Unlike chemists and physicists, who usually do their experiments using machines, biologists and medical researchers have to use living things like rats. But there are three Nobel prize-winning scientists who actually chose to experiment on themselves – all in the name of science, reported The Telegraph.

1. Werner Forssmann (Nobel prize winner in 1956)

Forssmann was a German scientist. He studied how to put a pipe inside the heart to measure the pressure inside and decide whether a patient needs surgery.

Experiments had been done on horses before, so he wanted to try with human patients. But it was not permitted because the experiment was considered too dangerous.

Not giving up, Forssmann decided to experiment on himself. He anaesthetized (麻醉) his own arm and made a cut, putting the pipe 30 centimeters into his vein. He then climbed two floors to the X-ray room before pushing the pipe all the way into his heart.

2. Barry Marshall (Nobel prize winner in 2005)

Most doctors in the mid-20th century believed that gastritis was down to stress, spicy food or an unusually large amount of stomach acid. But in 1979 an Australian scientist named Robin Warren found that the disease might be related to a bacteria called Helicobacter pylori.

So he teamed up with his colleague, Barry Marshall, to continue the study. When their request to experiment on patients was denied, Marshall bravely drank some of the bacteria. Five days later, he lost his appetite and soon was vomiting each morning – he indeed had gastritis.

3. Ralph Steinman (Nobel prize winner in 2011)

This Canadian scientist discovered a new type of immune system cell called the dendritic cell. He believed that it had the ability to fight against cancer.

Steinman knew he couldn’t yet use his method to treat patients. So in 2007, when doctors told him that he had cancer and that it was unlikely for him to live longer than a year, he saw an opportunity.

With the help of his colleagues, he gave himself three different vaccines based on his research and a total of eight experimental therapies. Even though Steinman eventually died from his cancer, he lived four and a half years, much longer than doctors had said he would.

1.What’s the main purpose of the article?

A. To introduce a few Nobel prize winners who did experiments on themselves.

B. To list difficulties that scientists went through in order to make important discoveries.

C. To explain why some scientists chose to experiment on themselves.

D. To introduce some dangerous experiments that Nobel prize winners did on themselves.

2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the article?

A. Forssmann’s experiment ended in failure.

B. Forssmann had the pipe pushed all the way into his heart.

C. Barry Marshall succeeded by drinking some Helicobacter pylori.

D. Barry Marshall’s experiment on himself confirmed that most doctors’ belief about gastritis

was correct.

3.The underlined word “gastritis” in Paragraph 5 probably means ______.

A. a kind of bacteria

B. a kind of stomach disease

C. a new type of therapy

D. a large amount of stomach acid

4.From the text, we can conclude that Ralph Steinman ______.

A. discovered a new type of cancer cell called the dendritic cell

B. tried different therapies containing the dendritic cell on himself

C. had his request to experiment on patients denied

D. believed that he was better than doctors at treating cancer

Most nutrition education isn’t very effective. People know that an apple is better than a Snickers bar, but they often eat the Snickers bar anyway. After conducting hundreds of studies on the psychology of how and why we eat, I’ve seen that it’s good to understand nutrition, but it’s much better to change your eating environment. Doing so can help you make better choices without even thinking about it.

Part 1

We all know children can be stubbornly habitual in what they want to eat. If kids had French fries yesterday, they want them again today. We came up with a simple way to interrupt this default. Instead of asking kids what they want, what if we ask them about someone they admire?

We studied this with elementary school–aged children one summer. We treated 22 kids to apple slices or fries at a fast-food restaurant. The first week, 20 of them ordered French fries, and two ordered apple slices. But the next week, we asked, “What would Batman eat: apple slices or French fries?” After they answered for Batman, we asked them what they wanted. This time, the number of kids who ordered apple slices jumped from two to ten— almost half of them.

If you ask yourself before deciding between the salad and the cheesy bacon fries, “What would my role model choose?” you’ll be a lot less tempted. Thinking about what a well-liked person would do makes us less indulgent.

Part 2

If we knew what a skinny person’s kitchen looked like, we could set up our own kitchens in a similar way. Once we got into people’s homes, we took pictures of everything: their dishes, sinks, refrigerator shelves, counters, snacks, pet-food dishes, tables, lighting — even random items held up by magnets on their refrigerators. Then we spent eight months coding these kitchens to see what thin people do differently.

We wondered if big kitchens turn us into big people. But it turns out that kitchen size isn’t the problem. It’s what you see in the kitchen. The average woman who kept potato chips on the counter weighed eight pounds more than her neighbor who didn’t. “In sight, in stomach.” We eat what we see, not what we don’t.

1.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined part “less indulgent”?

A. self-confident B. self-controlled

C. self-estimated D. self-centered

2.What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this passage?

A. To give advice on how to become slim.

B. To warn people that nutrition education is important for our daily life.

C. To tell us that someone children admire may influence their eating habits.

D. To introduce some innovative ways to help us eat healthier.

3.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Changing your eating environment is more effective than understanding nutrition in order to eat healthier.

B. The role model way has no effect on children at all when they choose what to eat.

C. Setting up our kitchens just like the slim person’s will help us eat healthier.

D. It is not the size of the kitchen but what we see in the kitchen that turns us into big people.

4.What is the best title for part 2?

A. The Slim Person’s Kitchen

B. How to decorate your Kitchen

C. Kitchen size makes a difference

D. Big kitchens are more popular

If you remember taking class notes in longhand(速记), there’s a good chance you also remember more about a variety of topics than today’s students do. A study investigated whether taking notes by hand helps you learn better than taking notes on a laptop. It was no contest.

