①.沿着…向下

　　　　 a. Together we walked down the stairs.

　　　　 b. The boats sail up and down the river.

②.沿着…

　　　　 a. I was walking down the street when he called me from behind.

　　　　 b. They walked down the path for half an hour before they got to the lake.

　　 ①.在…旁边, 从…旁边(经过)

　　　　 a. I sat down just by the corner.

　　　　 b. I put the vase back on the table by the window.

　　　　 c. He walked by the others without looking at them.

　　 ②.通过, 经由, 取道

　　　　 a. He rose quickly and went out by another door.

　　　　 b. I shall return possibly by Dublin.

　　 ③.在(某时)前, 到…时为止

　　　　 a. By last Friday we had stayed here for more than ten days.

　　　　 b. By that time she’d have thought out a plan.

　　　　 c. By next Friday I will have finished the work.

　 　　　　d. By then he was more than fifty years of age.

　　　　 e. I will be back by three.

　　 ④.表示动作的执行者

　　　　 a. Are all these good made by machine ?

　　　　 b. He was punished by the teacher for being late.

　　　　 c. Have you read that novel by Shirley ?

　　 ⑤.表示手段或方式, 可译为 “通过…, 用…, 以…, 按照…”

　　　　 a. Judged by what he is wearing, he is very rich.

　　　　 b. Judging by the smell, the food must be very good.

　　　　 c. It is nine o’clock by my watch.

　　　　 d. By helping them we are helping to save ourselves.

　　　　 e. He taught himself to play the violin by practising all night

　　 　　　f. Shall I send it by post ?

⑥.表示工具

　　　　 a. I came here by bus.

　　　　 b. I returned to town by train.

　　　　 c. She called him up by telephone to thank him.

　　　　 d. This kind of shoes are made by hand.

　　 ⑦.和seize, take, hold等动词连用, 说明接触身体的哪一部分

　　　　 a. She seized the child by the collar.

　　　　 b. He took the child by the hand.

　　　　 c. He came forward and shook me by the hand.

　　　　 d. The man grabbed him by the arm.

⑧.(指数量)按…计算

　　　　 a. These cigarettes are sold by weight.

　　　　 b. Sugar is sold by the pound, and petrol by the gallon.

　　　　 c. These workers are paid by the week.

　　　　 d. He buys them by the dozen.

　　　 　e. I rent the house by the year.

　　 ⑨.表示数量增减或差别的程度

　　　　 a. We lost the match by one goal.

　　　　 b. He is older by five years than John.

　　　　 c. The water level has risen by 2 meters as a result of the heavy rain.

　　 ⑩.表示尺寸, 距离等, 相当于 “乘以”

　 　　　a. I want a piece of paper 3 inches by 5 inches.

　　　　 b. This room is forty feet by twenty.

⑩.词组和固定搭配: by accident偶然地; by chance偶然地, 碰巧; by means of借助于, 靠; by mistake出于误会, 弄错了; by oneself单独地, 独立地; by the way顺便说; by turns轮流; learn by heart记熟; one by one一个接一个地; little by little一点点地; side by side并肩地, 并排地;

①.表示 “除去, 除开”, 多和nothing, not anything, nobody, nowhere, who, all等连用, 可以接名词, 代词, 介词短语, 形容词, 不定式等

　　　　 a. I never saw him reading anything but newspaper.

　　　　 b. Nobody else but Robert could ever say such a thing.

　　　　 c. Everyone has knows it but you.

d. Put it anywhere but on the floor.

　　　　 e. You can find that sort of thing nowhere but in England.

　　　　 f. She looks anything but well.

　　　　 g. She was anything but pleased when he heard this.

　　　　 h. We had no choice but to wait.

i. He wanted nothing but to stay there with her.

　　　　 j. I did nothing but ( to ) write a letter this evening.

②.词组和固定搭配: but for…要不是…(句子谓语多用虚拟语气)

　　　　 a. But for the rain we should have had a pleasant journey.

　　　　 b. But for his help, I would not have finished the work in time.

　　　　 c. But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.

　　 ①.在…之外, 在…的那一边(更远处)

　　　　 a. The house is beyond the bridge.

　　　　 b. The sun sets beyond the distant hills.

　　 ②.超出(能力, 范围等)

　　　　 a. The noisy child is beyond her control.

　　　　 b. The stars in the sky are beyond number.

　　　　 c. To do this was quite beyond my ability.

　　　　 d. He was beyond the help of the doctor.

　　　　 e. This is much too expensive beyond my income.

　　　　 f. The car was damaged beyond the hope of repair.

　　　　 g. That is going beyond joke.

　　 ③.超过

　　　　 a. I shall not stay beyond half an hour.

　　　　 b. There weren’t beyond twenty people present.

