(九) 内涵与推理 (Implied Meaning And Inference)

　　 解题的关键是考生根据对话的内涵意义，利用逻辑推理的思维过程，去辨别说话人的意向、态度和要求。俗话说：“听话听音，锣鼓听声”。语音、语调能表达不同的内涵意义。一般来说，一般疑问句或反意问句用降调表示肯定；陈述句或特殊疑问句中用升调表示否定或怀疑。另外，虚拟语气、反义问句的否定含义以及借助短语、习语或惯用法来表明自己的观点和态度，应试者就要“顺藤摸瓜”，去寻找对话中事物间的关系，透过现象，“听”到本质。

　　 例 27 : W : Where do you want to eat ?

　　 M : Is there anything wrong with the coffee shop ?

　　 Q : What does the man mean ?

　　 A . He wonders if anything happened at the coffee shop .

　　 B . He doesn't know why the coffee tastes bad .

　　 C . He only wants coffee because he isn't hungry .

　　 (D) He thinks that they ought to go to the coffee shop .

　　 例 28 : W : Can you explain these difficult words for me ?

　　 M : Me ?

　　 Q : What does the man mean ?

　　 A . He will explain them . 　　　　　　 B . He doesn't want to answer .

　　 (C) He doesn't know them , either . 　　 D . He knows them very well .

　　 例28中的 Me 更具有一语双关之意，其内涵为：“还给你解释呢，我自己也是一窍不通啊 ! ”说话人的态度跃然纸上。

　　 例 29 : M : You don't look cheerful , Mary .

　　 W : I was Just reading a letter from home .

　　 Q : What did you learn about Mary ?

　　 A) She learnt some bad news . 　　　　 B . She didn't like letters from home .

　　 C . She didn't like to go home . 　　 D . She is ill and looks unhappy .

　　 例 30 : M : If the traffic wasn't so bad , I could have been home by 6 o'clock .

　　 W : What a pity , John was here to see you .

　　 Q : What happened to the man ?

　　 A . He had to work overtime . 　　 (B) He was held up in traffic .

　　 C . His car ran out of gas . 　　 D . He had a traffic accident .

　　 例 31 : M : What does the word mean ?

　　 W : Don't you have a dictionary ?

　　 Q : What does the woman mean ?

　　 A . She wants to borrow his dictionary .

　　 B . She doesn't know which word he means .

　　 C . He shouldn't use such a word .

　　 (D) He should look up the word in the dictionary .

　　 例 32 : M : Can you possibly lend me $10 until pay-day ?

　　 W : It's out of the question .

　　 Q : What do you learn about the woman ?

　　 A . She isn't rich . 　　　　 B . She will lend him the money .

　　 (C) She will definitely not lend him the money .

　　 D . She might lend him the money .

　　 (七) 比较与选择(Comparison And Choice)

　　 比较与选择听力测试试题，通常沿用语法上的分析法：一是相等比较，常用“as…as…”或“so…so…”句型来表达；二是不等比较，常用“比较级 + than”来表达，出题频率较高，涉及的内容大多是人与人之间的年龄大小、身材高矮，或成绩、能力的优劣方面的比较；或物体间的大小，距离的长短，以及物体的轻重、颜色、质地比较；也有商品价格高低的比较等等。三是用比较级句型表达最高级含义；四是用句型如：prefer A to B , would like A rather than B , prefer to do rather than do , would rather A than B 等；五是就对话中陈述了没有比较含义的某一事实或理由，而问题是根据对话语义，问选择项中哪一项是正确的(或不正确的)，哪一项是对话中已述及的(或没有述及的)等。常用句式：

　　 ① Which of the following is true(not true) ?

　　 ②What statement is true according to the conversation ?

　　 ③Which of the following is not mentioned ?

　　 ④What conclusion can be drawn from the conversation ?

　　 总之，应试者在平时的听力训练中多多注意，仔细揣摩，做好此类题也不是高不可攀的。

　　 例 18 : M : Can you tell me how much Mrs Smith has travelled ?

　　 W : She has travelled as much as her husband .

　　 Q : How much has Mr Smith travelled ?

　　 (A) The same distance as his wife . 　　 B . A greater distance than his wife .

　　 C . Less then his wife . 　　　　　　　　 D . More often than his wife .

　　 例 19 : M : Among the boys , who is the tallest one ?

　　 W : Bill is shorter than Jack and Fred , who are both shorter than Paul.

　　 Q : Who is the tallest ?

　　 A . Bill . (B) Paul

　　 C . Jack and Fred are the same height . D . Fred is shorter than Jack .

　　 例 20 : M : Sally has many hobbies , doesn't she ?

　　 W : Actually , Sally likes nothing better than to talk on the telephone with her friends .

　　 Q : What does Sally like to do most ?

　　 (A) Making phone calls . 　　　　 B . Talking with her friends most .

