(1)物理性质:
a.硅的存在和形态:自然界中没有游离态的硅,主要以二氧化硅和硅酸盐的形式存在。
b.晶体硅是灰黑色、有金属光泽、硬而脆的固体。
c.导电性:介于导体和绝缘体之间(硅和锗是重要的半导体材料)。
(2)化学性质(和碳相似)--形成共价化合物,化学性质不活泼。
①常温下,不能强酸、强氧化性酸反应,只能与氟气、氢氟酸(HF)和烧碱等物质反应。
Si + 2F2 == SiF4 Si +4HF==SiF4 +H2↑
Si + 2NaOH+ H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑
②加热条件下,能跟一些非金属单质起反应。
Si + O2
SiO2
Si + 2H2
SiH4
(3)工业制法:
SiO2 + 2C
Si +
2CO↑(焦炭在电炉中还原二氧化硅得到粗硅)
粗硅提纯后,可以得到可用作半导体材料的高纯硅。
(3)用途:
①作半导体材料晶体管、集成电路、硅整流器和太阳能电池等;
②制合金:含硅4%的钢具有良好的导磁性--变压器铁芯;
含硅15%左右的钢具有良好的耐酸性--耐酸设备等。
注意:SiO2与CO2的比较
|
|
CO2 |
SiO2 |
|
与碱性氧化物反应 |
CaO+CO2 |
CaO+SiO2 |
|
与碱液反应 |
2NaOH+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O |
SiO2+2NaOH = Na2SiO3+H2O |
|
与盐反应 |
Na2SiO3+CO2+H2O=Na2CO3+H2SiO3↓ NaAlO2+CO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3 |
2Na2CO3+SiO2 |
|
与碳反应 |
C+CO2 |
2C+SiO2 |
|
与H2O作用 |
CO2+H2O |
不与水化合 |
|
与酸反应 |
不反应 |
只与HF反应 SiO2+4HF=SiF4↑+H2O |
典例解析
(1)性质特征:性质稳定,熔点较高,大都难溶于水。
(2)主要原料:黏土(Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O)、石英(SiO2)和长石(钾长石K2O·Al2O3·6SiO2或钠长石Na2O·Al2O3·6SiO2)。
(3)主要制品:玻璃、水泥、陶瓷、砖瓦、水玻璃(Na2SiO3的水溶液)等。
(4)水泥和玻璃的生产:
|
|
水泥 |
玻璃(普通) |
|
原料 |
石灰石、粘土 |
纯碱、石灰石、石英 |
|
设备 |
水泥回转窑 |
玻璃熔炉 |
|
反应 |
复杂的物理化学变化 |
Na2CO3+SiO2
CaCO3+SiO2 |
|
主要成分 |
3CaO·SiO2 2CaO· SiO2 3CaO·Al2O3 |
Na2O·CaO· 6SiO2 |
|
特性 |
水硬性 (加石膏调节硬化速度) |
玻璃态物质(在一定温度范围内软化) 非晶体 |
(二)综合填空(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分)
根据短文内容,用方框中所给词语的适当形式填空,使文章通顺、完整。(每词限用一次)
|
turn, better, give, she, scared, visit, close, open, but, everyone |
In a happy town there lived a little, beautiful and smart girl, and (76)______________ name was Rose. (77)______________ in the town liked her. She was so brave, but one thing she was scared of was the doctor.
One day her tooth was moving. Her mum saw it. She said, “Your tooth is moving, and you need to (78)______________ Doctor Tim.”
Rose said, “No! I am not going to the doctor.” Mum said, “Don’t worry. It’s not so wobbly (摆动的) now.” That made Rose feel (79)______________.
After five weeks, Rose forgot about her tooth (80)_______________ her mum didn’t. She checked her tooth again and it was wobbly, so she said, “It’s time to see the doctor.”
Rose was (81)______________ but she had to do what her mum told her, so they went to see Doctor Tim. They had to wait in the waiting room.
When it was her (82)_______________, her heart was bumping(碰撞) very fast. She went into Doctor Tim’s room. He was smiling. She sat on the chair.
Doctor Tim said, “(83)______________ your eyes.”
Rose closed her eyes, but just before Doctor Tim started, tears started coming down her eyes. But when she (84)______________ her eyes, she saw Doctor Tim holding her tooth.
Rose smiled. Then Doctor Tim (85)______________ her a teddy bear(泰迪熊) and from that time Rose wasn’t scared of doctors any more.