6.定语从句与其它从句(句型)的区别
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类 别 |
区 别 |
例 句 |
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定语从句 与 并列句 |
定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。 |
①Mr Li has
three daughters，none of
_____ is an engineer． ②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer． 从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom； ②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。 |
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定语从句 与 状语从句 |
定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。 |
This is the place where we used to live a
few years ago. 这是几年前我们居住的地方。(定语从句，先行词为the place) Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。(地点状语从句) |
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定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。 |
Do you know the time when the class is
over? 你知道下课的时间吗？(定语从句) It was already five o’clock when the class was over. =When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. 当下课时己经是5点了。(时间状语从句) |
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When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词+which”的结构来替换，在引导 状语从句时却不行。 |
This is the factory in which (where) his
father once worked. 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。(定语从句) Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。(状语从句) |
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定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。 |
It is such an interesting book as we all
like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。 (as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句) It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。 ( that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句) |
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定语从句 与 同位语从句 |
定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。 |
The news that she had
passed the exam made her parents very happy. 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。(同位语从句) 此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. The news that he told us interested all of us. 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。(定语从句) The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us. |
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定语从句 与 强调句 |
强调句的结构为“It
is／was+被强调部分+that+从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。 |
①It is on
the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport． ②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works． 从结构上看： ①小题是强调句，故填 that。 ②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。 |
此外还要注意下列两点：
▲定语从句与习惯句型
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①It is the first time _____ she has been in Shanghai．
②It was the time _____ Chinese people had a hard life．
解析：这里①小题是一个习惯句型，其结构为：It is／was the first／second ．．． time +that从句。故①填that，其意为：这是她第一次在上海。②小题the time是先行词，其后是表示时间的定语从句，故填 when。
▲定语从句与简单句
用一个恰当的词完成下列句子，使之完整与正确。
①The mother told the lazy boy to work，_____ didn't help．
②The mother told the lazy boy to work．_____ didn't help．
解析：含有定语从句的复合句与两个单句的主要区别在于：前者有主句，有从句，必须有关系词；而后者则是两个单独的句子，不需要任何关联词。①小题两个句子用逗号连接且没有并列连词，显然应是主从句关系，因此需用关系词which，前面整个句子作先行词；②小题则填It，代替前面的整个句子。解题时，注意标点符号的运用。
4.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句
当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现“介词+关系代词”。先行词指物，用“介词+which/whose”,指人则用“介词+whom/whose”, 且两个关系代词均不能省略。介词的选择要遵循两个原则：
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原则 |
内 容 |
例 句 |
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原则一 |
根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定 |
I saw a woman running toward me in the
dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction__________she had come. A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which [解析]此题考查由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，根据句意用from which表示“所来的那个方向”，故答案选[D] |
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原则二 |
根据先行词而定 |
There are two buildings , _______ stands
nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which [解析] the larger of which指  代the larger of the two buildings ，which 在定语从句中指代 building，作介词of的宾语，故答案为[D]。 |
3. where、when与why引导的定语从句
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关系副词 |
用 法 |
例 句 |
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where |
关系副词where引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作地点状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示(具体或抽象的)地点的名词。 |
We’re just trying to teach a point___both
sides will sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which |
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when |
关系副词 when引导定语从句时, 只能在定语从句中作时间状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示时间的名词。 |
There was ________time ________I hated to
go to school. A. a; that B. a; when C. the; that D. the ; when |
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why |
关系副词why引导定语从句时，只能在定语从句中作原因状语，其修饰的名词必须是表示原因的名词。 |
Do you know the reason why she was put
into prison ? 你知道她坐牢的原因吗？ |
2.as、which和that的区别
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从句 |
区 别 |
例 句 |
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限制性 定语从句中 |
名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which |
He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. |
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非限制性 定语从句中 |
as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 |
They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well kno wn,
he is a famous film star in the 1980s. |
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the same... as和 the same ...that |
the same... as指同类事物 the same ...that 指原物 |
That’s the same tool as I used last week.(同类工具，不是同一把) That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。 |
1.that与which, who, whom的用法区别
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情 况 |
用法说明 |
例 句 |
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只用that的情况 |
①先行词为all, everything, anything,
nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 ②先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 ③先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 ④先行词既指人又指物时 ⑤先行词被the only, the very修饰时 ⑥句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 |
①He told me everything that he knows. ②All the books that you offered has been given out. ③This is the best film that I have ever read. ④We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. ⑤He is the only man that I want to see. ⑥Who is the man that is making a speech? |
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只用which,
who, whom的情况 |
①在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 ②在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 ③先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。 |
①He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. ②I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. ③Those who respect others are usually respected by others. |
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只用that，in which或不用关系词的情况 |
the way做先行词时 |
①Mary,there is one way that you could stop others talking about you
and criticizing yo u.②I was struck by the beauty of the way in which she stood. ③What surprised me was not what he said but _______ he said it. A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which |
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2.关系词分为两大类，即关系代词和关系副词，其作用一是引出一个定语从句，二是代替其所修饰的先行词，三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
关系词的分类和基本用法
表一
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分类 |
指代 |
引导词 |
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关系代词 |
人 |
who, whom, that, as |
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事物 |
which, that, as |
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人或物(表所属关系) |
whose |
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关系副词 |
地点 |
where |
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时间 |
when |
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原因 |
why |
表二
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关系代词 |
指代 |
例句 |
解释 |
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who |
人 |
The man who helped you is Mr White. |
在定从中作主语 |
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whom |
That is the person(whom/who/that) you
want to see. |
在定从中作宾语，可省略 |
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whose |
He is the father whose son studies very
well in our class. |
在定从中作定语 |
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that |
I´m not the fool that you thought me to
be. |
在定从中作表语 |
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as |
He is such a lazy man as nobody wants to
work with. |
在定从中作宾语 |
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that |
事物 |
The only thing that we can do is to give
you some advice. |
在定从中作宾语 |
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which |
A dictionary is a useful book which tells
us the meaning of words |
在定从中作主语 |
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whose |
He lives in a room whose window faces
south |
在定从中作定语 |
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as |
It is such a big stone as nobody can
lift. |
在定从中作宾语 |
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整句内容 |
As is known to all, he
is the best student. |
在定从中作主语 |
表三
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关系副词 |
指代 |
例句 |
解释 |
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when |
时间 |
Would you suggest a time when we can have
a talk? |
在定从中作状语 |
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where |
地点 |
The house where they live is not very
large. |
在定从中作状语 |
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why |
原因 |
This is the reason why he did not came to
the meeting. |
在定从中作状语 |
(二)定语从句的注意点
本部分的内容比较复杂，为便于考生一目了然，我们试图用表格的形式呈现给考生。