3.汉代汉武帝为了巩固大一统，在思想上采取的措施是
A.鼓励推荐人才 B.颁布“推恩令”
C.“罢黜百家，独尊儒术” D.实行盐铁专营
2.中国历史上第一个统一的多民族的封建国家是
A.夏 B.商 C.周 D.秦
1.一个欧洲旅游团队要参观我国到目前为止发现的最早的原始人类遗址，应该去
A.北京西南周口店 B.浙江余姚河姆渡镇
C.陕西西安半坡村 D.云南元谋县
首先要通读全题，弄清实验目的，实验原理，然后运用所学知识大胆迁移，同时针对题干中信息准确细心答题，注重每个细节，特别提醒
(1)注意填写容量瓶时，需带容积规格
(2)化学用语的规范：如将溶液“褪色”写成“退色”、注意“褪色”与“变色”的差别、“坩埚”写成“坩锅”、“溶”与“熔”的差别、分液漏斗的“开关”应为“活塞”、气 体“跑掉”应为“逸出”等
(3)答题的规范性：如基本操作表达不完整(检查气密性、沉淀的洗涤、检验沉淀是否完全、焰色反应等)；答题空泛、复杂而不切合题示信息；答题未找到根本原因，因果关系不明了等
(4)按要求填写“数字”或是“字母”，“偏高”或是“偏多”等
[例2-1]：凯氏定氮法测定奶粉中蛋白质含量的步骤如下：
① 样品处理：准确称取奶粉试样1.000 g置于烧瓶中，加入足量不含氮元素的试剂A，一定条件下充分反应，产物用水溶解并冷却后全部转移至100 mL容量瓶中定容。
② 碱化蒸馏：量取容量瓶中溶液10.00 mL转移至右图所示的反应管中，再加入足量NaOH溶液，塞好进样口橡皮塞。通入高温水蒸气。用吸收剂吸收产生的气体。
③ 滴定：向吸收气体后的溶液中滴加2滴指示剂，用0.01 mol/LHCl标准溶液滴定至终点。
已知：吸收剂中发生的反应为：NH3+4H3BO3＝NH4HB4O7+5H2O；
滴定时发生的反应为：NH4HB4O7+HCl+5H2O＝NH4Cl+4H3BO3。
根据以上知识回答下列问题：
⑴ 样品处理的目的是 ；通入高温水蒸汽的作用除加热外，还有 。
⑵ 冷凝管的作用是冷凝、导气、 。
⑶ 若蛋白质中氮元素的平均含量为16.0 %，滴定终点时消耗盐酸标准液15.50 mL，则该奶粉中蛋白质的含量为 ▲ %。
⑷ 凯氏定氮法测定奶粉中蛋白质含量灵敏度高，操作简单，缺点是 ▲ 。
常考点:
1化学常识和社会热点 2.基本化学用语 3.阿伏加德罗常数 4.化学基本概念
5化学实验基础知识 6、化学反应与能量 7、氧化还原反应的概念及计算
8、离子共存问题 9、元素周期律和元素周期表 10、离子方程式正误判断
11有机基础知识 12.电化学基础 13.离子浓度及大小比较14.化学反应速率 化学平衡
解选择题时的重点____审题
(1)注意选择题(特别是多选题)要求：正确的还是错误的(或不正确的)
(2)NA相关考题需观察全面、细致：与体积相关的是否为标准状态、气体；
(3)离子方程式的正误判断观察需全面、细致：反应方程式是否存在或合理；改写是否正确(注意区别胶体与沉淀)；电荷、原子是否守恒；隐含的反应是否遗漏(生成物与反应物不共存、隐含的氧化性物质等)；方程式与所给的“量”的条件是否切合“过量”，“适量”，“足量”，“少量”。等
(4)在审题时注意关键文字信息，比如离子共存题中“无色溶液”， “酸性溶液”， “碱性溶液”；“一定”，“可能”，“一定不能” 等。元素周期表知识中“短周期元素”还是“前20号元素”等等。
(5)判断型选择题(“下列说法正确的是”)，考虑必须周全，切不可受习惯意识支配。
(6)注意题干中“混合物”、“化合物”“单质”等要求
1. The Olympic Games, _____ in 776 BC., didn’t include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played
C. first playing D. to be first playing
2. –I must apologize for _____ ahead of time. –That's all right.
A. letting you not know B. not letting you know
C. letting you know not D. letting not you know
3. –You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
–Well, now I regret _____ that.
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
4. The salesman scolded the girl caught _____ and left her off.
A. to have stolen B. to be stealing
C. to steal D. stealing
5. The first textbooks _____ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to be written
C. being written D. written
6. The visiting minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
7. The patient was warned _____ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating
8. –Can you spare me some time? –I'm afraid not. I have lots of letters _____.
A. doing with B. to do for C. to deal D. to deal with
9. I can't understand _____ at that poor child.
A. you to laugh B. you laughing C. you laugh D. why laugh
10. We must set about _____ our lesson for the mid-term examination.
A. reviewing B. reviewed C. to review D. to reviewing
11. I found John _____ the desk, _____ his homework carefully.
A. seated at; to do B. sitting at; doing
C. sat at; does D. taking his seat at; to do
12. _____, he suddenly found the shop he was looking for.
A. When he turns round B. To turn the left
C. Turned backward D. Turning to the left
13. Is this the watch you wish _____?
A. to have repaired B. to repair it
C. to have it repaired D. will be repaired
14. This is the problem _____ at the next meeting.
A. to discussing B. to be discussed
C. discussed D. being discussed
15. _____ many times, but he still couldn't understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though he had been told
C. He was told D. Having told
16. It is considered no good _____ in the hotel.
A. recite B. to be recited C. recited D. reciting
17. With lost of trees _____, the house is not easily found.
A. to surround B. surrounding
C. having surrounded D. surrounded
18. –Did you get your pay?
–Yes, I remember _____. But I forget the exact amount.
A. paying B. to be paid C. being paid D. having paid
19. Many teachers were praised at the meeting, Mr. Zhou _____.
A. including B. being included C. to include D. included
20. I _____ the truth of your remarks, although they go against my interests.
A. cannot but admit B. cannot but to admit
C. cannot but admitting D. cannot help but admitting
21. Professor Smith is said _____ another important discovery in chemistry.
A. having made B. making C. to have made D. to make
22. _____ by the appearance, he has just been frightened at the terrible news.
A. Judged B. To be judged C. Judging D. Judge
23.They used what they had _____ for their daughter.
A. to buy a new dress B. buying a new clothes
C. bought a new suit D. buy a new clothing
24.I don't mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
25.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated B. seating
C. seated D. having been seated
01-05：ABDDD 06-10：CCDBA 11-15：BDABC 16-20：DDCDA
21-25：CCABC
3. NH4+的检验方法：加 液，加热，放出可使湿润的红色石蕊试纸变 的气体。
原理为：
2.化学性质
①受热易分解：
NH4Cl NH4HCO3
②与碱的反应：(用于制NH3和检验NH4+)
(NH4)2SO4+NaOH NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2
1.物理性质：铵盐常温下都是 体, 溶与水,均为 化合物。
4. 氨气制法
⑴工业制法━━━合成氨工业
⑵实验室制法 (从原理、装置、收集、干燥、检验等方面加以描述)
根据以上知识回答下列问题：
NH4HCO3