1.　　　 more than后面跟名词，意为“不只是，不仅仅是”。例如： (1)Hibernation is more than sleep. 冬眠不只是睡觉。 (2)Kate was more than a teacher. She also did what she could to take care of her pupils. 凯特不仅仅是位教师，她还尽其所能照顾她的学生。 2. more than与数词连用，意思是“多于，大于，超过”。例如： (1)I have known him for more than twenty years. 我认识他已超过二十年了。 (2)More than ten policemen turned up at the spot where the accident happened. 十多位警察出现在出事地点。 3. more than与形容词和分词连用，表示“非常、十分”。例如： (1)They were more than happy to see us come back from the expedition. 看到我们远征而归，他们异常高兴。 (2)I was more than surprised to see the lion standing at the body. 看到那头狮子站在尸体旁边，我非常惊讶。 4. more than与动词连用，对动词起着加强语气的作用。例如： (1)Repeated advertising will more than increase product sales. 多次做广告意味着增加产品的销售。 (2)His progress in English learning more than encouraged him to learn the subject well. 在英语学习方面的进步激励他学好这门课程。 5. more than和含有情态动词的句子连用，有否定意义，表示“是……难以……”或“超过了……所能”之义。例如： (1)The beauty of the mountainous country is more than I can describe. 我难以描述那个山村的美丽。 (2)This problem is more than a child like Jack can settle. 这一问题超出了像杰克这样的小孩的解决能力。 6. no more than意思是“仅仅，不过，只是”。例如： (1)All his education added up to no more than one year. 他接受的所有的学校教育只有一年。 (2)Their new flat has no more than 60 square metres. 他们的新居只有60平方米。 7. not more than表示“至多，不超过”，例如： Lying on the ground was a peasant boy of not more than seventeen. 躺在地上的那个农家男孩最多十七岁。

“情态动词+完成时”是历年高考的热点，在做此类练习时，既需要掌握这一结构的基本用法，又应该仔细体会题干所提供的语言信息，准确理解语言环境和说话人的含义，尤其要注意题干中时态给予的暗示。为了便于同学们学习，现将这种结构的主要用法归纳如下： 1. must have done 表示对已经发生的事情的推测，意为“一定，想必”。这种结构一般只用于肯定句，其否定形式是can’t (couldn’t)have done ，表示“不可能，肯定不会”。例如： He didn’t hear the phone . He must have been asleep. 他没有听到电话响，他肯定是已经睡着了。 He must have been to Shanghai. 他一定去过上海。 They can’t have gone out , because the light is on . 他们不可能出去，因为灯亮着。 2. can(could)have done表示对过去的时间内可能发生的事情的猜测，can have done 一般只用于否定句和疑问句。could have done 还可以用于肯定句，常用来表示本来可能完成而实际未完成的动作。例如： He can’t have finished the work so soon. 这项工作他不可能完成得这样快。 We could have walked to the station , it was so near . 我们本来是可以走到车站去的，路很近。 3. may(might)have done 表示对已经发生的事情的不太肯定的推测，意为“可能已经，或许已经”。例如： If we had taken the other road , we might have arrived earlier. 如果我们选择另一条路，我们可能会到得早一些。 He might have given you more help , he was very busy . 他本来是可以给你更多帮助的，尽管他很忙。 4. needn’t have done 指实际上做了本来不必要做的事，意为“本来不必”。例如： There was plenty of time . She needn’t have hurried. 时间很充裕，她本不必匆忙。 You needn’t have told him the news. 他本来不必把这个消息告诉他。 5. should (ought to )have done 指本该做而实际未做的事，意为“本来应该”。其否定式shouldn’t(oughtn’t)have done 则表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。例如： You should have started earlier , but you didn’t. 你本应该早一点出发，但是你没有。 You ought to have helped him (but you didn’t ). 你本应该帮助他。 We shouldn’t have waited for her because she never came. 我们本不应该等她，因为她根本不会来。

