3、分词作定语

不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成;及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,

过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时,也是如此。分词作定语,单个的分词作定

语一般前置;分词词组,个别分词如given, left等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置。例如:

We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日

He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人

There was a girl sitting there. 有个女孩坐在那里

This is the question given.  这是所给的问题

There is nothing interesting.  没有有趣的东西

分词作定语相当于定语从句,如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.

分词: 包含现在分词和过去分词。(高中学习重点)

① 主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动 作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。

② 分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。

[A] 作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。 如:

I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕)

The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly ,“Stop the thief!”(跟着小偷追的妇女大喊:捉小偷!)

Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇见了一个名叫布莱克先生的人)

He only gave me a broken glass, so I was very angry with him.(他只给了我一个坏玻璃杯,所以我很生他的气)

[B] 现在分词可以作下列动词的宾语补足语。(参考不定式作宾语补足语)

谓语动词(vt.)
宾语
宾语补足语
keep(保持) / see(看到) /
hear(听到) / watch(注意到) / feel(感觉到)
sb./sth.
(do)ing

如:

Mum kept me working all the week.(妈妈让我一个星期都在工作)

When I entered the room, I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我进入房间时看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)

In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有个冷的东西在我的脚上移动)

[C] 现在分词可以作状语,表示伴随情况。如:

She came into the classroom, holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走进教室,手上抓着一沓纸)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(这些日子我正忙着准备即将来到的口语考试)

[D] 过去分词可以作表语,放在连系动词后面,但要注意不要与被动语态混淆,“主系表”主要表示状态,而被动语态则表示动作。常用过去分词作表语的结构有:be worried (焦虑) / be pleased (高兴) / be tired (疲劳) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / become frustrated (沮丧) / become intereted in (对…感兴趣)等等。例略。

[E] 过去分词可以作宾语补足语。如:

I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我让人给我理了发)(注意:have sth. done表示动作由别人来做,而have done sth.则为现在完成时的结构,两个结构不可以混淆)

[语法过关]www.zk5u.co                    

2、动名词作宾语

1) 有些动词只能用动名词作直接宾语,不 能用不定式作直接宾语。如:admit, advise, avoid, consider,delay,finish, mind, miss, permit, practise, enjoy, resist,risk, appreciate, imagine, 例如:

He finished reading the book yesterday.他昨天看完这本书。

Have you considered looking for one special friend?你是否考虑过找一位特别亲密的朋友呢?

2)动名词作介词宾语的用法。

be used to,  prevent......from, depend on,feel like, be fond of, be proud of, put off, give up, devote oneself to ,help yourself to, be busy in,be afraid of, apologize for 等。例如:

I don't feel like walking very much today.今天我不想走太多的路。

The Great Green will stop the wind from blowing the earth away.绿色长城将阻止风刮走土。

注意: 动名词前的介词有时可以省略。如: have difficulty (in) doing ; have no trouble (in) doing; lose no time (in) doing; prevent/stop......(from) doing; there is no use (in) doing等。例如:

I have some difficult in pronouncing some of the words in English.我发某些英语单词的音有一些困难。

The heavy rain kept them from going out.大雨阻止了他们外出。

We  must stop them (from) making the same mistake again.我们必须防止犯同样的错误。

3)有些动词即可用动名词作直接宾语,也可以用不定式作直接宾语,两者有着截然不同的意义。

(1)like,love,prefer,hate......等表示喜爱、厌恶、偏好的情感动词,后跟不定式表示“仅一时的爱憎情感或指特定或具体某次行为”;后跟动名词表示“抽象性的一种倾向、爱好或习惯性的动作”例如:

I don't like to read this novel.我不喜欢看这本小说。

I don't like reading  in bed.我不喜欢在床上看书。

I prefer to work rather than sit idle.我情愿工作而不愿闲坐着。

注意:这几个词前面有would, should 时,后面都只跟不定式。例如:

Would you like to dine out? 你愿意在外面吃顿饭吗?

(2)动词remember,forget,stop,go on,try,regret,can't help等既能以动词不定式又能以动名词作宾语,但表达的意思却不同。与动词不定式连用时,表示未完成的动作。例如:

remember  后用动名词表示 “记起过去做过的一件事”;后用动词不定式表示“记住要去做某一件事情”。例如:

Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。

Don't you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

forget 后用动词不定式表示.“忘记要去做某件事情”;后用动名词表示“忘记过去做过的一件事情”。例如:

The light in the office is still on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)

He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)

stop 后用动词不定式表示   “停下来做另一件事情”(停下来的目的);后用动名词表示“停止正在做的事情”。例如:

They stop to smoke a cigarette.  他们停下来,抽了根烟。

I must stop smoking.    我必须戒烟了。

go on doing sth  表示“继续不停地做某事”或“一件事没有做完,停顿后继续做下去;与原来所做的事相同。”例如:

After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后,他接着去做物理。

 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习

 try  用动词不定式表示“设法去做某件事情”;后用动名词表示“试一试某种办法”。例如:

You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。

I tried gardening but didn't succeed. 我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。 

mean后用动词不定式表示“打算、想要做某事”;后用动名词表示“意味着、意思是”。例如:

I meant to tell you yesterday,but you were not in your office.我打算昨天告诉你,但是你不在办公室。

Missing the train means waiting for an hour错过这趟火车就意味着还要等一个小时。

can't help 后用动词不定式表示“不能帮助做......”。后用动名词表示“禁不住....;不得不”。例如:

He couldn't help finishing it.他不得不把这件事完成。

We couldn't help to finish it. 我们不能帮助完成这件事。www.zk5u.co

be afraid doing/to do

be afraid to do 不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为"怕",be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的,意为"生怕,恐怕"。例如:

She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。

She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。

learn后跟不定式表示“学会了做某事”或“学着做某事”;跟动名词表示“学过做某事”,但不一定会了。例如:

He has learned to type.他学会了打字。(指会使用打字机)www.zk5u.co

He has learned typing. 他学过打字。(他不一定会使用打字机)

4)动词need, want, require,以及 be worth之后动名词的主动语态含有被动的意思,相当于不定式的被动语态。例如:

His clothes need mending(to be mended).他的衣服需要缝补。

Our teacher said that the way of study needed improving.老师说我们的这种学习方法需要改进。

These babies will require taking good care of.这些婴儿需要细心照料。

His talk is well worth listening to.他的报告很值得一听。

1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后。

2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。

注意:被动语态中不能省去to。例如:

   I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。

   =He was seen to dance.

   The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。

   =They were made to work the whole night.

3) would rather,had better句型后

4) Why… / why no…句型后

5) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:

6) but和except后。but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。

比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。

     He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。

7) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:

8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。例如: 

   He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。

                  第二节        动名词

1、    动名词作主语

1) 动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别。一般地说,动名词表示抽象的、一般的行为,尤其是强调多次性的动作;不定式表示具体的、某一次的动作,特别是将来的动作。例如:

Checking information is very important.核实情况是非常重要的。

Learning a foreign language is very useful to me.学习一门外语,来说是非常重要的。

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