4. We may be able to take measures before it is too late.

　 现在采取措施也许为时不晚。

　 从属连词 before 最基本的含义足“在……之前”，但

　 在具体的句子中，译法多种多样，如“……才……”

　 “……就……”“没等……就”等等。

　 He measured me before I could get in a word.

　 没等我插上一句话他就给我量好了尺寸。

　 I waited a long time before he came.

　 我等了很久他才来。

3. We human beings could not survive without all the

　　 plants and animals around us.

　　 如果没有周围这些动物和植物，我们人类就不会生

　　 存下来。

　　 句中，cannot…without足双重否定表示肯定。

　　 You cannot learn Chinese well without making great

　　 effort.

　　 只有努力，你才能学好汉语。

　　 One cannot make bricks without straw.

　　 巧妇难为无米之炊。

　　 There will be no rain without wind.

　　 没有风哪有雨。

2. The cellphone helps her do whatever she wants to do.

　 手机帮助她做她想要做的事。

　 (1) whatever 引导名词性从句，在句中作主语、宾语、

　 表语等。

　 Whatever he did was right.

　 凡是他做的都是正确的。

　 I'll send whatever is needed.

　 需要什么我就送什么。

　 [比较]whatever 和 what 引导名词性从句的区别。

　 whatever 相当于 anything that，语气很强，侧重泛指。

　 what 相当于 all that，everything that, the thing(s)

　 that, 侧重特指。

　 What he said was right.

　 他说的话是正确的。

　 (2) whatever 等于 no matter what 引导让步状语从

　 句，意为“不管……”。

　 Whatever Wilson says, I'll post the letter.

　 = No matter what Wilson savs, I'll post the letter.

　 不管威尔逊说什么，我都要寄走那封信。

　 [链接]

　 however = no matter how 无论怎样

　 whenever = no matter when 无论何时

　 whoever ① = no matter who 无论准

　　　　　 ② 引导名词性从句，等于anyone who

1. The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in

　 touch with friends and family no matter where we are

　 or what we ale doing.

　 答案似乎是，无论我们身在何处或者正在做什么，我

　 们都需要跟家人和朋友保持联系。

　 no matter的用法

　 no matter是连词词组，作“无论，不管”解，常用于引

　 导表示让步的状语从句，常用于下列句型中：

　 ① No matter whal (who, when, how, where 等)... +

　 句子。(= whatever, whoever, whenever... + 句子)

　 No matter how proud he was, he was afraid to face

　 me.

　 无沦他多么傲慢，他还是怕面对我。

　 No matter whether you have time or not, you must go

　 there.

　 无沦是否有时间，你都得去那儿。

　 ② 在“no matter + 特殊疑问词”引导的让步状讲从句

　 中，要用一般式表示将来发生的动作。

　 No matter bow hard he works, he will never caleb up

　 with her.

　 无论他如何努力工作，他从没赶上她。

　 ③ “No matter + 特殊疑问词”结构引导的从句，可以

　 放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。

　 Don't open the door, no matter who knocks it.

　 (= No matter who knocks the door, don't open it)

　 不管是淮敲门，都小要开门。

　 No matter whose box it it, it will be kept until the

　 owner returns. (= It will be kept until the owner

　 returns, no matter whose box it is.)

　 无论是谁的箱子，都得保存到物主回米。

6. hurt，harm，wound，injure

　 (I)hurt “伤害，受伤”，主要用于有生命的东西，多指

　 肉体方面的伤害，常伴有痛感。作借喻时常指对精

　 神或感情方碰的伤害。hurt作不及物动词时表示

　 “疼痛”。

　 He fell off the bike and hurt his arm.

　 他从自行车上跌下来伤了手臂。

　 (2) harm “损害，伤害”，指使有生命或无生命的东西

　 不再完整、美丽，或像原来那样有价值。

　 She's afraid that in their fight he would harm the

　 child.

　 她怕他们在打架时他会伤到孩子。

　 (3) wound “受害，受伤”，指受袭击或暴力时所受的

　 伤，如刀伤，枪伤，也可以借喻为精神或感情上的创

　 伤。

　 The bullet wounded him in the 　leg.

　 子弹打伤了他的腿。

　 He felt wounded in his honor.

　 他觉得他的荣誉受到了伤害。

　 (4) injure2伤害，损害”，意义较广，着承指偶然事故

　 对人或物的容貌、内部器官、生理机能的“损害”。

　 John fell down from the tree and injured his back.

　 约翰从树上摔下来把背部摔伤lr。

　 I hope I didn’t injure her feelings.

