and active feelings, they will surely have a more smooth interpersonal relation.
The affection of teachers' body language on the students is reflected not only by establishing a good example, but also shortening the teacher-student estrangement by which a more harmonious studying atmosphere is created. As a matter of fact, teachers' friendly appearance can greatly encourage the students' studying enthusiasm. Furthermore, the characteristics of theoretic and abstraction of knowledge also requires the vivid, dramatic and an accessible gestures to make it specific and figurative. As a result, the students' interest is motivated and the effect of teaching is greatly improved.
II. The necessity and importance of using body language in English teaching
English teaching is a key part of the school education. With the English teaching methods reform, more and more English teachers organize the teaching process in English so that they may realize the Communicated English. The Communicated English means that teachers instruct the students and explain questions basically in English, and the students are also required to use English in class. Contemporarily, however, the students in the middle school can't speak very well; neither can they understand why they should use different tones in different time or situation; their&nb sp;vocabulary and expressive ability are limited too. These limitations made it difficult to realize the Communicated English in the classes. According to the students' present level and practical situation, body language is required. For example, when a teacher gives an instruction: "You two, please come to the blackboard." The students can easily understand it if the teacher looks at (or points to) some two students. Then, the teacher points to the blackboard. The students will carry out the order without obstacle even if they don't hear the key words "blackboard" clearly. Furthermore, teachers usually have to explain some language points, and at this time, they have to differentiate the classroom expressions and the examples. Take it for example, we ought to use the form 'have done' such as 'Have you finished that job jet?'" To make the students understand clearly, a teacher has lots of ways. To do it by speed, he uses a common speed when reading "we ought to use the form 'have done'", and reads slowly when giving examples; he can also get the effect by repeating&n bsp;the example 'Have you finished that job jet'; a more frequent way is to use gestures to lay emphasis on the key points when he said "have done"(emphasizing it in voice at the same time), he reaches out his index finger, pauses in the air, and then gives out the example. This action will usually give the students a deep impression. From the above we can learn, the use of body language in English teaching is necessary and practical. In the English teaching in middle schools, body language is frequently used to improve the teach ing effect and the students' ability.
III. The concrete application of the body language in listening, speaking, reading and writing
1. Body language helps to improve listening
The Greek philosopher Epictetus ever wittily said: "Nature has given man one tongue and two ears that he may hear twice as much as he speaks." From the saying we can learn how important the listening is in our daily life. To understand others is a basic purpose in English teaching, and teachers often train the students' listening accordingly. In this process, if the body language is used, the effect will be better. When beginning a new lesson, the teacher narrates the story outline in English. The body language may help. For example, a&n bsp;teacher can stretch his arms slowly when he says "She is in a very big room"; he can open his eyes widely with mouth opened when he says "She is so beautiful a lady". As a result, the students will have such an impression: She is very beautiful indeed; a teacher who imitates the crying or the movement of the animals under the premise of teaching order will surely achieve a better effect.
2. Body language helps to improve speaking
The spoken language is one of the important ways to communicate, so we should try to develop the students' ability of speaking. Factually they are helped to reach the aim in a certain degree by their teacher's body language.
The contemporary emphasis is gradually laid on spoken English teaching. The first lesson of every unit in Senior English begins with dialogue. The teaching programs require the teachers to organize the class to practice English according to the characteristics of dialogue. Generally speaking, the body language can arouse and sustain the students' interest of learning and using English. In the English class, the teachers should not only use body languages themselves, but also ask the students to use them according to the different situation. Take it for example, the f irst lesson in Unit one, Book one is about the time when the new students first meet, and they don't know each other. So a teacher can introduce himself first, such as: "Hello, everyone, nice to meet you here. Now I'll introduce myself to you. My name is Arthur. I like playing basketball, for, it makes me much stronger; I like playing chess, for, it makes me more clever; and I like reading books, for, 'reading makes one perfect'". During the introduction, the teacher should use the new vocabularies and sentence structures together& nbsp;with a vivid expression and mating gestures as possibly as he can. He smiles when he says hello to the class; he shakes hands with some students saying "Nice to meet you"; he writes name down on the blackboard; he imitates the action of dribbling and shooting at the basketball, playing chess and turning pages to explain his hobby. After his introduction, the teacher can create a circumstance for the students to practice: "Mary and Jack are new classmates. They are walking together in the street, and they meet one of Jack's old f riends, Yangpei. Then Yangpei and Mary are introduced to each other by Jack." After the students' practice the dialogue is introduced naturally from it. Usually, the application of body language in different situations will result in an attracting and successful lesson.
