【题目】 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the population of the world was hunter-gatherers, small, closely connected groups developed their own speech different from each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.

Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages also became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of education, especially globalization and better communications in the past few years, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.

At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution(分布) of these languages is hugely unbalanced. The general rule is that warm, pleasant areas have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet areas have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone has well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is only 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than that.

Already over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. For example, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.

1What can we learn about languages in hunter-gatherer times?

A. They were developing very fast.B. They were similar to each other .

C. They were large in number.D. They were closely connected.

2Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?

A. Powerful.B. Traditional.C. Simple.D. Modern.

3How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?

A. About 6,800.B. About 3,400.C. About 2,400.D. About 1,200.

4What is the main idea of the text?

A. New languages will be created.

B. People’s lifestyles are seen in languages.

C. Language development depends on geography.

D. Human development leads to fewer languages.

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