60. What is the writer’s attitude toward Wilkins, Watson and Crick? 　 A. Disapproving.　　 B. Respectful.　　　　 C.　 Admiring.　　　 D. Doubtful.

答案　 57.B　 58.C　 59.D　 60.A

Passage 2

(09·重庆B篇)

How to Be a Winner

　Sir Steven Redgrave

　Winner of 5 Olympic Gold Medals

　“In 1997 I was found to have developed diabetes(糖尿病). Believing my career(职业生涯) was over, I felt extremely low. Then one of the specialists said there was to no reason why I should stop training and competing. That was it -the encouragement I needed. I could still be a winner if I believed in myself. I am not saying that it isn’t difficult sometimes. But I wanted to prove to myself that I wasn't finished yet. Nothing is to stand in my way.”

　Karen Pickering

　Swimming World Champion

　“I swim 4 hours a day, 6 days a week. I manage that sort of workload by putting it on top of my diary. This is the key to success-you can’t follow a career in any field without being well-organized. List what you believe you can achieve. Trust yourself, write down your goals for the day, however small they are, and you’ll be a step closer to achieving them.”

　Kirsten Best

　Poet & Writer

“When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve something. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies. The key is to concentrate. When I feel tense, it helps a lot to repeat words such as ‘calm’, ‘peace’ or ‘focus’, either out loud or silently in my mind. It makes me feel more in control and increases my confidence. This is a habit that can become second nature quite easily and is a powerful psychological(心理的) tool”

59. Why is Franklin described as　 “Dark Lady of DNA”? 　 A. She developed pictures in dark labs.

　 B. She discovered the　 black X-the shape of DNA.

　 C. Her name was forgotten after her death.

　 D. Her contribution was unknown to the public.

58. Watson was angry with Franklin because she 　　.

　 A. took the lead in the competition　　　　 B. kept her results from him

　 C. proved some of his findings wrong　　　 D. shared her data with other scientists

Passage 1

(09·浙江E篇)

Four people in England back in 1953, stared at Photo 51,It wasn’t much-a picture showing a black X. But three of these people won the Nobel Prize for figuring out what the photo really showed –the shape of DNA The discovery brought fame and fortune to scientists James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins. The fourth, the one who actually made the picture, was left out.

　 Her name was Rosalind Franklin.”She should have been up there,” says historian Mary Bowden.” If her photos hadn’t been there, the others couldn’t have come up with the structure.” One reason Franklin was missing was that she had died of cancer four years before the Nobel decision. But now scholars doubt that Franklin was not only robbed of her life by disease but robbed of credit by her competitors

　 At Cambridge University in the 1950s, Watson and Click tried to make models by cutting up shapes of DNA’s parts and then putting them together. In the meantime, at King’s College in London, Franklin and Wilkins shone X-rays at the molecule(分子). The rays produced patterns reflection the shape.

　 But Wilkins and Franklin’s relationship was a lot rockier than the celebrated teamwork of Watson and Crick, Wilkins thought Franklin was hired to be his assistant .But the college actually employed her to take over the DNA project.

What she did was produce X-ray pictures that told Watson and Crick that one of their early models was inside out. And she was not shy about saying so. That angered Watson, who attacked her in return, “Mere inspection suggested that she would not easily bend. Clearly she had to to go or be put in her place.”

As Franklin’s competitors, Wilkins, Watson　 and Crick had much to gain by cutting her out of the little group of researchers, says historian Pnina Abir-Am. In 1962 at the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony, Wilkins thanked 13 colleagues by name before he mentioned Franklin, Watson wrote his book laughing at her. Crick wrote in 1974 that　 “Franklin was only two steps away　 from the solution.”

　No, Franklin was the solution. “She contributed more than any other player to solving the structure of　 DNA . She must be considered a co-discoverer,” Abir-Am says. This was backed up by Aaron Klug, who worked with Franklin and later won a Nobel Prize himself. Once described as the　 “Dark Lady of DNA”, Franklin is finally coming into the light.