　倒装句分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装即把谓语提到主语之前，部分倒装即把谓语动词中一部分提到主语之前。究其原由，一是语法需要，二是修辞需要。但在实际应用中，特别是在复合句中，学生常常分不清楚是在主句中倒装，还是在从句中倒装。下面就中学英语中的这种现象加以列举。 (一)在主句中倒装 1. not only…but also…连接两个对等成分时 Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship. Not only should we not be afraid of difficulties, but we should overcome them. 2. so…that… 结构中，强调so 所修饰的词时，句子倒装 So loudly did he speak that every one of the class could hear him. So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it . 3. hardly (scarcely) …when…,no sooner…than…结构中，强调否定意义的词时 Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started. No sooner had he arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 4. not until位于句首时 Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realized how serious the problem was. 5. 有时为了平衡句子 Gone are the days when we used“foreign oil”. At last came the day when he was to be thrown to the prison. (二)在从句中倒装 1. as引导的让步状语从句中倒装 Child as he was, he knows a great deal. Disabled as Paul was, he went on serving the people. 2. 虚拟语气中，如从句谓语含were, had should，则省去if用倒装 Were I not working, I would be quite willing to do what you ask me to. Had I known, I might have joined you in the discussion. 3. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中 They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.

英语中不少介词、连词及其短语，以肯定形式出现却表示否定意义。也就是说，这些词所表示的否定意义是隐藏着的，不易辨明，切不可粗心大意。现归纳如下： 1. prefer A to B“更喜欢A，不喜欢B”。 I prefer noodles to porridge. 我喜欢吃面条，不喜欢喝稀饭。 I prefer walking to running. 我喜欢散步，而不喜欢跑步。 2. rather than“是……，而不；宁愿……不愿”后接动词原形或名词等。 He preferred to do his homework rather than watch TV. 他宁愿做作业也不愿看电视。 3. would rather …than…“宁愿……不愿”，rather和than后面分别都要跟动词原形。 The young man would rather die than give in. 那个年轻人宁愿死也不愿意投降。 4. more…than“与其说……还不如”，more than…“不可能，简直不可能”。 She was more of a nurse than a doctor. 与其说她是医生，还不如说她是一个护士。 He is more brave than wise. 他有勇无谋。 The beauty of the place is more than I can describe. 这个地方的美丽远非我所能描述。 5. A no more…than B “A和B都不……” He is no more honest than his brother. 他和他弟弟都不诚实。 6. instead of“代替，而不是”。 Instead of crying, each of them made a face. 他们不但没哭，反而做了个鬼脸。 We’ll have tea in the garden instead of in the house. 我们将在花园里喝茶，而不在屋内。 7. warn…against doing sth.…“警告某人不要做某事”，相当于warn sb. not to do sth.。 The doctor warned him against smoking. 医生告诫他不要抽烟。 They have been warned against killing the animals by the government. 他们已受到政府警告不要猎杀动物。 8. out of “without”之意 out of work 失业 out of patience 不耐烦 out of order 毫无秩序 out of control 无法控制 out of breath 接不上气来 9. far from“远非”相当于not at all 或instead of。 Your work is far from (being) satisfactory. 你的工作一点也不令人满意。 The newspaper accounts are far from being true. 报纸的报道远非事实。 10. but for “要不是……” But for my brother’s help, I would not have finished the work. = Had it not been for my brother’s help, I would not have finished the work. 要不是我弟弟的帮助，我不会完成这工作。 But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 要是没有遇到暴风雨，我们还会早一些。 11. 连词before引导时间状语从句表否定。 Do it now before you forget. 现在就做，以免忘记了。 Before I could get in a word, he had measured me. 我来不及插话，他就为我量好了尺寸。 12. unless“除非，若不” I shall return on Thursday unless something unexpected happens. (= I shall return on Thursday if something unexpected doesn’t happen.)如果不发生意外情况，我将在星期四回来。

大学常用词组(适用于高考)perfect and fantastic

be attentive to

in comparison with

be concerned with

in consequence

be out of employment失业

generation gap代沟

focus...on...

attach importance to重视

interfere in干预，干涉

on principle根据原则

be qualified to有资格做。。。

be remarkable for以。。。著称

account for说明, 占, 解决, 得分

take sth. into account重视，考虑

in addition加上, 又, 另外

in addition to加上, 除...外, 又

apply oneself　 to致力于。。。

become of遭遇；发生； 变成; 结局是

eg.What has become of your uncle?

你叔叔的情况怎么样?

What will become of your research subject?

你们的研究课题前景怎样?

Whatever will become of the mischievous boy if he keeps behaving like that?

如果这个淘气的男孩继续这样下去,他将来会怎么样?

approve of赞成，满意

My parents don't approve of me smoking cigarettes.

我的父母不准许我吸烟。

assist in出席，参加；帮助

We all assisted in mending the roof.

