3.现在完成时

 ①表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果,或说话时已完成的动作;

I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.

 ②表示从过去开始,待续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用;

He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.

③表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”;

表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”。

-Where is Li Hua?        -He has gone to the reading-room.

-She knows a lot about Shanghai.  -She has been there.

④在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。

When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.

We’ll start at six if it has stopped raining by then.

注意:这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 则不必用完成时;试比较:

I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.

She will call you when she gets home.

⑤短暂动词(即瞬间动词),join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,

break out等,在完成时态中,其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。

要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说:He has joined the army three years.可采用:

▲“ago法”:He joined the army three years ago.

▲“延续法”:He has been in the army for three years.

▲“since法”:It is/has been three years since he joined the army.

注意:没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in(over) the

past/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。

[考情分析]

动词的时态和语态是历年高考的重点,而且测试的难度也在逐年加大。应特别注意以下几点:要把握各种时态的特点,注意易混淆时态间的差异;准确理解具体语境下时态的正确意义,捕捉句子中所隐含的时间信息;要克服汉语式的惯性思维,排除误导,培养发散性思维。高考中常考的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来进行时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时等等。学习时要注意总结规律,灵活使用,特别要注意一些时态的特殊用法。在单项填空题中,每年考查动词时态和语态的试题不少于2道,同时一般把动词的语态和时态放在一起考查。今后时态和语态还将是高考中的重点和难点所在。

[知识要点]

I.动词时态和语态的构成形式

主动语态的构成

一般现在时
一般过去时
do/does,( is/am/are )
did,(was/were)
现在进行时
过去进行时
is/am/are doing
was/were doing
现在完成时
过去完成时
has/have done
had done
现在完成进行时
过去完成进行时
has/have been doing
had been doing
一般将来时
过去将来时
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are(about)to do
would/should do
was/were going to do
was/were(about)to do

被动语态的构成

一般现在时
一般过去时
is/am/are done
was/were done
现在进行时
过去进行时
is/am/are being done
was/were being done
现在完成时
过去完成时
has/have been done
had been done
一般将来时
过去将来时
will/shall be done
is/am/are going to be done
is/am/are(about)to be done
would/should be done
was/were going to be done
was/were(about)to be done

II.动词时态的用法

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