57. What is the text mainly about?

　 A. The disagreements among DNA researchers.

　 B. The unfair treatment of Franklin.

　 C. The process of discovering DNA.

　 D. The race between two teams of scientists.

35．(黄石)某化学兴趣小组的同学对一瓶久置的熟石灰粉末的组成进行实验探究，请你一起参与他们的探究活动。

[提出问题] 这瓶熟石灰粉末是否已经变质生成了CaCO₃？

[进行猜想] 猜想一：熟石灰全部变成了CaCO₃。

　　　　　 猜想二：熟石灰部分变成了CaCO₃。

　　　　　 猜想一：熟石灰没有变质。

[设计实验] 该小组同学对猜想一设计了下列探究方案，请你帮助他们完成下表中相关实验内容。

[反思与应用] ①要证明猜想二成立，可参照上述实验方案进行探究，在步骤②中产生的实验现象是_____________________。

②熟石灰变质是由于_____________________的缘故。在初中化学我们所学过的物质中还有_____________________(举一例)等具有这样的性质，因此像熟石灰这类物质在实验室应_____________________保存。

③称取1.0g上述熟石灰样品，加适量水使之充分溶解，搅拌过滤后，往滤液中滴入酚酞试液，同时加入溶质质量分数为10%的盐酸至溶液刚好变为无色，消耗盐酸溶液7.3g。求样品中Ca(OH)₂的质量分数(写出计算过程)。

[设计实验]②滤液不变色　 ③滤渣溶解，有气泡产生

[反思与应用] ①溶液变红　 ②与中的CO₂反应　 NaOH　 密封

③解：设样品中含的质量为x

Ca(OH)₂+2HCl=CaCl₂+2H₂O

74　　　 73

x　　　　 7.3g×10%

74/x=73/7.3g×10%　　

x=0.74g

则样品中Ca(OH)₂的质量分数为Ca(OH)₂%=0.74/1×100%=74%

答：样品中Ca(OH)₂的质量分数为74%。

34．(孝感)三聚氰胺(化学式为C₃H₆N₆)是一种白色结晶粉末，无气味，低毒，对人体有着某种危害作用，在有机化工中用途广泛；因其含氮量高，而俗称“蛋白精”。2008年卫生部查明，不法分子为了提高婴幼儿奶粉中的蛋白质含量而加入三聚氰胺，导致发生多起婴幼儿泌尿系统结石病例，在社会上引起了广泛关注。某化学兴趣小组的同学欲探究三聚氰胺的制取原理： [查阅资料] (1)目前，化工企业常用尿素合成法制取三聚氰胺。即以尿素[化学式：CO(NH₂)₂]为反应物，硅胶为催化剂，在380℃至400℃的温度下，沸腾反应、冷凝得到三聚氰胺，同时产生两种无色气体，其中一种气体具有刺激性气味。 (2)NO是无色气体，不溶于水，在空气中能迅速氧化为红色NO₂气体。 [提出问题] 反应生成的两种气体是什么？ [假设猜想] 根据资料及反应物质判断，生成的两种气体可能是： ①二氧化碳和水蒸气；　 　 　 　 　 ②二氧化碳和氨气； ③二氧化碳和氮气；　 　 　 　 　 　 ④二氧化碳和二氧化氮； • • • • • • 提出以上猜想的依据是　　　　　　　　　　　 ； 你认为合理的猜想是(填序号　　　 ，理由是　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 [设计实验] 同学们在老师的指导下，设计下图所示实验摸拟制取三聚氰胺，并验证猜想。

A装置的作用是使生成的三聚氰胺迅速凝华而与气体分离。 [实验现象和分析] (1)实验观察到B中棉花变红，则证明生成了　　　　 ，同时看到D中________________现象，说明还生成了二氧化碳。 (2)C中浓硫酸的作用是　　　 。 [实验结论] 根据资料和实验现象分析可知，用尿素分解制取三聚氰胺的化学方程式为　 　 　 ___________________________________________________________。 [假设猜想]反应前后元素种类不变，② 只有②中气体符合无色、有刺激性气味(每空1分)

[实验现象和分析](1)氨气(或NH₃) 澄清石灰水变浑浊；(2)吸收氨气(每空1分)

[实验结论]6CO(NH₂)₂C₃H₆O₆+6NH₃↑+3CO₂↑

33．(漳州)某化学探究小组的同学准备用碳酸钠溶液与石灰水反应来制取氢氧化钠。请你与他们

　　 一起踏上实验之旅。

　 (1)实验过程：

　　　　 ①把石灰水加人盛有碳酸钠溶液的烧杯中充分搅拌，发生反应的化学方程式：

　　　　 ②再通过　　　　 操作，得到无色滤液。

　　　　 ③将无色滤液通过　　　　　 操作，得到白色固体。

　　 (2)猜想：得到的白色固体是纯氢氧化钠吗？三位同学分别作出以下猜想：

　　　　　　 小玲：是纯净的氢氧化钠！

　　　　　　 佳佳：可能还含有碳酸钠！

　　　　　　 小强：也可能含有　　　　　 。

　 (3)验证：我来验证佳佳的猜想。

(1)①Na₂CO₃+Ca(OH)₂===CaCO₃↓+2NaOH；　 ②过滤　 ③蒸发

　　 (2) Ca(OH)₂(或CaCO₃)