　　 ④.到…以后, 比…晚

　　　　 a. Don’t stay there beyond midnight.

　　　　 b. He never sees beyond the present.

　　　　 a. I think there are nine pounds left, besides come pennies.

　　　　 b. Twelve students passed the exam besides Jim.

①.在…旁边

　　　　 a. He was sitting beside her.

　　　　 b. The house is beside the river.

　　 ②.和…比较起来

　　　　 a. His work seems poor beside yours.

　　　　 b. Beside last year’s results, the number for this year have fallen.

　　　　 a. The temperature is below freezing.

　　　　 b. Miners work below the surface of the earth.

　　 ①.在…后面, 到…后面

　　　　 a. There is a garden behind the house.

　　　　 b. The dog was running behind its master’s bicycle.

　　　　 c. We could feel the threat behind all they said.

　　　　 d. He was behind the others in ability.

②.比…晚

　　　　 a. New York is twelve hours behind Peking in time.

　　　　 b. He arrived at the office ten minutes behind me.

　　 ③.词组和固定搭配: behind the times过时, 跟不上时代; behind time晚了, 晚点

　　 ①.在…前面

　　　　 a. He sat before the fire to warm herself.

　　　　 b. I will not have you talking that way before the children.

　　 ②.在…以前

　　　　 a. It began to rain just before midnight.

　　　　 b. He had come to Europe before the outbreak of the war.

　　 　　　c. He waited a little while before making up his mind.

　　　　 d. Before entering, Holmes made an examination of the door.

　　 ③.词组或固定搭配: before long不久, 一会儿之后; before ( one’s ) time提前, 早到

①.在(某一地点或场合)

　　　　 a. Jenkins was not at his office.

　　　　 b. He had taken a job at a children’s hospital.

　　　　 c. I live at 403, Brook Street.

　　　　 d. The had left the luggage at the station.

　　　　 e. Watson asked him to dinner at a restaurant.

　　　　 f. Let’s meet at the entrance of the station.

　　　　 g. The car is waiting at the gate.

　　　　 h. The girl is at the window, looking out into the garden.

　　　　 i. I met her at the end of the road.

　　　　 j. I sat at the back of the room, the important people sat at the front of the room.

　　　　 k. The post office is at the corner of the street.

　　　　 l. Did you speak at the meeting ?

　　　　 m. I met him at an evening party.

　　 ②.在(某一个时刻, 时候, 时期等)

　　　　 a. Dinner was at one o’clock.

　　　　 b. At the present moment he is supposed to be in Paris.

　　　　 c. At noon there was still no news.

　　　　 d. He worked in the daytime, and at night he went to the night school.

　　　　 e. At the end of the year there was a great deal to do.

　　　　 f. Cyril was born in 1874 at Christmas.

　　　　 g. At that time he was in his middle sixties.

　　　　 h. At this time of year it didn’t get dark until nine o’clock.

　　　　 i. The railway was being built at that period.

　　 ③.向, 对(表示动作的方向或目标)

　　　　 a. I wish you’d come and look at my drawing.

　　　　 b. Old Mr. Smith stared at his youngest son.

　　　　 c. He shot at the bear but missed.

　　　　 d. Then three policemen rushed at him.

④.为, 对于(表示引起某种情绪的原因)

　　　　 a. He looked surprised at seeing us.

　　　　 b. He was very angry at losing the game.

　　　　 c. Sophia was very delighted at the chance.

　　　　 d. He felt glad at what the teacher had said.

　　　　 e. They were overjoyed at his return to work.

　　　　 f. The whole nation was in deep sorrow at his death.

　　 ⑤.在…的情况下(表示一个动作的起因)

　　　　 a. He was writing the story at the request of his teacher.

　　　　 b. All theatres were closed at the command of the government.

　　 ⑥.表示在某状态下或在进行某动作

　　　　 a. The country was at war for 6 years in the 1920s.

　　　　 b. They were at their meal when the phone rang.

　　　　 c. He was at his work until late into night.

⑦.在某方面

　　　　 a. She is quite clever at drawing.

　　　　 b. He is an expert at repairing.

　　 ⑧.表示价格, 数量, 速度等

　　　　 a. I had a small room, at a cost of fifteen cents per night.

　　　　 b. He sells the cloth at a dollar a meter.

　　　　 c. The car is running at its top speed.

　　　　 d. They are working at top speed to develop a new printing machine.

⑨.词组或固定搭配: at a time一次; not…at all一点也不; at all costs不惜一切代价; at any rate不管怎样; at first sight乍一看, 一见面; at heart在内心里; at last最后, 终于; at least至少; at most至多; at once马上, 立刻; at present目前, 现在; at the same time同时; at the top of one’s voice高声地; at times有时候, 间或; at work在工作, 起作用; at worst在最坏情况下