1．The children are playing on the ________ of the beach..

A. sand　　　　　 B. sands　　　　 C. sandes　　　　 D. sandy

3. The picture _________ on the wall is painted by my nephew.(2000年春季高考)

A.having hung　　　　 B.hanging　　　 C.hangs　　　 D.being hung

解析：答案为B。本题考查现在分词作定语的用法。根据句意“墙上挂的那幅画是我侄子画的”，可知空白处所填的动词形式在句中作定语，表说话时仍在进行的动作或所处的解题关键在于分析picture与hang之间的逻辑关系。

2. One learns a language by making mistakes and _______ them.(2001年春季高考)

A.correct　　　　　　 B.correcting　　　 C.corrects　　 D.to correct

解析：答案为B。本题考查动名词作介词宾语的用法。介词by意为“通过……，凭……”，后面常接动名词，形成“by+ v. –ing ”结构，表示通过做某事而得到某种结果。本题中只有correcting符合。

1. __________such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET　 2001)

A.Having suffered　　 B.Suffering　　 C.To suffer　　 D.Suffered

解析：答案为A。本题考查分词短语作状语的用法。分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，而本句的主语看似是it,其实它为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式，而不定式省略了逻辑主语for people，所以应用现在分词，又因already，应用完成时。

5、复习过去分词应注意的几个问题

过去分词作状语，相当于一个状语从句，有来说明原因、时间、条件等。

(1)过去分词作原因状语

Tired by the trip, he soon feel asleep.

= Because he was tired by the trip, he soon fell asleep.

Lost in thought , he almost ran into a car.

=As he was lost in thought, he almost ran into a car.

(2)作时间状语

Seen from the hill, the city looks like a garden.

=When the city is seen from the hill, it looks like a garden.

(3)作条件状语

Given more time, I would have worked out the problem.

=If I have been given more time, I would have worked out the problem.

(4)伴随状语

The teacher came in, followed by some students.

=The teacher came in and was followed by some students.

分词短语作状语时，通常与主句中的主语在逻辑上一致，但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。如：

Her grandfather being ill, she had to stay at home looking after him.

ñ二、精典名题导解

选择填空

4、分词复习应注意的几个问题

(1)现在分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。

①时间状语(分词作状语前面可加when, while等)

Hearing the good news, he jumped with greatjoy.

Not having finished her work in time, the boss fired her.

②原因状语

Seeing nobody at home, he decided to leave them a note

③伴随状语

The girls came in, following their parents.

④结果状语

The poor old man died, leaving nothing to his children.

注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。①时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。②语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。③人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

(2)分词作表语。

S. + be + 动词-ed表示被动，主语是人；S. + be + 动词-ing表示主动，主语是物。分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别：

　　　 感官动词　　　　　 动词原形→做了某事

S．+　　　　　 + 宾语 + 现在分词→正在做某事

　　　 使役动词 　　　　　过去分词→做了或被做

3、动名词复习中应注意的几个问题

(1)动名词作宾语。

①下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, eacape, permit。

②下列动词短语接动名词：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty(in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, be worth。

③介词后要接动名词。what about、how about、without、be fond of、be good at等介词后接动名词。注意on / upon doing sth. = as soon as 引导的从中。作此意讲时on / upon后也可以接名词。如on his arrival…。

④动名词作宾语和动词不定式作宾语的区别：

begin, start, continue, like, love, dislike, hate, prefer, can’t stand

remember, forget, regret, try

want, require, need

2、动词不定式复心中应注意的几个问题

(1)不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。

His job is to guard.(说明内容)

be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)

(2)带不定式作宾语的词语。

下列词语常不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。

下列动词后可接疑问词+不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、learn、forget、ask、find、out、advise、discuss等。

(3)如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。

①动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。

②常用带不定式作宾补的几种情况：

主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.

③主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /imagine/

consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done

④主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.

(4)不定式作定语的特殊用法。

①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。

②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。

There is no one to look after her.

③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。

She is now looking for a room to live in.

(5)不定式作状语的用法。

不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。

We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .

in order(not)to,so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough,too, so… as to do, such + 名词… as to do作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.

I’m not such a fool as to believe that.

(6)不定式的完成时的特殊用法。

①表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。

The novel was said to have been published.

I regret to have been with you for so many years.

seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。

此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。

I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。(说话时还未等)

I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)

②不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。(A)should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。(B)was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。(C)expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。

(7)不定式的省略。　

①同一结构并列由and或or连接。

I want to finish my homework and go home.

I’m really puzzled what to think or say.

特例：To be or not to be,this is a question.

He is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)

②不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。

What he did was lose the game.

③句中含有动词do时，but、except、besides、such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。

Don’t do anything silly, such as marry him.

④主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省to。

⑤Why not、had better、would rather、can’t but等词后省to。如：

He could not but walk home.

(8)不定式的替代。

多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动用的have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如：

Susan is not what she used to be.

-You came late last night. You ought to have finished your

homework.

-I know I ought to have.

常见的有：I’d like / love / be happy to.

1、非谓语动词的句法功能

13． 省略；替代；否定

1)　 状语从句省略主语和系动词

2)　 比较结构中省略被比较的成分

3)　 不定式的省略：to和主动词

4)　 one(ones); that(those); it; this; that

5)　 部分否定： not everyone; not all; All… not…; not A and B;

6)　 并列否定:　 neither A or B; not A or B

7)　 否定之外的否定: neither/none/hardly…; in no time/at no time

8)　 不是否定句的否定: fail/dislike…