3. Body language helps to improve reading
The purpose of Senior English teaching is to train the
students' preliminary ability of using spoken and written English. In the
senior school, we lay emphasis one the reading ability that serves the
students' further study. Here we mainly mention the helpfulness for reading
aloud(朗读).
When reading the sentences, attention should be paid to where to speak softly, emphasize, and raise or lower our tone. To make it clear, we can imitate the strong or soft pats that are used in music teaching, which means to use the arcs to represent different tones. Generally speaking, we use falling tones in declarative and special interrogative sentence, first rising tones and then falling tones in the choosing interrogative sentence. The students in the middle school are not often accustomed to and always confuse them, however, with the help of body&nbs p;language, they can solve the problem much more easily. For example, they use gestures. As they read the choosing interrogative sentence, they raise their hands in rising tones and lower in falling tones. After training for some times, as soon as they read the sentences, they will remind themselves of the gestures. As a result, there will be no problems in rightly reading the sentences at all.
In a word, the vivid gesture together with the fluent English can create a good circumstance of learning, which will surely play an active part in improving the students' reading ability.
4. Body language helps to improve writing.
Writing is one of the four basic skills of learning language, and it is so important a skill that we can even say without it, people can't communicate with others. Not only should the students get some English knowledge and vocabularies, but also the ability to communicate in spoken and written English as what is mentioned in the teaching programs. To some extent, writing is much more important than speaking, for it can spread without the limitation of space and time. Since the students learn English as a media for communication, they should have& nbsp;the ability of writing.
To get rid of the students' feelings of being dull and tiring, an English teacher has to use every possible method. This is the same to the writing. Teachers use different method in order to improve the students' ability of writing, among which, the application of body language can deepen the object impression, such is magnificent in developing the students' writing ability.
The linguist Franklin ever said, "Tell me, I'll forget; teach me, I'll remember; involve me and I'll learn." If we asked the students to write an unfamiliar composition, they would probably be unable to and feel discouraged. However, the students can write excellent articles if they have the experience. In and out of class, we should ask the students to participate some English-related activities, and then ask them to write it down. Take "The First Snow in Winter" for example, having enjoyed themselves in the beautiful snowing and been giv en some hints, the students can write much better a composition. For contrast to their complete imagination, the students are deeply impressed by the body movement of the teachers and themselves, which surely leads to a better article.
IV. Conclusion
Learning English needs practice. The 45 minutes in class is very precious and should be cherished, during which the students should practice as much as possible. To exert the limited time, teachers are required to adopt some effective methods. The use of body language can not only attract the students' attention, but also deepen their impression and imagination. The use of body language is completely up to the standard of audio-visual teaching principle, so teachers should try to teach in English from the beginning to the end, together with the corresponding&nbs p;body language. In the end, the students' ability of English will be certainly and greatly improved.
Bibliography:
1. He Guangkeng, The Basis
of English Teaching and Learning Methods, Ji
2. Shen Minxian,
The Use of the Body Language in Elementary School,
3. Gu Xueliang,
The Basic Technical Training in English Teaching,
4. Hu Chundiao, The English Teaching and Learning Methods, Higher Education Press, 1990
5. Liu Yongfa, Liu Xuan'en, The Practical Body Language, Hua Wen Press, 1997
6. Wu Zongjie,