我们都帮助修理屋顶。

attach to使依恋, 把...放

Professor Smith was attached to the medical college as a guest professor for two years.

史密斯教授在医学院当了两年的客座教授。

attend to 专心, 注意, 照顾

on behalf of代表...

border on 接壤

The United States borders on Canada.

美国接界于加

hang together结合在一起, 符合

cannot help but do

He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon.

他不得不搬迁到另一条街上去,因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。

One's true feelings cannot but come through in what one says and does.

一个人的真实感情必然在他的言行中表现出来。

One cannot but be struck by the enthusiasm of the representatives present.

人们不能不被到场的代表们的热情所感动。

I cannot help doing so under these circumstances.

在这样的情况下我不得不这样做。

I cannot help but be sorry.

我不能不感到遗憾。

as concerns

关于

So far so good

到现在为止, 一直都还不错。

on the contrary

(与此)相反， (不是...)而是， 反之

wide awake=fully awake

in contrast

相反, 大不相同

in contrast to

和...形成对比［对照］

beyond control无法控制=out of control

in the course of在...期间

do justice to公平对待, 适当处理

launch out

出航， 出海, 开始新的事情

by nature生来，天生

out of question=beyond question=without question毫无疑问

out of the question不可能

worse still=to make things worse=worse to come=what's worse＝from bad to worse更糟地

in return for作为。。。的报答

seeing that因为，鉴于

a series of一连串的

He saw a series of white arrows painted on the road.

他看见马路上画有一连串白色箭头。

switch on/off(与on, off连用)开关(电器等设备)

think of...as把。。。看作。。。

on second thought(s)进一步考虑后

"To conclude, I wish you all good health and a long life."

"最后,祝大家健康长寿。"

作文中常用句套：

下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody), 要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.

开头：

When it comes to ..., some think ... 　　　　　 There is a public debate today that ...

A is a common way of ..., but is it a wise one? 　 Recently the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点：

Now there is a growing awareness that... 　 It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：

... but that is only part of the history. 　　　　 Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... 　 Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：

Suppose that... 　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect... 　　　　　　　　 It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：

For example(instance),... 　　　　　　　　　 ... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is... 　　　　　　　　　 A particular example for this is...

引用：

One of the greatest early writers said ... 　　　　　　 "Knowledge is power", such is the reward of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

(先说故事主体)，this story is not rare. 　 ..., such dilemma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance. 　　　

提出原因：

There are many reasons for ... 　　　　　 Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obviously seen. 　　　 Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ... 　　 Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of... 　　　 Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see... A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as... 　　　　　 I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ...　　　　　

In summary, it is wiser ...　　 In short...

Taking all these factors into accounts, we can reasonably reach the conclusion that...

在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中，

常见的使用形式如下：

One of the greatest early writers said ... 　　　　 "Knowledge is power", such is the reward of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...). "......". How often we hear such words like there.

Useful quotations

逆境

In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

努力与成功

Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people don't recognize them.

坚持

No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.

Confucius 孔子

Our greatest glory is not in never falling...

but in rising every time we fall.

坚持

To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.

Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it into small jobs.

Never, never, never, never give up.

In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

努力与成功

Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.

There is no substitute for hard work.

The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.

I'm a great believer in luck,

and I find the harder I work...

the more I have of it.

Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.

实际经验与间接经验

You'll learn more about a road by traveling it...

than by consulting all the maps in the world.

动机与结果

Winning isn't everything...

but wanting to win is.

We choose to go to the moon and other things , not because they are easy, but because they are hard.

The strong do what they will.

The weak do what they must.

为人态度：

Talent is God given--Be Humble.

Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.

Conceit is self given --Be Careful.

行动：

Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.

No one knows what he can do till he tries.

There is nothing so easy but that it becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.

A wise man turns chance into good fortune.

Prosperity is a great teacher;

adversity is a greater.

No pains, no palm;

no thorns, no throne;

no gall , no glory;

no cross, no crown.

Even if you're on the right track, you'll get run over... if you just sit there.

Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.

Knock rather on opportunity's door if you ardently wish to enter.

成功与失败

It's not whether you get knocked down.

...It's whether you get up again.

An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;

a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.

热情(年轻/年老)

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

信心

The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.

Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.

Lost time is never found again.

No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.

Victory belongs to the most persevering.

细心

Leave no stone unturned.

计划与工作

Plan your work for today and every day;

then work your plan.

Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.

I start where the last man left off.

理想与现实

What the mind of man can conceive and believe,

the mind of a man can achieve.

勤奋

Plough deep while sluggards sleep.

目标

In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.

幸运

Luck is not chance...

It's toil...

Fortune's expensive smile is earned.

勤奋

Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.

想象力

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

挑战：

The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.

机会与准备

I will prepare and some day my chance will come.

信心与事实

Whether you think you can or think you can't -- you are right.

English Proverb

There is no failure excepting no longer trying.

Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.

1.　　　 他宁愿工作，也不愿在家休息。 He would rather work than have a rest at home. He prefers to work than have a rest at home . He prefers working to having a rest at home. 2. 虽然他累了，但他继续工作。 Though / Although he was tired , he went on working. Tired as / though he was , he went on working. He was tired , but he went on working. 3. 他决不是傻子。 He is anything but a fool. He is not a fool at all. He is far from being a fool. He is by no means a fool. 4. 这个城市是那个城市的三倍那么大。 This city is there times as large as that one. This city is three times the size of that one. This city is twice larger than that one. 5. 那个男孩为祖国献出了自己的生命。 The boy devoted his life to his country. The boy died for his country. The boy gave / lost his life for his country. 6. 天下雨了，我们出不去。 The rain prevented us (from)going out. The rain stopped us (from)going out. The rain kept us from going out. 7. 他只有服从命令别无选择。 He could do nothing but obey the order. He had no choice but to obey the order. There was nothing left for him to do but obey the order. All he had to do was obey the order. 8. 这个问题值得讨论。 This problem is worth discussing. This problem is worthy of discussion. This problem is worthy of being discussed. This problem is worthy to be discussed. It is worthwhile discussing (to discuss)this problem. 9. 卓别林被认为是最滑稽的演员之一。 Chaplin is considered to be one of the funniest actors. Chaplin is regarded as one of the funniest actors. Chaplin is known as one of the funniest actors. Chaplin is looked on as one of the funniest actors. 10. 我打开窗户好吗？ Do you mind if I open the window ? Would you mind if I open the window ? Would you mind my / me opening the window ?

more than的基本用法

1. 某些表示状态的及物动词，如：have , own , possess , lack , want , fit , suit , become , last , cost , fail , escape , hold等。例如： Our boss possesses great wealth . This dress fits you very well . The reason escaped me . 注意：have作为“有”讲时不能用于被动语态，作为行为动词时也不用于被动语态。 I have just had a letter from my sister . 2. 当宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，不能用于被动语态。例如： I cut myself when I was cutting meat . We should help each other . 3. 当宾语是身体的某一部分或器官时，不能用于被动语态。例如： He shook his head . He laid his hand on the table . 4. 当宾语是表示地点处所的名词时，不能用于被动语态。例如： She left Shanghai yesterday . We entered the room one by one . 但是，jump和reach后的地点和处所宾语可在被动语态中作主语。例如： The fence was jumped by the horse . The top of the mountain was reached at 4:00 pm . 5. 当宾语是同源宾语时，不能用于被动语态。例如： He died a heroic death . She smiled her charming smile .

常考点before

我觉得before 这个词的用法让很多学生都感到棘手，通过试题评讲，我从中收集了不少关于before的例句，在此我给同学们作个总结： 1. 之前 Tom’s father had died before he came back. 在汤姆回来之前，他父亲就已经死了。 2. 之后(才) It will be many years before the chemicals start to escape from the containers . (SEFCIIIA) 要过很多年之后，这些化学物品才开始从容器中流出来。 3. 不等……就 Someone called me up in the middle of the night , but he hung before I could answer the phone. (NMET 2000) 半夜有人给我打电话，但还没等我去接，对方就挂断了。 在以上这些意思中，我着重讲讲第2个意思： 一. 在时态上 主句的时态可以是将来时，也可以是过去时，但从句的时态，要么是一般现在时，要么是一般过去时，根据具体情况而定。 It will be 2 years before we graduate from the middle school. 两年之后，我们才中学毕业。 It was long before he began to do his homework. 过了很长时间，他才开始做作业。 二. 在句式上 主句不仅有肯定式，也可有否定式。肯定结构意义为：过多久才，需要多久才；否定结构意义为：不久就…… It was long before they finished their task. 过了很长时间，他们才完成任务。 It wasn’t long before the people took up their arms. 不久，人民就开始拿起了武器。 三. 在用词上 在句型“…long before ”中，long也可换成hours , day , weeks , some time 等。 It will be hours before he arrives. 要过好几个小时他才会到。 It will be 2 weeks before we meet again. 两个星期后我们还会再次见面。 It will be some time before we know the full result. 还要过一些时间我们才能知道全部结果。 四. 在句型对比上(important) before 的这一用法与since等词用法很容易混淆，值得注意。 1. It has been 5 years _B _____ my sister returned from abroad. 2. It is 5 years ago ___C__ my sister returned from abroad. 3. It was the years 1990 __D_____ my sister returned from abroad. 4. It will be 5 years ____A___ my sister returns from abroad. A. before B. since C. that D. when