　　 C . To visit her friends most . 　　 D . To travel with her friends .

　　 例 21 : W : Who's the best swimmer in your class ?

　　 M : Tom swims very well , and John's surely excellent in swimming .

　　 Q : Who swims best in the class ?

　　 (A) John .　　 B . Tom . 　　 C . Swimmer .　　 D . The whole class .

　　 例 22 : W : Did you go to the horror film last night ? It's said some actings of it were rather frightening .

　　 M : I thought the film was too horrible to see .

　　 Q : Which of the following was not true ?

　　 A . The film was a horrible one . 　　 B . The man didn't see the film for fear .

　　 C . Some actings of the film were fearful .

　　 (D) The woman was brave enough to see the film .

　　 例 23 : M : The wind was very strong yesterday but it didn't keep us from going out to play ball games at all .

　　 W : I wish it would turn fine today so I could go out to have some fresh air .

　　 Q : What conclusion can be drawn from the conversation ?

　　 A . They stayed at home yesterday because of wind .

　　 (B) They went out to play ball games yesterday in spite of wind .

　　 C . They've decided to go out to play ball games today .

　　 D . The weather will surely turn fine today .

　　 (六) 地点与方向(Place And Direction)

　　 此类题比较容易辨别。如果能很好地根据试题所给的选择项来预期录音内容，则听准确并答对地点和方向类问题，是不太困难的。但是，这类问题出现时，不会简单地涉及东、西、南、北，而是要几经周折、几经思考才能得出答案。听录音时要非常细心，让理解每个环节都紧紧相扣。建议听录音时，不要被“声东击西”术所困惑。可边听边在草纸上画一些草图以帮助理解。

　　 例 15 : M : Could you tell me how to get to the post office ?

　　 W : Go eastward along this street , then turn to the left and walk for three minutes . You are sure to find it on your left .

　　 Q : Which direction does the post office face ?

　　 (A) It faces east . 　　　　 B . It faces south

　　 C . It faces west . 　　　　 D . It faces north .

　　 例 16 : W : How long have you known Susan ?

　　 M : I've known her about three years . I met her in the library where we used to read , but now I can only see her on the schoolyard occasionally .

　　 Q : Where did Susan often go to read ?

　　 (A) In the library .　　 B . On the schoolyard .

　　 C . In the school .　　 D . In the classroom .

　　 例 17 : W : Why didn't your wife come here together with you for dinner yesterday ?

　　 M : Oh , she was just back home from Korea yesterday and was too tired to come . She also visited Japan , Singapore and Malaysia .

　　 Q : Which country did the woman visit last ?

　　 (A) Korea .　　 B . Japan . 　　 C . Singapore .　　 D . Malaysia .

　　 (五) 态度与反应(Attitude And Response)

　　 在解此类题时我们第一步可以从语音、语调的变化中辨别说话人的态度。态度与反应类题的提问也可千变万化，从多角度提出。如：What did the woman think of that ? / What did the man say about Peter ? / How do they like the city life ? / What's the man's attitude to the lady's remark ? / What's in the man's favor ? / What does the man prefer to have ? / What did the woman object to ? / What's the man's opinion ? / What did the man feel about the matter ?

　　 另外，听力测试中对话双方的某一方用升调重复前面说话人的某一关键词语，通常表示否定这一词语在前句中表示的意义。

　　 例 12：M：I paid 15 dollars for three books , too expensive .

　　 W : Expensive (用声调)? ?You shouldn't have said so .

　　 Q : How did the woman feel about the books' price ?

　　 A . She thought they were expensive . (B) She thought they were cheap .

　　 C . She liked the books . 　　　　 D . She was against buying these books .

　　 例 13：W：You don't look a day over forty .

　　 M: Really ? In fact I’m fifty-one .

　　 Q : How does the man feel about the woman's remark ?

　　 (A) He's rather happy to hear so . 　　　　 B . He's unhappy .

　　 C . He's disappointed .　　 D . He gets angry to hear the woman's words .

　　 例 14：W：It's so cold . Are you near the door ?

　　 M : Oh , I see . I'm awfully sorry .

　　 Q : What will the man's response be ?

　　 A . To open the door . 　　　　 B . To answer the door .

　　 (C) To shut the door . 　　　　 D . To get nearer to the door .

　　 例 13，例 14 是采用“反应行为理论”解题的，一言既出，必定引起听话者积极或消极的反应。因此，听录音时，请切切记住对话人是男人还是女人，这直接影响对态度的反应效果。

　　 (四) 原因与结果(Cause And Effect)

　　 应试者在解答此类题目时要格外留意，切不可在听到片言只语后便匆忙地作出选择，而应在听完整个对话以后特别是将第二人的话语在脑子里迅速加以推断以后再作判断。原因与结果是一种相辅相成的逻辑关系，某一或某些原因导致某种结果；反之，某种结果的出现往往又是由于某种原因所造成的。若是对话双方所表示的因果关系比较含蓄，需要在理解对话的语境、语意的基础上找出其中的因果关系。特别是不应只注意回答是肯定的还是否定的，而应注意在 Yes 或 No 之后他或她所作的进一步解释。

　　 例 10：M：Marry , why were you late for class this morning ?

