②现在分词作定语表示所修饰的名词的特征，或修饰名词所做的动作。
单个的现在分词作定语必须前置；现在分词短语则后置。
现在分词短语作定语，相当于一个定语从句，都可以变成一个相应的定语从句。
现在分词作定语所修饰的名词有主谓关系。
He is a promising young man. 他是个大有前途的年轻人。 I have a friend living in London. (=I have a friend who lives in London.)
③现在分词作状语，多用来表示伴随、时间、原因、方式等。现在分词作状语它的逻辑主语是主句的主语。
如果分词表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，并且已经完成，用现在分词的完成形式。 They stood by the road, reading books. Having stepped into the cave, Crusoe lit a fire.
④现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行，动作是宾语发出的，主动的，多用于使役动词或感官动词之后。 We saw a light burning in the window. I can't get the clock going again.
现在分词的完成式，否定式，被动形式：
e.g. a.Having worked among the workers for
many years, he knew them very well.
b. Not having received an answer, he decided
to write another letter to them.
c. Can you see the building being built?
d. Having been put into prison, he felt hopeless.
●过去分词
6.动名词完成式与被动形式：
e.g. He didn’t mention having met me.
I apologize for not having kept my promise.
Being killed by sharks was a common thing here.
分词
过去分词常表完成的被动动作，而现在分词常表正在进行的主动动作。
●现在分词
5.动名词复合结构：(动名词带上自己的逻辑主语)
e.g. His/ John’s coming made us happy. (作主语)
Do you mind my /me/Mary’s/Mary going
to your party? (作宾语)
4.sth. need, require, want + doing某事需要被
e.g. The bike needs repairing.
= The bike needs to be repaired.
This place is worth traveling hundreds of
miles to see.
3.有些动词后即可接不定式，又可接动名词，但意义不一样：
e.g. remember, forget, regret +to do 动作未发生
+ doing动作已发生
e.g. I remember to post the letter.
I remember posting the letter.
try to do 尽力做 try doing尝试做
stop to do stop doing
mean to do打算做 mean doing意味着做
2.作宾语：某些动词后只跟动名词作宾语。
admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, fancy(爱好), suggest, excuse(原谅),
finish, mind, miss, practise, allow，risk(冒险), advise, give up…
1.作主语：动名词表一种抽象的和泛指的概念，而不定式表一次性的，具体的动作。
e.g. Swimming is a good exercise.
To swim across that river is possible some day when I grow up.
用在It is no use (good, a waste of time, not an easy task )…和there be no (no use)…结构中。
e.g. It is no good _____ the stable door when
the horse is stolen.
A. closing B. to shut C. locking D. to lock
There is no use ______ him at this hour.
A. to call B. called C. to ring D. calling
7.疑问词+不定式 to do：相当于一个名词从句，常用来作主语，表语，宾语或状语。
e.g. He doesn’t know____ to stay or not.
A. if B. either C. whether D. if he will
Last summer I took a course on _____.
A. how to make dresses
B. how dresses be made
C. how to be made dresses
D. how are dresses made
不定式的省略：
---Did your brother go to the party?
---No, but he _______.
A. planned it B. planned to
C. planned so D. planned
形容词easy, difficult, hard, fit后的动词不定式用主动形式表被动意义。
e.g. I found the German Language hard _____.
A. to be learned B. to learn
C. learned D. learning
动名词doing的用法:
6.不定式作定语时，与其修饰的名词有主谓关系或动宾关系。
e.g. 1) I haven’t decided which hotel ______.
A. to stay B. to be stayed at
C. to stay at D. for staying
2) The old scientist has been invited to a
party _____ next Monday evening.
A. holding B. held C. to be held D. being held
3) Little Betty found __________.
A. with no one to play B. no one to play with
C. no one to be played with D. no one to play
4) a. Mr Smith is the very doctor ______.
b. Mr Smith is the very doctor for you __.
A. to be sent for B. to send for
C. sending for D. to be sent
5.某些结构后面要用省to的不定式(即动词原形)：
would/had rather, would you please,
had better, rather than(而不是) …