I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用.在句中修饰一个名词或代词.被修饰的词叫做先行词.引导定语从句的词叫关系词.他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用.二是在从句中担当一个成分.并与先行词保持数的——青夏教育精英家教网—

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。

关系词	先行词	从句成分	例句	备注
关系代词	who	人	主语	Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?	whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
whom	人	宾语	Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
whose	人，物	定语	I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that	人，物	主语，宾语	A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
which	物	主语，宾语	The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
as	人，物	主语，宾语	He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.	as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词	when	时间	时间状语	I will never forget the day when we met there.	可用on which
where	地点	地点状语	This is the house where I was born.	可用in which
why	原因	原因状语	I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.	可用for which

V. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：

	区别	举例
不定式	多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。	My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task做主语时常用)
动名词	与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。	It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job.
分词	无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very, quite, rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主, 语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。	The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. (常见分词有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing及其-ed形式)

IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别：

	区别	举例
不定式	与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生	I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed.
动名词	通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系	Shall we go to the swimming pool?
现在分词	与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生	the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves / the fallen leaves
过去分词	与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成

III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：

	常见动词	与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念	例句
不定式	ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage	主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成	I heard him call me several times.
have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make
现在分词	notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel	主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成	I found her listening to the radio.
过去分词	动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态	We found the village greatly changed.

II. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较：

情况	常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词	hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语	mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider
can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to
两者都可以	意义基本相同	begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)
need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式)
意义相反	stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事
意义不同	remember/forget/regret to do(指动作尚未发生) remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经发生)	go on to do(接着做另外一件事) go on doing(接着做同一件事)
try to do(设法，努力去做，尽力) try doing(试试去做，看有何结果)	mean to do(打算做，企图做) mean doing (意识是，意味着)
can’t help to do(不能帮忙做) can’t help doing(忍不住要做)

I. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：

3. need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：

两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’t do；Need/dare…do…?

做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, don’t(doesn’t/didn’t) need/dare to do

2. used to和would: 　used to表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。

1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Be able to有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。

3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。

The weather in that city could be cold now.

We could have walked there; it was so near.(推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生)

Can he be in the office now? No, he can’t be there, for I saw him in the library just now.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)

III. 情态动词注意点：

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