摘要：①.在-旁边, 从-旁边 a. I sat down just by the corner. b. I put the vase back on the table by the window. c. He walked by the others without looking at them. ②.通过, 经由, 取道 a. He rose quickly and went out by another door. b. I shall return possibly by Dublin. ③.在前, 到-时为止 a. By last Friday we had stayed here for more than ten days. b. By that time she’d have thought out a plan. c. By next Friday I will have finished the work. d. By then he was more than fifty years of age. e. I will be back by three. ④.表示动作的执行者 a. Are all these good made by machine ? b. He was punished by the teacher for being late. c. Have you read that novel by Shirley ? ⑤.表示手段或方式, 可译为 “通过-, 用-, 以-, 按照- a. Judged by what he is wearing, he is very rich. b. Judging by the smell, the food must be very good. c. It is nine o’clock by my watch. d. By helping them we are helping to save ourselves. e. He taught himself to play the violin by practising all night f. Shall I send it by post ? ⑥.表示工具 a. I came here by bus. b. I returned to town by train. c. She called him up by telephone to thank him. d. This kind of shoes are made by hand. ⑦.和seize, take, hold等动词连用, 说明接触身体的哪一部分 a. She seized the child by the collar. b. He took the child by the hand. c. He came forward and shook me by the hand. d. The man grabbed him by the arm. ⑧.按-计算 a. These cigarettes are sold by weight. b. Sugar is sold by the pound, and petrol by the gallon. c. These workers are paid by the week. d. He buys them by the dozen. e. I rent the house by the year. ⑨.表示数量增减或差别的程度 a. We lost the match by one goal. b. He is older by five years than John. c. The water level has risen by 2 meters as a result of the heavy rain. ⑩.表示尺寸, 距离等, 相当于 “乘以 a. I want a piece of paper 3 inches by 5 inches. b. This room is forty feet by twenty. ⑩.词组和固定搭配: by accident偶然地; by chance偶然地, 碰巧; by means of借助于, 靠; by mistake出于误会, 弄错了; by oneself单独地, 独立地; by the way顺便说; by turns轮流; learn by heart记熟; one by one一个接一个地; little by little一点点地; side by side并肩地, 并排地;

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