　　 W : I overslept and missed the train .

　　 Q : Why did Mary miss the class ?

　　 (A) Mary got up later than usual . 　　 B . The train was late .

　　 C . Mary hadn't expected a class . 　　 D . Her clock was out of order.

　　 例 11：M：Helen isn't here yet . Did you forget to invite her ?

　　 W : She was going to come , but then changed her mind .

　　 Q : Why isn't Helen present ?

　　 A . She decided not to come . 　　 B . She forgot to come .

　　 C . She wasn't invited . 　　　　 (D) She has another decision .

　　 (三) 职业与身份(Occupation And Identity)

　　 解题的关键是捕捉到说话人的简短对话中所提供的信息中心词(key words)或中心词组(key phrases)，并在听音过程中迅速在草稿纸上记下提及的人物以及中心词和中心词组。与此同时，应尽可能潜心揣摩对话人讲话时的语气。甚至有时答案涉及第三者与对话中的一位是什么关系。

　　 例 8：M：Can I go to Larry's tonight ?

　　 W : If you have finished your homework . Have you asked your father ?

　　 M : He's busy with work .

　　 W : Okey Joey , guess it will be all right .

　　 Q : Who is the woman ?

　　 A . Larry's mother .　　 (B)Joey's mother .　　 C . Larry .　　 D . Joey's teacher .

　　 例 9：W：Can I help you , sir ?

　　 M : Yes . Do you have this coat in a larger size ?

　　 Q : What's the woman ?

　　 (A) A salesclerk .　　 B . A shopper .　　 C . A tailor .　　 D . A stranger .

　　 (二) 提供与请求(Offer And Request)

　　 这一类试题的特点是，对话的一方表示提供帮助，另一方则表示感谢、接受或拒绝。有时一方表示请求帮助，另一方则表示同意或拒绝。解题关键是辨清对话中的请求和提供部分。常用句型：

　　 Would you tell me … ? /　　 Could you … ? /　 Would you mind … ? /　 How about … ? /

Would you like me to … ? /　 Why not … ?　 / I'd the grateful , but … OK , please .

　　 例 6：W：Could you give me a lift ? 　　 M : It's rather crowded , but you can get in .

　　 　 Q : What's the man's attitude ?

　　 　 A . eager to lift the car　　 B . eager to left the car　　 (C) agrees to take her 　　　 D . gets on a car

　　 例 7：M：I can hardly do this exercise .　 　　 W : Why not come to me ?

　　　 Q : What does the woman mean ?

　　　 A . She is doing an exercise . 　　　 B . She knows him well .

　　 　 C . She is very hardworking . 　　　 (D) She can help him .

　　 (一) 数字与计算(Numbers And Caculation)

　　 1 . 加减法计算型

　　 音响信息中出现的数字之间的关系往往用 more , less , late , early , fast , slow , before , after , have , start , begin , spend , miss , leave , increase , add , borrow , lend 之类的词或介词短语来表示，能否捕捉到录音中的数字及它们之间的关系信息至关重要。

　　 例 1：M：Did you get home when your daughter did at 8 : 50 last night ?

　　 W : No , I was 15 minutes late because of the heavy traffic .

　　 Q : When did the woman get home ?

　　 A . 8 : 50　　 (B) 9 : 05 　　 C . 8 : 35　　 D . 9 : 15

　　 例 2：W：What's the time by your watch ?

　　 M : Eleven-thirty . But it's three minutes slow .

　　 Q : What's the correct time ?

　　 (A) 11 : 33　　 B . 11 : 27 　　 C . 11 : 10　　 D . 11 : 30

　　 2 . 乘除法计算型

　　 乘除法的数字一般不超出心算和速算的范围。数字之间的关系常用具有倍数和百分数意义的名词、形容词、副词或动词来表达。注意下列词或词组：times , twice , couple , pair , a pair of , half , half lf , double , quarter , one-third of 等。

　　 例 3：M：How many students passed the entrance examination last term ?

　　 W : Well , let me see , 1060 students took the exam , but half of them failed .

　　 Q : How many students did the woman believe had succeeded ?

　　 A . 1060　　 B . 1016 　　 C . 1590　　 (D) 530

　　 3 . 混合运算法计算型

　　 这是一种比较复杂的计算题型，通常出现在价格的计算问题上。听音时对于对话中的数字，哪些是直接已知条件，哪些是间接已知条件，通过何种步骤求得要问的结果，要有一个清醒的数学头脑。

　　 例 4：M：This black bag is ＄2 . 00 and that blue one is a dollar more .

