例1.光纤通信是一种现代化的通信手段,它可以提供大容量、高速度、高质量的通信服务。目前,我国正在大力建设高质量的宽带光纤通信网络,即信息高速公路。光纤通信所使用的光缆,其主要部件为光导纤维。下列说法正确的是 (   )

①制造光导纤维的主要原料是CaCO3;②制造光导纤维的主要原料是SiO2;③光导纤维传递光信号的基本物理原理是光的全反射;④光导纤维传递光信号的基本物理原理是光的折射

A.①④         B.②③          C.①③          D.②④

[分析]本题综合考查了新型无机非金属材料的了解,以及物理光学的基本原理。光导纤维主要原料的化学成分是SiO2,而光导纤维传递光信号的基本物理原理则是光的全反射。因而说法②、③正确。

[答案]B

例2.把26g含有SiO2和CaCO3固体在高温下加热至质量不再改变,冷却后称重为17.2g。

  (1)写出有关的化学反应方程式

  (2)求生成CO2的体积(标况)

  (3)求原混合物中所含SiO2的质量。

[分析](1)SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2↑

      CaCO3CaO+CO2↑

  从上述反应也可比较出两种盐的热稳定性:CaSiO3>CaCO3

  在此高温条件下,CaCO3不会过剩,故前后固体质量减少值即为CO2质量。

m(CO2)==26g-17.2g=8.8g

n(CO2)=0.2mol,V(CO2)= 4.48L

CaCO3  -  CO2

100g     1mol

20g     0.2mol

m(SiO2)=26g-20g=6g

[答案](1)SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2↑;CaCO3CaO+CO2↑

(2)4.48L   (3)6g

   (1)物理性质:

   a.硅的存在和形态:自然界中没有游离态的硅,主要以二氧化硅和硅酸盐的形式存在。

   b.晶体硅是灰黑色、有金属光泽、硬而脆的固体。

   c.导电性:介于导体和绝缘体之间(硅和锗是重要的半导体材料)。

   (2)化学性质(和碳相似)--形成共价化合物,化学性质不活泼。

   ①常温下,不能强酸、强氧化性酸反应,只能与氟气、氢氟酸(HF)和烧碱等物质反应。

    Si + 2F2 == SiF4           Si +4HF==SiF4 +H2↑

    Si + 2NaOH+ H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑              

   ②加热条件下,能跟一些非金属单质起反应。

    Si + O2  SiO2        

    Si + 2H2  SiH4         

(3)工业制法:

 SiO2 + 2C  Si + 2CO↑(焦炭在电炉中还原二氧化硅得到粗硅)

粗硅提纯后,可以得到可用作半导体材料的高纯硅。       

   (3)用途:

①作半导体材料晶体管、集成电路、硅整流器和太阳能电池等;

②制合金:含硅4%的钢具有良好的导磁性--变压器铁芯;

含硅15%左右的钢具有良好的耐酸性--耐酸设备等。

注意:SiO2与CO2的比较

 
CO2
SiO2
与碱性氧化物反应
 CaO+CO2CaCO3
CaO+SiO2 CaSiO3
与碱液反应
2NaOH+CO2=Na2CO3+H2O
SiO2+2NaOH =  Na2SiO3+H­2O
与盐反应
Na2SiO3+CO2+H2O=Na2CO3+H2SiO3↓
NaAlO2+CO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3
2Na2CO3+SiO2Na2SiO3+CO2↑CaCO3+SiO2CaSiO3+CO2↑
与碳反应
C+CO22CO
2C+SiO2Si+2CO↑
与H2O作用
CO2+H2O  H2CO3
不与水化合
与酸反应
不反应
只与HF反应
SiO2+4HF=SiF4↑+H2O

典例解析

(二)综合填空(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分)

根据短文内容,用方框中所给词语的适当形式填空,使文章通顺、完整。(每词限用一次)

turn,  better,  give,  she,  scared,  visit,  close,  open,  but,  everyone

In a happy town there lived a little, beautiful and smart girl, and (76)______________ name was Rose. (77)______________ in the town liked her. She was so brave, but one thing she was scared of was the doctor.

One day her tooth was moving. Her mum saw it. She said, “Your tooth is moving, and you need to (78)______________ Doctor Tim.”

Rose said, “No! I am not going to the doctor.” Mum said, “Don’t worry. It’s not so wobbly (摆动的) now.” That made Rose feel (79)______________.

After five weeks, Rose forgot about her tooth (80)_______________ her mum didn’t. She checked her tooth again and it was wobbly, so she said, “It’s time to see the doctor.”

Rose was (81)______________ but she had to do what her mum told her, so they went to see Doctor Tim. They had to wait in the waiting room.

When it was her (82)_______________, her heart was bumping(碰撞) very fast. She went into Doctor Tim’s room. He was smiling. She sat on the chair.

Doctor Tim said, “(83)______________ your eyes.”

Rose closed her eyes, but just before Doctor Tim started, tears started coming down her eyes. But when she (84)______________ her eyes, she saw Doctor Tim holding her tooth.

Rose smiled. Then Doctor Tim (85)______________ her a teddy bear(泰迪熊) and from that time Rose wasn’t scared of doctors any more.

 0  291227  291235  291241  291245  291251  291253  291257  291263  291265  291271  291277  291281  291283  291287  291293  291295  291301  291305  291307  291311  291313  291317  291319  291321  291322  291323  291325  291326  291327  291329  291331  291335  291337  291341  291343  291347  291353  291355  291361  291365  291367  291371  291377  291383  291385  291391  291395  291397  291403  291407  291413  291421  447090 

违法和不良信息举报电话:027-86699610 举报邮箱:58377363@163.com

精英家教网