32．(宜宾)(7分)市场上有一种自热米饭，其饭盒中有一小包粉末，粉末的主要成分是铁粉、镁粉和氯化钠。小明利用这包粉末，进行了如下的探究实验：

(1)验证并分离铁粉的最简单的物理方法是　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　。

(2)若要进一步分离镁粉和氯化钠而得到干燥的镁粉，要进行的操作是：溶解、　　　 、洗涤、干燥。在前两步实验操作中都用到的玻璃仪器为 　　　　　(填一种)。

(3)在(2)所得镁粉中加入一定量的稀硫酸，使固体完全溶解。对所得溶液中含有的溶质，小明作如下猜想：

猜想1：溶质只有硫酸镁。

猜想2：溶质有硫酸镁和　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 (填化学式)。

经查阅资料：硫酸镁溶液酸性极弱。若要检验猜想2是否正确，能不能选用无色酚酞溶液作为试剂？ 　　　　　　(填“能”或“不能”)。小明选用一种金属单质进行实验，观察到了明显的现象，从而肯定了猜想2是正确的，写出发生反应的化学方程式：　　　　　 。

(1)用磁铁吸引　　 (2)过滤　 玻璃棒(或烧杯)

(3)H₂SO₄　　 不能

Fe+H₂SO₄=FeSO₄+H₂↑(合理答案给分)(方程式2分，其余每空1分)

31．(泰安))如右图所示，某同学在进行酸碱中和反应的实验时，向

　 烧杯中的氢氧化钠溶液滴加稀盐酸一会儿后，发现忘记了滴

　 加指示剂。为了确定盐酸与氢氧化钠是否恰好完全反应，她

　 从烧杯中取了少量反应后的溶液于一支试管中，并向试管中

　 滴加几滴无色酚酞试液．振荡．观察到酚酞试液不变色。于是

　 她得出“两种物质已恰好完全中和”的结论。

　 (I)你认为她得出的结论是　　　 的(填“正确”或“错误”)，理由是　　　　　　　　

　 (2)请你设计一个实验．探究上述烧杯中的溶液是否恰好完全中和。 请填写下表：

　 (I)错误(1分)　 如果盐酸滴加过量，滴入酚酞试液也不变色(1分)

(2)①取样，滴加紫色石蕊试液　　　 试液变红　　 盐酸过量　

　　 ②取样．漓加紫色石蕊试洼　　　 试液不变红　　 恰好中和　

　 　③取样．滴加碳酸蚋溶液　　　 有气泡产生　　 盐酸过量　

　　 ④取样．滴加碳酸钠溶液　　　 无气泡产生　　 恰好中和

　　 ⑤取样．加入辞牲等活泼金属　　 有气泡产生　 盐酸过量　

　　 ⑥取样．加入饽枉等活泼金属　　 无气泡产生　 恰好中和　

30．(陕西省)某实验小组的同学用碳酸钠粉末、粒状大理石、稀盐酸、浓盐酸、稀硫酸这几种药品，探究哪两种药品的反应适合在实验室制取CO₂。请你参与下列的探究并回答问题。

[提出问题]上述人酸和碳酸盐的反应是否适合在实验室制取CO₂?

[方案设计]大家经过讨论，一致认为浓盐酸不适合用于实验室制取CO₂，你认为原因　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　。　

浓盐酸易挥发，使制出的CO₂不纯　　　　 　　

讨论后大家设计了如下三个实验进行对比分析。

[实验与结论]⑴请你填写实验报告中①、②处的内容。

⑵根据探究结论，实验室制取二氧化碳的反应原理为　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　( 用化学方程式表示)。

CaCO₃+2HCl₌₌₌CaCl₂+H₂O+CO₂↑(未配平或无“↑”符号扣1分，化学式错误扣2分)

[拓展与迁移]⑴由上述探究可知，在确定实验室制取气体的反应原理时，要考虑诸多因素，例如反应速率要适中，便于收集等。请你再写出一种需要考虑的因素：　　　　　　　　　　　　 。

制出的气体要纯净(其他合理答案均可)

⑵右图是一种灭火器的工作原理示意图，其中用碳酸钠和浓盐酸反应来产生CO₂的理由是　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 。

能够迅速产生大量CO₂