　　 W : The red one is twice as much as the blue one .

　　 Q : How much re two red bags ?

　　 A . ＄4 . 00　　 B . ＄8 . 00 　　 C . ￡6 . 00　　 (D) ＄12 . 00

　　 首先弄清蓝色与黑色之间的价格关系：the blue bag is a dollar more (than the black one)，通过黑色(直接已知条件)求得蓝色的价格 ＄3 . 00；然后弄清红色与蓝色的价格关系：the red one is twice as much as the blue one , 通过蓝色(间接已知条件)求得红色的价格 ＄6 . 00；最后再将红色的单价乘以 2，即为所得的结果 ＄12 . 00 。

　　 4 . 近音、近形数字的辨认及其它

　　 有些试题中的书面选择项排列出几个与音响信息中近音、近形的数字，用以混淆视听，迷感考生，以考察考生对数字的辨别能力。

　　 例 5：M：Is this 415 Fifth Street ?

　　 W : No , it's 514 Fourth Street .

　　 A . 514 Fifth Street 　　　　 B . 514 Fourth Street

　　 C . 415 Fourth Street 　　　　 (D) 415 Fifth Street

　　 做这类题的办法是边听边记，排除干扰项，逐步缩小“包围圈”；数字用不同表达法代表同一概念也是听力测试中常用的命题方法。如：

　　 a quarter to twelve 与 eleven forty-five 与 11 : 45 / the other day 与 a few days ago / 24 : 00与 twenty-four

6.科学判断推理

　　 听力测试对考生的判断推理能力提出了一定要求。要求考生把握整体内容，概括总结对话的主旨和大意；要求考生根据听力内容或背景效果，推测相关的具体内容，如：时间、地点、身份、人物关系等；要求考生在理解大意的基础上推测说话人的意图、观点和态度等。在判断推理的过程中要注意以下几个问题：

　　 1)防止以偏概全；2)防止断章取义；3)防止似是而非

了解高考听力测试特点有助于更好地复习备考，但关键还是要打好基础，强化训练，自觉运用听力应试技巧，诚如此，听力方能从容应对。

[典例分析]

　 [例1]　 理解主旨、要义(Know about the main idea)

任何一段对话或独白总是围绕一个主旨或者一个中心展开的。有时，主旨和要义比较明确；有时则会贯穿整个对话或独白，须我们自己去归纳、概括。

M: I hope it’ll be fine tomorrow. I’m going boating with Tom.

W: Oh, I think it will be fine.

M: Yes, I beard it on the radio.

What are the two speakers talking about ?

A.A fine boat.　　　　　 B.Their friend, Tom.　　　　　 C. The weather.

[例2]获取事实性的具体信息(Understand detailed factual information)

为了说明和解释主旨，对话或独白中需要具体信息，如时间、地点、人物等。这些信息是理解和把握对话主旨必不可少的内容，是听力考查的重点项目。

M: Well, I wondered why the office is still not open.

W: But it’s not yet eight. In fact, it’s only a quarter to eitht.

At what time does the office open?

A.7:45　　　　　　　　　 B. 8:15　　　　　　　　　　 C.8:00

　　 [例3]　 对背景、说话者之间的关系能作出简单的推断

(Inferring the background and relationship between the speakers)

对话或独白发生的背景及说话者之间的关系对话语的含义有举足轻重的作用。对说话背景、说话者之间关系的理解程度，在一定程度上可以体现一个人对口语的理解能力，因而是听力考查的重点项目。

常提的问题是：

What’s the relationship between the speakers?

What can we learn from the dialogue?

M: Excuse me, Madam.

W: Yes?

M: Does this bus go to Zhongshan Road?

W: Yes, I think so.

M: You’re welcome.

What is the relationship between the speakers?

A.They are friends.　　　 B.They are strangers.　　　 C.They are brother and sister.

[例4]　 理解说话者的意图、观点或态度

(Understand the speakers’ intention, views and attitude)

一般说来，说话者总会有其意图，或提出问题，回答问题，或阐述自己的想法或意见。这里很大程度上有助于对整个对话的理解。有时，说话者的意图或观点是明说出来的，有时则隐含在对话的句里行间，需听者去揣摩、推断。

What’s the most probable result of the conversation?

What can we know about the man( woman)?

W: Can I help you?

M: Yes, I bought this radio two days ago, but I’m afraid it doesn’t work. I’d like to change it for another one.

W: Oh, dear. Yes, of course. Have you got your receipt?

M: Yes, here it is.

W: Thank you. Just a moment, please.

What is the most probable result of the conversation?

　　 A. The man got this radio repaired.

B. The man got a new receipt.

C. The man got a new radio.