3.反身代词

(1)反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。

(2)反身代词和某些动词连有，构成固定短语。

enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood

(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。

for oneself为自己或独立地，of oneself自然地，自动地

by oneself独自地，in oneself本身性质，beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极

This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章(独有)。

Just between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。

They were discussing about it among themselves.(相互共同)

Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他，他写了起来。

I’m very angry with myself.生自己的气。

2.物主代词

(1)名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。

(2)one’s own…=...of one’s own句式的转换。

(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。

如： take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.

代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词\疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。

1、人称代词

(1)人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下4中情况：

①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。

-Does any of you know where Tom lives?

-Me.

What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!

②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。

The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he代替)

They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格，故用her

替代)

③作表语人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。

I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.

④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。

I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.

I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.

(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：

①在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。

You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.

Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.

②第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。

He and she still don’t agree to the plan.

(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。

①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。

②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。

The “Titanic”was the largest, wasn’t she?

13． 省略；替代；否定

1)　 状语从句省略主语和系动词

2)　 比较结构中省略被比较的成分

3)　 不定式的省略：to和主动词

4)　 one(ones); that(those); it; this; that

5)　 部分否定： not everyone; not all; All… not…; not A and B;

6)　 并列否定:　 neither A or B; not A or B

7)　 否定之外的否定: neither/none/hardly…; in no time/at no time

8)　 不是否定句的否定: fail/dislike…

12． 倒装

1)　 only；no-； so； had…

2)　 then; now; there; here; out; in the…

3)　 祝愿句: May you have a good time!　 Long live the King.

4)　 前置(不倒装)however; as;

11． 强调句

1)　 It was… that

2)　 It was when/that/what/who…that…

3)　 When/that/what/who…was it that…

4)　 强调人：主格/宾格

5)　 强调时间/地点：when/where还是that

6)　 It was the moment ___ I got home ___ I realized that I’d lost my purse. A. that, that B. /, that C. when, that D. /, /

7)　 辨别it句型

10． 词组与句型结构

1)　 并列与平行；

A, B, C, D and/or E

Aa and Bb; A---a and B---b

In the world and on the earth; Either to leave or (to) stay; Thinking and learning

2)　 三个公式

S---V; S---V

S---v, S---V

v, S---V

(Though)S---V, (which) S---V

3)　 It 句型(连词；时态)

4)　 There be 句型暨变体

5)　 Who do you think is……连锁式疑问句; how come; what about doing; What’s the point; Why not do…

6)　 句型互换

1) It is known to us all that　　　 the compass was first made in China.

We all know that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

It is well known that water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

As is known to us all, water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

As we all know, water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen.

　　　　 2) Not until…did he(will he)…

　　　　　 It was not until… he did…

　　　　　 He didn’t… until…

3)　　　 People say that he is…

It is said that he is…

He is said to be…

7)　 Effective measures must have been taken _____ (do) away with pollution.

Time ought to be made full use ___(improve) your listening comprehension.

The life-patterns he has been used to ___ (appear) strange to us.

9．　　 状语从句与连词; 连接副词

1) Before; after:

He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understood anything.

Before I got in a word he had measured me.

Time passed quickly and three months went by before he knew.

2) when(whenever), as, while :

I had been driving for at least an hour when I finally found his house.(前后)

John sang as he entered the room.(同时)

As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large envelope by the door.(瞬间)

I kept silent while he was writing.(持续)

While others were doing morning exercises on the sports-ground he was sleeping in the bedroom.(并列连词：对比)

The old man was pulling grass in his field when he felt a pain in his left hand.(=and then; but then; just then)

3) till until (not until)

The city remained under Spanish rule until Mexico won its independence in 1821.

I knew nothing about it until/till/before you told me.

Not until she had heard the news was she really frightened.(倒装)

It was not until he was ten years old that he started to read.(强调)

4) since(ever since)

It was ten years since we had been there.(时态)

They have been friends ever since they met at school.