Study authors and psychologists Pam A. Mueller of Princeton University and Daniel M. Oppenheimer of the University of California– Los Angeles conducted three separate experiments involving a total of 327 students. All students got the same lectures, but some used laptops, and others took notes by hand.

When it came to learning the concepts, the handwriters won. When it came to retrieving facts, the groups were comparable, except when given time to go home and look at their notes, at which point the handwriters did better.

“Even when allowed to review notes after a week’s delay, participants who had taken notes with laptops performed worse on tests of both factual content and conceptual（概念的）understanding,” the study states.

Learning suffered not because of “multitasking” or the distraction available to students using Wi-Fi– enabled laptops. In the lab, scientists allowed no extraneous（不相干的）activity. Students who paid attention and took deep notes on their laptop still didn’t learn as well—in fact, the study suggests the thoroughness of their notes contributes to the problem.

Laptop users tend to record long, verbatim quotes, which they type mindlessly. Handwriters are more selective. They “wrote significantly fewer words than those who typed,” according to the study. By processing and selecting the more important information, they studied more efficiently, said researchers.

Here’s what’s a bit frightening: When the laptop students were instructed to cut down or eliminate the verbatim note taking, they couldn’t. The study adds to a ton of evidence that for learning, writing is better and that the hand has a “unique relationship with the brain when it comes to composing thoughts and ideas.”

Of course, the chance of persuading students to put away their laptops is probably zero. Many of them can’t write longhand, a forgotten subject in many American schools, itself a source of controversy.

So are we stuck with traditional classrooms and learning techniques if we want the brightest pupils? Perhaps not: Another possibility, some have suggested, is apps that permit handwriting on tablets, a compromise that students might accept.

1.The reason why taking notes by hand is considerably better than taking notes on a laptop may be that_______.

A. longhand note takers engage in more processing than laptop note takers

B. students using laptops paid attention and took deep notes

C. handwriters have a tendency to use long verbatim quotes

D. laptop users are more selective when taking notes

2.What’s the meaning of the underlined word “verbatim”?

A. 板书的 B. 冗长的

C. 完全照字面的 D. 重要的

3.What can be inferred from the passage?

A. The experiments show that there are advantages of longhand over laptop note taking.

B. In many American schools, longhand has always been popular with the students.

C. When allowed to review notes after a week’s delay, participants who had taken notes with laptops performed equivalently to longhand note takers.

D. There is a good chance that many students will put away their laptops and take class notes in longhand.

4.The passage is most likely to be taken from _____.

A. National Geography B. The Economist

C. Psychological Science D. Wall Street Journal

阅读下列各小题，根据括号内的汉语提示，用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子，并将答案写在答题卡上的相应题号后。

1.Currently an agreement _____________between the Libyan rebels and the government to restore Libyan’s oil exports. (reach)

目前利比亚反对派和政府已经达成了协议，以恢复该国石油出口。

2.In the 1880s, a family in Shaoxing gave birth to three sons, _______________ later became a famous writer known as Lu Xun. (old)

在十九世纪八十年代，绍兴的一个家庭生了三个儿子，其中长子后来成为了著名作家鲁迅。

3.According to a _______________ theory, the universe began with a “big bang” that threw matter in all directions. (accept)

根据一种广泛接受的理论：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。

4.The apple brought by the vicious Queen looked rosy and tempting, but _______________ a little bit of it was sure to die. (eat)

邪恶的王后带来的苹果看起来又红又诱人，但是无论谁吃下一小块，就一定会死。

5.In the film Dearest, Tian Peng, a three-year-old boy, was kidnapped by a human trafficker. It was three years later________________ by his parents. (find)

在电影《亲爱的》中，一个三岁男孩田鹏被人贩子诱拐了。三年之后他才被父母找到。

6.We have realized that there is no point _______________ environment pollution, and we should do what we can to help improve the environment. (complain)

我们已经认识到抱怨环境污染是没有意义的，我们应该尽我们的能力帮助改善环境。

7.It was not until the third week ________________, so some children nearly lost their patience. (hold)

是直到第三周才举行比赛，所以有些孩子几乎失去耐心。

8.Under no circumstances __________the great sufferings Japan brought to us in World War II. (forget)

我们绝不会忘记二战中日本带给我们的巨大灾难。

9.Today as a senior high school student, I find myself unable to deal with most things in my life. I ______________ my parents for everything during my childhood! (rely)

如今作为一名高中生，我发现自己没有能力处理生活中的大多数事情。在童年时期我不应该什么事都依赖父母的！

10.Blanketed with heavy haze, this northern city of China looks __________ a construction site. (be)

被严重的雾霾所覆盖，这座位于中国北方的城市看起来仿佛是建筑工地一样。

请根据以下提示，并结合事例，用英语写一篇短文。

As the French scientist Louis Pasteur put it, chance favors only the prepared mind. If we have a strong desire for success, we must make full preparations for it.

注意：①无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语；

②除诗歌外，文体不限；

③文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；

④词数为120左右。

Due to the unreasonable individual income ______, the gap between the rich and poor has become an outstanding issue.

A. accommodation B. association

C. distribution D. contribution

The exciting news that Mo Yan won the 2012 Nobel Prize for literature renewed people’s enthusiasm towards literature, which is a great ________ to the development of Chinese literature.

A. motivation B. competition

C. commitment D. recognition

All this was used to ______ what percentage of time people spent in an unpleasant state.

A. accumulate B. calculate

C. accelerate D. circulate

This school gives most of the children hope for the future by providing them with a chance to ______ knowledge.

A. require B. achieve

C. acquire D. discover

Of the estimated 42 million homeless people around the world, children again ______ one third.

A. make up B. take up

C. build up D. turn up