11. 将来完成时(will
have done)
1) 用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。
例：The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted
本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would
last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。
例：
It is reported that by the end of this month the output of
cement in the factory ______ by about 10%.
A) will have risen B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising
根据by the end of this month可知，答案为A) will have risen。全句意思是“据报道，到本月底该厂的水泥产量可提高到大约10%”。
2) 注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。
英语中的时态用法比较
在英语中,
时态是英语语法中的难点之一，它种类多，容易混淆，下面笔者通过几种时态比较, 帮助英语学习者理解和掌握时态的用法。
1. 现在一般时与现在完成时
1) I come from Shanghai(上海人)
I have come from Shanghai(从上海来)
2) You read very well. (强调能力)
You've read very well. (强调一次刚完成的动作)
3) I forget.(一时想不起来了)
I have forgotten.(仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了)
4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态)
The book has been written in simple
English.(表动态，已用英语写成)
5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. (两个动作不可能同时进行)
Every time I have seen him, he's
been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行)
6) He is gone. (强调状态)He has gone (强调动作和时间)
7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时)
He won't come till the play has
begun.(戏已开始)
8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. (两个动作紧密相接)
After I have left school, I'll go
to college.(强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔)
9) It is a long time since I saw you last.
It's been a long time since I saw
you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语)
10) Where are you? (在哪)
Where have you been?(去了哪)
2. 现在一般时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.(强调始终如一)
He is working hard.(强调现在)
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的)
What are you doing?(在干什么)
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰)
The bus is coming.(汽车到来的情景)
4) I forget him name.
I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了)
5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大)
You're not eating much.(你怎么不吃呀)
6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变)
The match is starting at 7
o'clock.(可以改变)
7) Tom always comes late.
Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备)
8) Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动)
9)I
tell you.(我可以告诉你)
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩)
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the
afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了)
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令)
I'm expecting you to phone me.(婉转)
12) What do you say?
What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满)
12) I find that the book is too difficult for
me.(强调结果)
I'm finding that the book is too
difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到)
13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these
days.(越来越贵)
14) He always thinks of others.
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
15) Whenever I see him, he argues with
somebody.(强调两个动作有先后)
Whenever I see him, he is arguing
with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
16) I hope you'll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some
advice.(表示语气婉转)
17) I must go. (我应该去)
I must be going.(我该走了)
18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are
eating.(进餐已开始)
3. 现在完成时与过去一般时
1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)
2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)
Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)
4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)
Did you ever hear of such a
thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗?
是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)
5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气)
What did I do to make you so
angry? (暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。)
6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果)
How did he do it?(他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式)
7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约)
He lived in New York for eight years.(他可能不在人世了)
8) He has been called a thinker.
He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家)
9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了)
You heard what I said.(你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。)
10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到)
I lost my pen.(笔可能找到了)
11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪)
He was already there.(当时在哪)
12) Since I have been ill, my friend has
visited me every day.(生病还在延续)
Since I was ill, my friend has
visited me every day. (病已好了)
13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了)
Did you sleep well?(暗示睡的是否舒服，满意)
4. 过去完成时与过去一般时
1) I came here after I finished middle
school.(两个动作每间隔)
I came here after I had finished
middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)
2) I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)
3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)
We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)
4) I don't think he sang as well as he once
did.(指具体一次)
I don't think he sang as well as
he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)
5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵)
Before I came here, I had been a
soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)
6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实)
Jim said he didn't know he had
been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)
7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友)
They had been friends for many
years.(意味这友谊结束了)
8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间)
He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)
9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)
I had learned French during my
holiday. (强调学会了)
10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)
When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)
11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确)
I went to bed when I had done my
homework.(作业做完)
12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)
I have lived here since I had a
child.(从我孩提时)
5. 过去进行时与过去一般时
1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)
3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
4) The old man died.(已死)
The old man was dying.(要死)
5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了)
John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)
6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服)
They were persuading me to go
along with them.(还在劝说)
7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)
The wind was blowing hard all
night.(强调风刮个不停)
8) I expected you.