5) Once Every time, Each time; the first time, the moment, the minute; the time; as soon as,

Once you need help, don’t hesitate to let me know.(句首)

The boys ran away the moment they saw me.(as soon as)

Once published, the book was immediately translated into several languages.

6) no sooner… than, scarcely… before, hardly… when

The boys had hardly seen me before they ran away.(时态)

Hardly had the boys seen me before they ran away.(倒装)

The boys had no sooner seen me than they ran away.

7) where(wherever(地点))

Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you.

You can find him where he works.(状语)

You can find him in the place where he works.(定语)

It’s not known where he lives.(名词从句)

Where are you from?(代词)

8) if, suppose, in case, unless, so(as) long as(if only), once, given that, providing that, on condition that(条件);

So long as you do it well, I don’t mind how you do it.

Suppose I told him, he might blame you.

In case it should rain, you’d better take your umbrella with you.(虚拟)

I’ll not join them unless invited.(省略)

9) since, as, now that, seeing that，considering that原因,

Many chess players said this meant the end of chess championships around the world, since the fun had been taken out of the game.(区分)

It was because he was ill that he didn’t attend the meeting.(强调)

Don’t believe anything simply/only because many other people believe that.(修饰)

It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.(because/ for)推测的依据

He could not have seen me, for/because I wasn’t there.因果关系

The hotel workers received him and telephoned the manager, for they had never seen a bicycle in the hotel hall before though they lived in “kingdom of bicycles”.

10) so… that, such… that, so that, that so that, in order that, that, so,结果,

What have I done that you should be so angry with me?

I’ve just come into a little money so this is goodbye.

He spoke at the top of his voice so that everyone could hear.

11) lest, for fear that, in case“以防、万一”

The meeting will be put off in case that it should rain. (should)

12) as… as, not so… as, than, the…, the…比较;

It is possible to make metal as hard or as soft as is wished, by annealing it.

You should master as many words as you can.

He speaks English as well as Russian.

He did not study as hard as his son does now.

Metal that has been annealed is soft but does not break as easily.(省略)

She meant more to me than anyone… even my wife.

Our sports ground is three times larger than theirs.

John plays football as well, if not better than, as David.

My bedroom is slightly bigger than yours.

The longer the heated metal takes to cool slowly, the softer it becomes.(对称)

13) as, as if, as though, 方式

He looked as if he had just stepped out of fairy tales and he passed me like a spirit.

14) though, although, even if, even though, whether… or, whether or not, no matter wh-, wh-ever, as, while, 让步

He said he would come; he didn’t come, though.

Whether he drives or takes the train, he’ll be here on time.

Whether or not he is interested in the foreign language, he has to study it.

Whether or not he is interested in the foreign language remains a question.

No matter what he says, no one will believe him.

Whoever you are, you must do as required.

Difficult as the task is, I’ll fulfill it on time.

Doctor as Mike is, he is not capable of operating.

Much as I like the toy, I will not buy it.

Surrounded as they were by the enemy, they managed to march forward.

While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.

While I know it is difficult, I’ll try.

6．as we all can see　　　　 正如我们都会看到的那样

　 which则不需要，例如：

The man died last night, which is a lie.

as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。

1) That is the same tool as we used last time.和上次一样的

That is the same tool that we used last time.就是上次的那个

　　　 2) We are now in such a condition that there is no other choice for us.如此……以至

These trousers are sold at such a low price _____ people expected.

A. like B. as C. that D. which　　　　　　　　　　 正如……那样的

This is such an instructive film ____ everyone wants to see again.

A. as B that C. which D. what

15)　 The way做先行词, 关系词可以用in which; that; 或省略

I don’t like ___ you speak to her. A. the way which B. the way in that C. the way D. the way where

We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.

我们喜欢它们一如喜欢美丽的窗帘料子。

5．as has been already pointed out　 正如已经指出的那样