How Much to Tip

You’re out to dinner . The food is delicious and the service is fine . You decide to leave a big fat tip . Why ? The answer may not be as simple as you think .Tipping , psychologists have found , is not just about service . Instead , studies have shown that tipping can be affected by psychological reactions to a series of different factors from the waiter’s choice of words , to how they carry themselves while taking orders , to the bill’s total . Even how much waiters remind customers of themselves can determine how much change they pocket by the end of the night .“Studies before have shown that mimicry brings into positive feelings for the mimicker ,”wrote Rick van Baaren , a social psychology professor . “ There studies show that people who are being mimicked become more generous toward the person who mimics thorn .”

So Rick van Baaren divided 59 waiters into two groups . He requested that half serve with a phrase such as “ Coming up ! ” Those in the other half were instructed to repeat to orders and preferences back to the customers . Rick van Baaren then compared their take home . The results were clear－it plays to mimic your customers . The copycat waiters earned almost double the amount of tips to the other group .

Leonard Green and Joe Myerson , psychologists at Washington University in St . Louis found the generosity of a tipper may be limited by his bill . After research on the 1,000 tips left for waiters , cab drivers , hair stylists , they found tip percentages in these three areas dropped as customers’bills went up . In fact , tip percentages appear to plateau when bills topped ＄100 and a bill for ＄200 made the worker gain no bigger percentage tip than a hill for ＄100 .

“That’s also a point of tipping ,” Green says . “ You have to give a little extra to the cab driver for being there to pack you up and something to the waiter for being there to serve you . If they weren’t there you’d never get any service . So part of the idea of a tip is for just being there .”

1.How many factors affecting the customers’ tipping are mentioned in the passage ?

A.1                              B.2                              C.3                              D.4

2.These studies show that ______.

A.tipping can be affected by physical reactions to many different waiter’s factors

B.people who are being mimicked usually tip less to the person who mimics them

C.the mimic waiters can get almost twice as much money as the other group

D.mimicry makes the mimicker feel bad

3.According to the passage , which of the following will be likely to show the right change of the tip percentages ?

4.We know from the passage that the writer seems to ______.

A.object to Mr Green’s idea about tipping

B.think part of Mr Green’s explanation is reasonable

C.give his generous tip to waiters very often

D.support the opinions of Mr Green and Rick van Baaren about tipping

 “What is the most important thing you’ve done in your life?” The question was put to me during a presentation I gave to a group of lawyers.

The answer came to me in an instant. It’s not the one I gave, because the situation was not right. As a lawyer in the entertainment industry, I knew the audience wanted to hear some amusing stories about my work with well-known people. But here’s the true answer:

The most important thing I’ve ever done occurred on October 8, 1990. I began the day playing tennis with an old friend I hadn’t seen for a while. Between points we talked about what had been happening in each other’s lives. He and his wife had just had a baby boy, who was keeping them up at night.

While we were playing, a car came screaming up the road toward the courts. It was my friend’s father, who shouted to my friend that his baby had stopped breathing and was being rushed to the hospital. In a flash my friend was in the car and gone, disappearing in a cloud of dust.

For a moment I just stood there, paralyzed(呆若木鸡). Then I tried to figure out what I should do. Follow my friend to the hospital? There was nothing I could accomplish there, I convinced myself. My friend’s son was in the care of doctors and nurses, and nothing I could do or say would affect the outcome. Be there for moral support? Well, maybe. But my friend and his wife both had large families, and I knew they’d be surrounded by relatives who would provide more than enough comfort and support, whatever happened. All I could do at the hospital, I decided, was to get in the way. Also, I had planned a full day with my family, who were waiting for me to get home. So I decided to head back to my house and check in my friend later.

As I started my car, I realized that my friend had left his truck and keys at the courts. I now faced another problem. I couldn’t leave the keys in the truck. So I decided to go to the hospital and give him the keys.

When I arrived, I was directed to a room where my friend and his wife were waiting. As I had thought, the room was filled with family members silently watching my friend comfort his wife. I went in and stood by the door, trying to decide what to do next. Soon a doctor appeared. He approached my friend and his wife, and in a quiet voice told them that their son had died.

For a long time the two held each other and cried, unaware of the rest of us standing around in pained silence. After they had calmed themselves, the doctor suggested they spend a few moments with their son.

My friend and his wife stood up and walked past their families. When they reached the door, my friend saw me standing in the corner. He came over and hugged me and started to cry. My friend’s wife hugged me, too, and said, “Thanks for being here.”

For the rest of that morning, I sat in the emergency room of that hospital and watched my friend and his wife hold the body of their infant son, and say goodbye.

It’s the most important thing I have ever done.

The experience taught me two lessons.

First: The most important thing I’ve ever done happened when I was completely helpless. None of the things I had learned in university, in three years of law school or in six years of legal practice were of any use in that situation. Something terrible was happening to people Icared about, and I was powerless to change the outcome. All I could do was standing by and watching it happen. And yet it was critical that I do just that—just be there when someone needed me.

Second: The most important thing I’ve done almost didn’t happen because of things I had learned in classroom and professional life. Law school taught me how to take a set of facts, break them down and organized them. These skills are critical for lawyers. When people come to us for help, they’re often stressed out and depend on a lawyer to think logically. But while learning to think, I almost forget how to feel. Today I have no doubt that I should have leapt into my car without hesitation and followed my friend to the hospital.

From that one experience I learned that the most important thing in life isn’t the money you make, the status you attain or the honors you achieve. The most important thing in life is the kids’ team you coach or the poem you write—or the time when you’re just somebody’s friend.

1.When he was asked about the most important thing he had done in life at a presentation, the author __________.