I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很久了)
9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)
6. 将来一般时与现在进行时
1) Will he come?
Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)
How long will you stay here?(表示打算)
3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)
She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)
4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)
7. 现在一般时与过去一般式
1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)
2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)
That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)
3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)
How did you like the film?(看完电影后)
4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)
It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)
5) I never like him. (没时间性)
I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)
6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)
I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)
7) Who is that? (哪人还在)
Who was that?(人已不在场了)
8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)
This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)
8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)
Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)
2) I've read the novel.(已读完)
I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)
3) He has lived here for six weeks.
He has been living here for six
weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)
4) Have you met her lately?
Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)
5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)
Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)
9.现在一般时与过去完成时
1) I hope that he'll come.
I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)
(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)
To the top(回页首)
现在完成时
现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。
1． 现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。
2． 强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。
常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
I have already seen the film.
Have you decided yet?
3． 刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks
注意：just
和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。
I have just phoned him?
I have visited my parents recently.
4． 从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：since, (可用作介词和连词)for
注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。
I have lived here for 20 years.
I have lived here since I came to this city
I have learned English since 10 years ago.
He hasn't come to visit us for a few months.
5． 从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：up
till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life
注意：这两句话的区别
I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)
I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)
We have learned so many things from you so
far.
I have seen any bird like this in my life.
6． 对过去的体验和经历。
常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times
注意：这两句话的区别
I have been to Beijing (去过北京)
I have gone to Beijing(去北京了，人还没回来)
Have you seen tiger before?
I have been to Shanghai many times.
从上面几方面的分析， 我们把现在完成的用法和时间状语联系起来一起考虑，掌握完成时态的用法
时态语态单项选择
1
Here _____the bus!
A is coming B
comes C has come D has been coming
2 It's the third time I ______him this
month.
A had seen B see C saw D
have seen
3 If you go to the western suburbs of the
city , you ___a lot of new buildings .
A will see B have seen C see
D are going to see
4 ---- I have bought an English -Chinese
dictionary.
---- When and where ___you__ _it?
A do buy B did buy C have bought D had bought
5 She showed him the photo she __the day
before.
A has taken B took C was taking D had taken
6 While Tom ___, his sister is writing.
A reads B
has read C
has been reading D is
reading
7 By the time he was ten, Edison
_____experiments in chemistry.
A had already done B already had
done C was
already doing
D already did
8 I don’t know if it _____or not tomorrow.
A will snow B
snows C has
snowed D is
snowing
9 He was sixty-eight. In two years he _____seventy.
A was going to be B would be
C had
been D will be
10 Tom ___for more than a week.
A has left B has gone
away C went away D has been away
11 He said that honesty _____the key to
success.
A was B
will be C
is D
is being
12 She _____in London till nest Monday.
A will have stayed B has stayed C
is staying D has been
staying
13 We _____each other since I left Shanghai.
A haven't seen B
hadn't seen C didn't see D
wouldn't see
14
I'll return the book to the library
as soon as I_ __it .
A will finish B
am going to finish C finished D
have finished
15 She has bought some cloth, she ____herself
a dress.
A makes B
is going to make C would make D
has made
16 Don't go and bother him. He _____in the
room.
A writes B
has written C
is writing D has been writing
17 ___you ___?
A Do --marry B Have - married C Have --been
married D
Are --married
Tom: This is a terribly heavy box.
John: I ____you to carry it.
A will help B am going to help C
had better to help D had
rather help
19 She told me that her father _____to the
post office when I arrived
A just went B has just gone C had just gone D had just been going
20 Don't get of f until the bus _____.
A stopped B
will stop C
will have stopped D
stops
21 Peter said that he _____home the next
day.
A was going to B will go C
would go
D
had gone
22 He ____with us since he returned last
month.
