2、动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题

(1)不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。

His job is to guard.(说明内容)

be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)

(2)带不定式作宾语的词语。

下列词语常不定式作宾语:afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。

下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式:teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。

(3)如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。

①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形,变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。

②常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况:

主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.

③主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/

consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done

④主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.

(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法。

①下列词语后常接不定式作定语:chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。

②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。

There is no one to look after her.

③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。

She is now looking for a room to live in.

(5)不定式作状语的用法。

不定式作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。

We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .

in order(not)to,so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too, so… as to do, such + 名词… as to do作结果状语,如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.

I’m not such a fool as to believe that.

(6)不定式的完成时的特殊用法。

①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。

The novel was said to have been published.

I regret to have been with you for so many years.

seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。

此外,glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时,但要注意与一般时的区别。

I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起,请稍等。(说话时还未等)

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起,让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)

②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。(A)should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。(B)was / were to + 不定式的完成时,表示该做某事或想做但未实现。(C)expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时,表示过去未曾实现的愿望。

(7)不定式的省略。 

①同一结构并列由and或or连接。

I want to finish my homework and go home.

I’m really puzzled what to think or say.

特例:To be or not to be,this is a question.

He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)

②不定式作表语,其前面的主语从句中含有do时,后面的to省略。

What he did was lose the game.

③句中含有动词do时,but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。

Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.

④主句含有不定式,后面有rather than, rather than后省to。

⑤Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。如:

He could not but walk home.

(8)不定式的替代。

多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中,为了避免重复,作宾语或主补,宾补的不定式再次出现时,to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式,后应该保留原形be或have。如:

Susan is not what she used to be.

-You came late last night. You ought to have finished your

homework.

-I know I ought to have.

常见的有:I’d like / love / be happy to.

8、不定代词

不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every、no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。

(1)some与any

一般用法:some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。

He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)

Some like sports,others like music.(主语)

Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)

Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)

I don’t know any of the students.(宾语)

特殊用法:

①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。

Any child can do that.(定语)

You may take any of them.(宾语)

②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。

Smith went to some place in England.(定语)

③在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。

Would you like some bananas?(邀请)

Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)

④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。

I don’t know some of the students.(宾语)

some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如:

There are some 300 workers on strike.

Do you feel any better today?

(2)one,both,all

①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one’s,反身代词是oneself.

One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)

This is not the one I want.(表语)

one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词,以免重复,one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如:

These books are more interesting than those ones.

Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?

②both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。

This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)

Both of the boys are here.(主语)

We both are students.(同位语)

注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。

Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。

both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film.

Both the /these boys are tall.

③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与复数名词连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。

He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。

All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。

I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。

That’s all for today.今天就在这儿。

They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。

注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:

Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。

None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。

(3)many和much

many和much都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。

(4)few, little; a few, a little

few和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而a few 和a little表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,few、a few 修饰可数名词;little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。

(5)no和none

no=not any,表示“没有”,用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,通常作定语,none代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。

注意:none既可以指人又可以指物,no one只能指人。

(6)each和every

each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。

Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”)

Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体)

Each of them has been there.(主语)

The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)

We each got a ticket.(同位语)

(7)either和neither

either是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如:

Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)

Neither boy knows French.(定语)

注意:①either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.(状语)②either与or构成连词,意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. ③neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“not…either”。He can’t do it, neither can I. ④neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.

(8)other和another, the others 和others

the other表示“两者中的另一个”;“the other + 复数可数名词”

表示“其余(他)的……”;the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:

He got two books; one is?textbook, the other is a novel.

Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.

Some are singing, others are dancing.

another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。

This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)

Please give me another book.(定语)

注意:another修饰复数名词时,意为“再,又”。如:Please give me another ten minutes. one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。some…others…others…,意为“一些……一些……一些”。

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