1. 我姐姐回国已有五年了。(B) 2. 我姐姐是在五年前回国的。(C) 这是一个强调句型，如果还原的话应该是： My sister returned from abroad 5 years ago. 本句就是针对5 years ago 进行强调而得来的。 3. 我姐姐于1990年回国。(D)时间状语从句 本句中“it”指时间。再如： It was 5 o’clock when he came back.(It was at 5 o’clock that he came back) 4. 要过五年我姐姐才回国。(A)

关于书面表达

5.Writing skills.( 写作)

a. We have to accumulate abundant materials before we write something, say, learning by heart crowds of articles.

写作需要有很多素材,积累素材很重要.要多背课文.

b. Try to express one meaning in various ways.

努力用多种方式表达一种意思.

c. Keeping English diary if possible.

写英语日记.

a)　　　 Prepare some new words, expressions and good sentences to be used before writing something.

在写作前准备一些要用的好词汇,好句子.

b)　　　 We may also make some English pen pals to establish English communication relationship through some media like newspaper and magazines.

结交英语笔友,写英文信.这种方法容易坚持,还很有意思.不妨一试,好处多多.

3. Listening comprehension:(听力)

A.　　 We may improve our aural ability by speaking English in the native and idiomatic way. The pronunciation, intonation and sentence structure should not be in Chinese style.

可以通过讲地道的口语来提高听力.发音,语调和句子结构请不要中国化.既然能说出来,当然能听懂.当然这样作有点难.

B.　　 Keeping a relaxed, natural and steady mood when listening to some materials. Namely, to establish self-confidence and to develop excellent psychological quality are essential in the improvement of aural ability.

在作听力练习时,力求保持放松,自然和稳定的心态.即建立自信心和培养良好的心理素质在听力提高中致关重要.

C.　　 We may make some simple notes while listening, for examples, the names of people and places, time, age, distance, occupation, figures and so on to get a better understanding of the content.

在作听力练习时,我们可以作些简单的笔记,例如人名,地名,时间,年龄,职业,数字等以便更好地理解材料.当然还要以听为主.

D.　　 Catching the drift of the content instead of understanding every word and never waste too much time on single words.

作听力练习要重材料大意, 而不要力求听懂每个词,不要在单个词上浪费太多时间.

E.　　 Pay close attention to CONCESSION and TRANSITION so as to correctly understand the attitudes of the speakers. The following words are most important: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever, no, nor, neither…nor, but….

密切注意听力材料中的让步与转折以便正确把握说话人的态度.特别关注这些词: even though, even so, in spite of, unless, although, no matter, however, whatever,　 no, nor, neither…nor, but….

F.　　 If we may learn by heart new words by listening some word tapes, the results must be satisfactory.

在背记生词时,如果能听词汇磁带,那么对听力提高也很有好处.

7.　　 Excellent personality is one of the decisive factors in English study. Persistence, patience, self-confidence and determination are badly needed.

优秀的性格也是英语学习的关键因素之一,坚持,忍耐,自信和坚定都是很重要的.当然如果兴趣培养得好, 可适当削弱这方面的要求.　　

6.　　 If time permits, we may read Mini Chinese-English dictionary carefully from cover to cover, which may help us widen our sight and master knowledge in all aspects.

如果时间允许,通读小小汉英字典对于英语学习也帮助很大.他能帮助我们扩大视野并全方位地掌握所学知识.

5.　　 Never just memorize single English words. Learn by heart the whole sentences and the phrases that contain the new words so we may know how to use the words.

请不要孤立地背英语单词.请背记包含生词的句子或词组,这样我们才真正能运用这些词汇,而且印象更深.