|
种类 |
作用 |
常用关联词 |
例句 |
|
主语从句 |
在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后 |
that, whether, if,
as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever,
whoever, wherever |
Whether he will
come or not doesn’t matter much. Whoever comes here will be welcome. |
|
表语从句 |
在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后 |
It looks as if it
is going to snow. |
|
|
宾语从句 |
在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词 |
He asked me which
team could win the game. |
|
|
同位语从句 |
放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容 |
You have no idea
how worried we are. The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us. |
十一。状语从句
|
种类 |
连接词 |
注意点 |
|
时间状语 |
when, whenever,
while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as,
hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly,
instantly |
主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 |
|
地点状语 |
where, wherever |
|
|
原因状语 |
because, as,
since, now that |
because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。 |
|
条件状语 |
if, unless, once,
in case, as long as, on condition that |
从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替 |
|
目的状语 |
so that, in order
that, for fear that |
so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词 |
|
结果状语 |
so…that, such…that |
|
|
比较状语 |
than, as…as, not
so/as…as, the more…the more |
|
|
方式状语 |
as if, as though,
as |
as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 |
|
让步状语 |
though, although,
even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever,
no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when,
whenever |
as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用 |
十二。倒装句
|
种类 |
倒装条件 |
例句 |
|
完全倒装 |
here, there, up,
down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调 |
Out rushed the
children. |
|
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 |
Under the tree
stood two tables and four chairs. |
|
|
强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 |
Present at the
meeting were 1,000 students. |
|
|
部分倒装 |
never, hardly,
scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 |
Hardly did I know
what had happened. |
|
only和修饰的状语放于句首 |
Only then did he
realized the importance of English. |
|
|
not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 |
Not only does he
know French, but also he is expert at it. |
|
|
neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 |
Neither do I know
it, nor do I care about it. |
|
|
so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 |
So busy is he that
he can not go on a holiday. |
|
|
as引导的让步状语 |
Child as he is, he
has learned a lot. |
|
|
so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。 |
He can play the
piano. So can i. |
|
|
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 |
May you be in good
health! |
|
|
省略if的虚拟条件 |
Were I you, I
would not do it in this way. |
十三。虚拟语气
|
类别 |
用法 |
例句 |
|
|
If引导的条件从句 |
与现在事实相反 |
从句动词：过去式(be用were) 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 |
If he were here,
he would help us. |
|
与过去事实相反 |
从句动词：had+过去分词 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 |
If I had been
free, I would have visited you. |
|
|
与将来事实相反 |
从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 |
If it should rain
tomorrow, we would not go camping. |
|
|
其它状语从句 |
as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 |
They are talking
as if they had been friends for years. |
|
|
in order that / so
that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might /
would等+动词原形 |
Turn on the light
so that we can see it clearly. |
||
|
宾语从句 |
demand, suggest,
order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形 |
He suggested that
we not change our mind. |
|
|
wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 |
I wish I could be
a pop singer. |
||
|
主语从句 |
在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested /
demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形 |
It is strange that
such a person should be our friends. |
|
|
其它句型中 |
It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形 |
It’s high time
that we left. |
|
|
would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 |
I would rather you
stayed at home now. |
||
|
If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 |
If only our dream
had come true! |
十四。重要句型
1. It was not until midnight that he finished his task.
IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
|
类别 |
语法意义及特征 |
例句 |
|
限制性定语从句 |
对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 |
The accident
happened at the time when I left. |
|
非限制性定语从句 |
对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 |
His mother, whom
he loved deeply, died ten years ago. |
III. as与which的区别：
|
定语从句 |
区别 |
例句 |
|
限制性定语从句中 |
名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which |
He is not such a
fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. |
|
非限制性定语从句中 |
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 |
They won the game,
as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s. |
II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：
|
情况 |
用法说明 |
例句 |
|
只用that的情况 |
1． 先行词为all, everything, anything,
nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2． 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3． 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4． 先行词既指人又指物时 5． 先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6． 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 |
1.He told me
everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech? |
|
只用which, who, whom的情况 |
1． 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 2． 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3． 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 |
He has a son, who
has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. |