2.现在分词的句法功能:

1)作定语:

现在分词作定语,当分词单独作定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语作定语放在名词后。

In the following years he worked even harder.

在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father.

正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:

in the following years 也可用in the years that followed;

the man speaking to the teacher

可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.

2)现在分词作表语:

The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒。

The present situation is inspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。

be+doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词作表语,它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

3)作宾语补足语:

如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。如:

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。

4)现在分词作状语

作时间状语

(While)Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。

作原因状语

Being a League member, he is always helping others.

由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。

作方式状语,表示伴随

He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他待在家里,又擦又洗。

作条件状语

(If)Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。

作结果状语

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。

作目的状语

He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。

作让步状语

Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。

与逻辑主语构成独立主格

I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.

我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。

All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.

所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。

Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises.

如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。

有时也可用with (without)+名词(代词宾格)+分词形式

With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他点着灯睡着了。

作独立成分

Judging from(by)his appearance, he must be an actor.

从外表看,他一定是个演员。

Generally speaking, girls are more careful.

一般说来,女孩子更细心。

2.动名词的句法功能:

1)作主语:

Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。

Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

It’s no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

2)作表语:

In the ant city, the queen’s job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。

3)作宾语:

They haven’t finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。

We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。

注意:动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,如:

We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。

要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:

enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent...(from),keep ...from, stop...(from),protect...from, set about, be engaged in, spend...(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

4)作定语:

He can’t walk without a walking?stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。

Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗?

5)作同位语:

The cave, his hiding?place is secret.那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。

His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.

他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。

2.不定式的句法功能

1)作主语:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.在十分钟内完成这项工作很难。

动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面一句可用如下形式:

It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.

2)作表语:

Her job is to clean the hall.她的工作就是打扫大厅。

3)作宾语:

常与不定式作宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, ?refuse?, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer,afford,ask,decide,expect,intend,等。

如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

马克思认为研究俄国的形势很重要。

动词不定式在介词but后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么这些介词后的不定式不带to;否则就要带to。另外在can’t choose but和can’t help but等后面的不定式也省略to。如:

I have no choice but to stay here.我别无选择只有待在这儿。

动词不定式作动词tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss等词的宾语时,前面常带疑问词。即:疑问词(how,when,where,what,who)...+to do。如:

He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些就如何学英语的建议。

4)作宾语补足语:

动词不定式作动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe等感官动词以及have,let,make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略。但如果这些句子变成被动结构时,就必须带to符号。如:

I saw him cross the road.我看到他过了街道。

He was seen to cross the road.他被看到过了街道。

5)作定语:

作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:

There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。

如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:

He has no place to live.他没有住的地方。

This is the best way to work out this problem.这是解决这个问题的最好的办法。

动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:

当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较:

Have you got anything to send

(你有什么东西要寄吗?--不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”)

Have you got anything to be sent

(你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?--不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)用不定式作定语的几种情况

不定式表将来

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.我借了几本书在假期里读。

用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词。如:

He was the best man to do the job.他是做这项工作的最佳人选。

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

她是在奥运会上获得金牌的第一个女人。

用于修饰的词是抽象名词时,常见的有:ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。如:

Do you have the ability to read and write English 你具备读、写英语的能力吗?

6)作状语

表目的

He worked day and night to get the money.为了挣钱,他日日夜夜的工作。

注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:

为了省钱,能用的方法都用上了。

(×)To save money, every means has been tried.

(√)To save money, he has tried every means.

表结果

He arrived late to find the train gone.他来晚了,结果发现火车开走了。

常用only放在不定式前表示强调:

I visited him only to find him out.我来拜访他,结果发现他出去了。

表原因

They were very sad to hear the news.听到这个消息他们非常伤心。

表程度

It’s too dark for us to see anything.天太黑了,我们什么也看不清。

The question is simple for him to answer.这道问题对他来说太容易回答了。

作独立成分

To tell you the truth, I don’t like the way he talked.

说实话,我不喜欢他说话的?方式。?

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