　 我希望没有伤害她的感情。

[句型归纳]

[考点1]Wang Mei is one of many Chinese teenagers who

live life "on the go" and use cellphones. 跟许多中国青少

年一样，王梅使用手机享受着“移动人生”。

例如：This is one of the exciting matches that I have ev-

er seen.

注意： “one of+名词单数”作主语，谓语动词用复数；

“the (only / very) one of + the + 名词复数”作主语，谓

语动词用单数。

[考例1](2002上海) He is the only one of the students

who ____ a wumer of scholarship for three years.

　　 A. is　　 B. are

　　 C. have been　　 D. has been

[考查目标] 主谓一致。

[答案与解析]D　 根据以上解释，排除B、C两项；根据

for three years，排除A项。

[考点2]Having a cellphone also makes us feel safer,

since we can call for help in case of an emergency. 有了

手机，我们会感到更安全，因为遇到紧急情况，我们可

以随时求救。

该句中in case引导状语从句。例如：

Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. 带上雨伞，以

防下雨。

in case 表示“一旦；万一；以防”，后接从句；in case of后

接名词；而 in case 后接从句，该句在特定的语境中可以

省略。例如：

Take an umbrella with you in case of rain. 带上雨伞，

以防下雨。

[考例2](2000京、皖春招)John may phone tonight, I

don't want to go out ____ he phones.

　　 A. as long as　　 B. in order that

　　 C. in case　　 D. so that

[考查目标] 状语从句的连接词。

[答案与解析]C　 B项引导状语从句，表示目的；D项

引导状语从句。可以表示目的也可以表示结果；A项引

导状语从句，意思是“只要……就……”；C项in case表

示“以防，万一”与上下文吻合。

[考点3]The answer seems to be that we have a need to

stay in touch with friends and family no matter where we

are or what we are doing. 答案似乎是：无论我们在何处

或正在干什么，我们都需要与朋友、家人一直保持联

系。

该句中的“no matter + 疑问词”引导让步状语从句。例如：

No matter how clever you are。you must work hard．

引导让步状语从句的"no matter + 疑问词”常常可以与

“疑问词 + ever"互换。课文中的句子可以换成“Wher-

ever we are or whatever we are doing.”例如：

Wherever he went, he received a warm welcome. 无论

他走到哪儿，都受到热烈欢迎。

[考例3](2004湖北) You should try to get a good

night's sleep ____ much work you have to do.

　　　 A. however　　　　　　 15. no matter

　　　 C. although　　　　　　 D. whatever

[考查目标]让步状语从句的连接词。

[答案与解析]A　 根据句子意思“不管你有多少工作要

做。也得好好睡一晚上觉”。

[考点4]...and do everything Q12 tells them to. 惟Q12

的命令是从。

该句中to为动词不定式省略。例如：

Her parents hoped she would study chemistry, but she

didn't want to.

动词不定式作宾语或宾语补足语，如果是第二次出现，

为了避免重复使用．常常省略动词，保留to。例如：

-- Would you love to see the filnl with me tonight?

-- I'd like to, but I have to do my homework.

[考例4](2000上海)

-- You should have thanked her before you left.

-- I meant ____, but when I was leaving I couldn't

　 find her anywhere.

　　　 A. to do　　 　　　　　B. to

　　　 C. doing　　　　　　　 D. doing it

[考查目标] 动词不定式省略。

[答案与解析]B　 mean作为“打算”讲，后接动词不定

式，排除C、D两项；再依据以上解释，排除A项。

　　 ☆句型诠释☆

5. first of all，above all，first，at first

　 (1)first of all“首先，第一”，指按照时问顺序处于第

　 一位的。(强调顺序)

　 First of all, we must check the number．

　 首先，我们要核对一下数目。

　 First of all, let me say how glad I am to be here.

　 首先我要说，米到这里我是多么高兴。，

　 (2) above all“首先，最重要的足”，相当于most

　 important of all。(强调重要性)

　 We must work hard, and above all we must believe

　 that each of us is able to do something well.

　 我们必须努力工作，尤其重要的是我们必须相信，我

　 们每个人都能做好一些事情。

　 (3) first“首先”，是从动作的先后角度来考虑的。

　 Beforewe go， I must first change my clothes.

　 在走之前我得先换衣服。

　 (4) at first“起初”，相当于at the beginning，含有后来

　 不这样了的意思。

　 At first I didn't like her, but now I do.

　 起初我不喜欢她，但现在我喜欢了。

4. in away, in the way, by the way, by way of

　 (1) in a way 意为“在某种程度上”，相当于in one

　 way, in some way。

　 The reforms are an improvement in a way.

　 这些变革从某种意义上说是一种进步。

　 (2) in the way 挡路

　 A big stone is in the way. Move it away, please.

