30.定语从句的用法]

定语从句  定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。  关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。  关系副词有:when, where, why等。 1 关系代词引导的定语从句  关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:   Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗? 

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。

2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:   Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。  The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。

2 关系副词引导的定语从句   关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 1)when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:   There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。   Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

2)that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:   His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

3 限制性和非限制性定语从句 1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,例如:  This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)   The house, which we bought last month, is very nice

.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性) 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如: Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。 My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 

我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如: Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

说明:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

4 介词+关系词 1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2)that前不能有介词。 3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。   This is the house in which I lived two years ago.   This is the house where I lived two years ago. 5 as, which 非限定性定语从句  由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。  As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.  The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 

注意:as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:  (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。  (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 6 先行词和关系词二合一 Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 7 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever  1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything   What you want has been sent here.   Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2) who= the person that  whoever= anyone who   (错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.   (对)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 3) that 和 what   当that引导定语从句时 ,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句, 用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。  I think (that) you will like the stamps.  What we need is more practice. 8 关系代词that 的用法 1)不用that的情况  a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。    (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.  b) 介词后不能用。    We depend on the land from which we get our food.    We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况  a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。  b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。  c) 先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。   d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.  e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

29.系动词的用法]

系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明: 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:   He fell ill yesterday.   他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)   He fell off the ladder.   他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。) 2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如: He always kept silent at meeting.  他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一个谜。

3)表像系动词 用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired.  他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:  This kind of cloth feels very soft.    这种布手感很软。  This flower smells very sweet.   这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词   这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:  He became mad after that.  自那之后,他疯了。  She grew rich within a short time.  她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:  The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。  The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。  His plan turned out a success.  他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

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