A felt it was not an interesting question           

B. thought for a while and spoke his mind

C. gave an answer from a lawyer’s point of view   

D. didn’t give the real answer

2.When he saw his friend rush to the hospital, the author could not decide whether to follow mainly because he thought _________.

A. he had to stay with his family             B. his friend did not need his help

C. he would not be of much help         D. the baby would be in the doctor’s care

3.The purpose of the author’s description of the scene at the hospital is to inform us that ______.

A. he found out that he was in the way            

B. he would have felt guilty if he had not been there

C. he regretted that he went too later

D. his friend would have felt better if he had not been there

4.Which of the following is conveyed in this story?

A. Family and relatives can not take the place of friends.

B. More people are a great comfort when one is in trouble.

C. It is best to be here when someone needs you.

D. You can certainly help a friend if you want to.

5.The author learned from his own experience that_______.

A. what is taught in school is usually of no use

B. a lawyer cannot learn much in classrooms

C. a lawyer should know people’s feeling first

D. he needs to be able to feel as well as think logically

Let children learn to judge their own work. A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time; if corrected too much, he will stop talking. He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use. Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learn to do all the other things without being taught to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle…They compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes. But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes and correct them for himself. We do it all for him. We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake. If it is a matter in mathematics or science, give him the answer book. Let him correct his own papers. Why should we teachers waste time in such routine(日常的) work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer. Let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what he does not know.

1.According to the passage, the best way for children to learn things is by_____.

2.Which of the following does the writer think teachers should NOT do?.

3.According to the writer, teachers in school should _____

4.The passage suggests that learning to speak and learning to ride a bicycle are____

5.The title of this passage could probably be_____

On the first day of class, Mr Whiteson gave us a lecture about a creature(生物) called cattytiger, a kind of cat-like animal that completely disappeared during the Ice Age. He passed round a skull (头骨) as he talked, and we all felt interested and took notes while listening. Later, we had a test about that.

When he returned my paper, I was very, very surprised. There was a very large cross through each of my answers. And so it was with everyone else’s in our class. What had happened? Everyone was wondering and couldn’t wait to get the answer.

Very simple, Mr Whiteson explained. He had made up all that story about the cattytiger. There had never been such an animal. So why none of us noticed that and how could we expect good marks for the incorrect answers?

Needless to say, we got very angry. What kind of teacher was this?

We should have guessed it out, Mr Whiteson said. After all, at the very moment he was passing around the cattytiger skull (in fact, a cat’s), hadn’t he been telling us that it completely disappeared during the Ice Age? Clearly he was telling a lie. But we just kept busy making notes and none used his head. We should learn something from this. Teachers and textbooks are not always correct.

1. We failed in the test because we didn’t________.

A. take notes while listening

B. show interest in what Mr Whiteson said

C. listen to the teacher carefully

D. think carefully

2. We got angry because________.

A. Mr Whiteson didn’t tell us the truth about cattytiger

B. we failed in the test

C. we didn’t know why he played the joke on us

D. there was no cattytiger

3. Mr Whiteson gave us a special lesson________.

A. to show his special way of teaching

B. to play a joke on us

C. to help us learn our lessons better

D. so that we would no longer believe him

4. Mr Whiteson meant that________.

A. teachers couldn’t make any mistakes

B. textbooks might be wrong sometimes

C. we should speak up if we thought our teacher or the textbook was wrong

D. we shouldn’t believe our teachers because sometimes they might tell lies

第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

One afternoon, I went to pick up my mother from work. I got a little early so I  36    the car by the roadside, and  37 for her.

As I looked 38  the car window to my right, I saw a little boy around two years old in a small park, 39  freely on the grass as his _40___ watched him from a short distance. The boy had a __41___ smile on his face. He would then fall to the grass, get up , and without__42___ or without looking back at his mother, run as fast as he could, again, still with a big smile on his face, as if __43___ had happened.

With 44  especially at an early age, when they fall down, they don’t consider their falling down as a failure, __45___ instead, they treat it as a learning experience. They try and try again _46____ they succeed.

The answer must be that they have not connected “falling down” with the word “__47__” yet. Thus they don’t know __48__ to feel the state which accompanies failure. They probably think that it is perfectly okey to fall down, and that it’s not _49___ to do so. In other words, they give themselves permission (许可) to _50___ mistakes subconsciously（潜意识地）. Thus they always remain encouraged.

I was _51___ by the boy’s persistence(坚持) and the manner in which he ran. With each _52___, he looked so confident. No _53__ of fear, or of being discouraged ----- as if he didn’t _54___ the world around him. His only aim was to run _55___ and to do it as effectively as he could. I learned a lot from that observation and experience.

36．A．packed     B．parked      C．refueled    D．cleaned

37．A．called       B．looked      C．waited      D．searched

38．A．inside       B．outside     C．around      D．for

39．A．walking    B．running    C．jumping    D．playing

40．A．teacher     B．friend       C．father          D．mother

41．A．sad       B．little     C．big       D．weak

42．A．doubt       B．hesitation  C．mercy       D．effect

43．A．nothing    B．something C．everything       D．anything

44．A．kids     B．girls     C．adults       D．parents

45．A．and      B．if         C．but       D．so

46．A． unless      B．after     C．until     D．before

47．A．pain     B．failure      C．state     D．mistake

48．A．how     B．what     C．why     D．where

49．A．good     B．interesting C．right     D．wrong

50．A．avoid          B．correct      C．make     D．admit

51．A．bothered   B．touched  C．confused    D．frightened

52．A．cry       B．success     C．try       D．smile

53．A．scenes      B．marks       C．signals      D．signs

54．A．care about B．ignore      C．adjust to   D．expect

55．A．safely       B．unsteadily C．regularly   D．freely