　一块大石头挡在路上，请把它搬开。

　 (3) by the way 顺便问一下，在途中

　 They stopped for a rest by the way.

　 他们途中停下来休息一下。

　 By the way, could you show me the way to the

　 station?

　 顺便问一下，你能指给我去车站的路吗?

　 (4) by way of 途经，路经(某处)；作为，当作

　 He is travelling to Shenzhen by way of Beijng.

　 他经北京去深圳。

　 Let's go to the restaurant for supper by way of a

　 change.

　 我们今天去饭店吃晚饭，换一下rJ味。

3. common, ordinary, usual, normal

　 (1) ① common“常见的，普遍的”(即“司空见惯的”意思) common names 常见的名字；common mistakes 常犯的错误；common sense 常识；common event 普通(平凡)的事件；common use 普遍用法

　 ② common 还有“共同的”意思。common interest 共同的兴趣；common language 共同语言；common market共同市场；common purpose 共同目标

　 [短语]have much / a lot in common 有很多共同之处have nothing / little in common 没有共同之处

　 (2) ordinary 普通的，平凡的(强调“平淡无奇”) an ordinary worker 一个普通工人；ordinary-looking 相貌平常的

　 (3) usual 通常的，惯常的(强调“遵循常例”) It is a usual thing with him. 这件事他习以为常。

　 [短语]as usual像往常一样；it is usual for sb. to do sth.

　 (4) normal 正常的，正规的 (即“合乎标准”) normal temperature 正常体温；normal state 正常状态

　[短语]above / below normal 标准以上(以下)，return to normal 恢复正常

2. agree with, agree to, agree on

　 (1) ① agree with 的意思是“同意”，“赞成”。后面常接表示人或意见(看法)的名词或代词作宾语。Does she agree with us? 她同意我们的意见吗?

　 ② agree with 还有“与……一致”，“(气候、食物等)适　 合”的意思。His words do not agree with his actions.他言行不一致。Too much meat doesn't agree with her.吃太多肉食对她身体不合适。

　 [注意]agree with不能用于被动语态。

　 (2) agree to 意为“同意”，“赞成”，后面跟表示“提议”，“办法”，“计划”，“安排”等的名词或代词。Please agree to this arrangement.请同意这个安排。

　 (3) agree on 表示“对……取得一致意见”，指两方或多方就某个问题取得了一致的意见或是达成了某种协议。After discussion the two sides agreed on a cease-fire. 经过讨论，双方就停火问题达成了协议。

1. spend, cost, take, pay, pay for

　 (1) spend的主语必须是“人”，宾语可以是钱、精力、时间等，其后用on+名词或用in(可省略) + 动名词形式，不接不定式。He spends much money on books. 他平时将很多钱用在买书上。/ He spent a lot of money (in) buying a new car. 他花很多钱买一辆新车。

　 (2) cost的主语必须是“物”或“事”，表示“费用”、“耗费”，后接life，money，health，time等，侧重于“花费”的代价。The book cost him one dollar. 这本书用了他一美元。/ Making experiments like this costs much time and labor. 做这样的实验要花很多时间和劳力。

　 [注意]cost后不能与具体的时间长度连用，只能与表示抽象概念的时间短语连用。如：some time, much time, ten years of hard work 等。可说It cost him ten years of work. 不可说It cost him ten years to work.

(3) take 表示“花费”时，其主语一般是“一件事”，有时主语也可以是人，它说明事情完成“花费了……”。 It took me ten minutes to go to the post office.到邮局用去了我十分钟时间。/ The producer took two years to make the film.　 制片商用了两年时间拍这部新影片。

　[说明] take...to do sth. 句型侧重完成该动作花费的时间，而spend...doing sth. 有时并不说明动作的完成。It took him an hour to read the book.他用一小时读完了这本书。/ He spent an hour (in) reading the book.他用了一小时读这本书。(是否读完并未说明)

　 (4) pay 的基本意思是“支付”，作为及物动词，宾语可　 以是“人”、“钱”。He paid the taxi and hurried to the station.　 他付了出租车的钱，急忙向车站赶去。We'll pay you in a few days. 几天后我们会给你钱。

　 (5) pay for的宾语为“物”、“事”，for 表示支付的原因。　 You'll have to pay me ten dollars a week for your meals.你得每周付给我十美元饭钱。

　 [注意]

(1)下面两句中pay for的意义不同。Of course we have to pay for what we buy.当然我们买东西得付钱。Don't worry about money. I'll pay for you. 别担心钱，我会替你付的。

　 (2) pay the bill 付账；pay taxes 纳税；pay wages 发工资

　 以上pay后不能加for