4.动词let, have, make, notice, watch, observe,

feel, hear, see, 后用动词原形作宾补. 如改为被动语态，省掉的to要还原。

e.g. I heard Mary sing last night.

Mary was heard to sing last night.

3.某些动词后须用不定式作宾补v.+n.+to do

e.g. advise, allow, permit, forbid, ask, beg, cause, choose, drive(驱使), enable, encourage, expect, wish,

force, get, invite, prefer, tell, think,　 want, warn, order, require, call on, depend on…

2.某些动词后须跟不定式to do作宾语：

e.g. afford, agree, decide, demand, offer, determine, hope, expect, wish, happen, fail, manage, desire,

long(渴望), plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, intend, seem;…

五个助动词(be，have，do，shall，will)

A→be动词的用法

例：1) We are to meet at the school at noon.(约定)

2)You are to obey your parents.(义务)

说明：am,is,are,was,were,have, has, had, do, does, did即可作助动词有可作实义动词。

例：1)She does not speak English.(助动词)

2)She does her look carefully. (实义动词)

B→have的用法

例：I have to work hard during this vacation.

C→Shall/will的用法

D→do的用法

助动词do只有三个形式：do，does，did

a.　　 构成疑问句和否定句

疑问句：Do(does/did)+主语+动词原形+……？

否定句：主语+do(does/did)+not+动词原形+……

b.　　 用在动词原形之前，加强语气，此时助动词只有两个形式：do，did

例：1)He did answer in this way.

2) I do believe you can do it well.

c.代替前面刚提到的动词以避免重复

例：1)I like English and so does he.

2) He doesn’t watch TV everyday and nor/neither do I.

3) He works hard but his son doesn’t.

d.用于倒装句，特别强调never，rarely，seldom，so等副词。

例：Never did I see such an animal.

　 =I never saw such an animal.

第11讲 非谓语动词

非谓语动词：包括不定式to do，动名词doing，过去分词done及现在分词doing.

动词不定式：

1.作主语或表语。

1) It is hard _____ a high mountain.(climb)

　 (不定式作主语，常用it作形式主语。)

2) The only way to reach the edge of the

forest ___ the narrow dirt path in front of us.

A. was to take　　 B. was to taking

C. will take　　　 D. was taken

(不定式作表语，常用来说明主语内容。)

在英语中，助动词本身是没有词义的，它主要帮助构成谓语，表示时态，语态，语气或构成否定形式，疑问形式。请注意，助动词在句子中必须同主语的人称和数保持一致。

例：1)He is reading the newspaper. (时态)　 他正在看报纸。

2)Tom was punished by his teacher.(语态)

3)Do be quiet，please. (语气)

4)She does not speak English.(否定)

5)Did you read this book ? (疑问)

英语中对谓语动词的强调一般是强调一般过去时或一般现在时的句子，方式是在谓语动词前加上相应时态的助动词do, does,或did，用于加强句子的语气，其后动词用原形。也可以在祈使句句首加助动词do表示强调。如：

I do believe you.

Do be careful.

第十讲 助动词

(二)强调句与时间状语从句

It was four o’clock in the afternoon when they arrived at the museum. (when 引导时间状语从句)

It was at four o’clock in the afternoon that they arrived at the museum. (强调句)

[真题回顾5]- Did Jack come back early last night? (2005福建)

- Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock________ he arrived home.

A．before　　 B．when　　　　 C．that　　　　 D．until

解析：句意是“他到家时还不8点钟”，故是时间状语从句，而不是强调句，选B。

区分强调句和定语从句的方法是将It is /was…that/who去掉，句子成分完整，则是强调句，反之则是其他从句。

(一)强调句与定语从句

It was in the hall that we held the English party. (强调句，去掉it was…that后，句子成分仍完整：We held the English party in the hall.)

It was the hall where (in which) we held the English party. (定语从句)

一般问句形式是：Is/Was it + 被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分？如:

Was it during the Second World War that his grandfather died?

　特殊问句形式是：特殊疑问词 + is/was +that/who + 句子其他成分？如：

When is it that the school sports meeting will be held?

[真题回顾4]-___________that he managed to get the information? (2005山东)

-Oh, a friend of his helped him.

　　　　 A. Where was it　　 B. What was it　　 C. How was it　　 D. Why was it

解析：根据下文的答语 a friend of his helped him可知上文是强调方式状语。故选C。

这些状语可以是状语从句，介词短语，或介词短语中的名词后再跟有定语从句等。如：

It was because it was raining hard that I was late for school.

It was with great joy that she accepted the birthday gift I bought for her.

[真题回顾2] It was with great joy________ he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. (2004福建)

A．because　　　　 B．which　　　　 C．since　　　　 D．that

解析：强调作方式状语的介词短语，故选D。

如果对not…until句型进行强调时，常将not和until短语或引导的时间从句放在一起，置于It is(was)…that之间,其后部分用肯定形式，如：

It was not until yesterday that I knew this.

[真题回顾3] It wasn’t until nearly a month later 　　　　　I received the manager’s reply. (2005全国卷一二)

　　　 　 A．since 　　　　　　　 B．when 　　　　　　 C．as 　　　　　　　　　　 D．that

解析：句意是“直到近一个月后我才得到经理的答复。”强调not…until句型，要将not提前，和until一起放到被强调的位置。故选D。

注意：强调时间状语和地点状语时，不用when和where。