A lives B lived C had
lived D has lived
23 They ___to help but could not get here in
time.
A had wanted B have wanted C was wanting D want
24 They will go to work in the countryside
when they ____school next year .
A will leave B
will have leave C are
leaving D
leave
25 I didn't know when they ___again.
A came B were
coming C had come D had been coming
26 The fence ____near the window.
A stand B is standing C have
stood D
stands
27 They _____here for more than a month.
A have arrived B have reached C
have come D have been
28 We ___a meeting from 2 to 4 yesterday
afternoon.
A had had B
would have C
were having D had
29 She told us she had met you in London last year. _____
you _____her since ?
A Had --met B
Did --see C
Would--meet D
Have --seen
30 If it ____tomorrow, we won't go to the
school farm.
A is to rain B will be raining C will rain D rains
31-___you ___to the 6:30 broadcast?
A Have--listened B Did --listen C Had -- listened D would --listen
32 I _____Tom has made a mistake.
A am thinking B shall think C think D have been
thinking
33 I ___writing the article now.
A finish B is
finishing C
finished
D have finished
34 When ____you___ to study English?
A have --begun B did --begin C had --begun D do -- begin
35He was taken into hospital last week. In
fact he _____ill for three months.
A has been B
has got C
had fallen
D had been
36 I'll look after your children after you
_____.
A will go B will have
gone C are
gone D went
37 He __of how he could do more for the
people .
A will always
think B is always thinking C has always thought D does always think
38 The foreign friends _____here just
now.
A left B have left C have been away
from D
had left
39 The teacher said that we ______ten lessons
by the end of this term.
A should study B have studied C were going to
study D should
have studied
40 We __there when it_ ___to rain.
A were getting --would begin B were about to
get --began
C had got --had begun D would get--began
41 Han's Christian Anderson __a lot of fairy
tales.
A had written B
wrote C was writing D
has written
42 It _____ten years since he left Shanghai.
A was B is C
had been D will be
43 We _____ about two thousand English words
by the end of last term.
A learned B have learned C had learned D would learn
44Since when __you __so many young
trees?
A have--planted B do --plant C did --plant D had --planted
45 It ___long before we celebrate the New
Year's Day.
A isn't B
hasn't been C wasn't D
won't be
46 ------Where have you been?
------I _____to the railway station.
A have gone B
have been C
went D am going
47 I ____along the road when suddenly some
patted me on the shoulder from behind.
A walked B had walked C was walking D would walk
48 My brother ___Tom quite well, they were
introduced at a Party.
A is knowing B was knowing C knows D had been knowing
49 I didn't know a thing about the verbs, for
I ____them.
A wouldn’t study B haven't studied C hadn't studied D wasn't studying
50 Don't be late, Mary, the train _____at 8 a.m.
A is starting B has started C
would start D
starts
51 There will come a day when the people of
the whole country __a happy life .
A live B will
live C will have lived D are living
52 If I had enough money, I ____a trip.
A took B would take C had taken D would have taken
53 My father, who died fifteen years ago,
_____very kind to me.
A is B was C had been D
would be
54 We _our seats till the party had
begun.
A hadn't found B
didn't find C haven't
found D wouldn't fine
55 We _____that you would be able to visit
us.
A hope B
were hoping C have
hoped D hoped
56 By 1914 Einstein ___world fame.
A gained B would gain C had gained D was gaining
57 The man put on his hat and _____away.
A had gone B would go C has gone D went
58 Comrade Wang ____the Party for about three
years.
A has attended B has
joined C
has been in D has
taken part in
59 -------______ you _____to New York?
-------Yes, I ______there three years
ago.
A Have --been--went B Did --go --have been
C Have --gone --went D Have --been --had gone
60 she was praised for what she ____
A did B has
done
C would do D had done
61 The book _____on the floor for ten
minutes, but no one has picked it up.
A is lying B has
lain C has
been lying
D lay
62 The boy _____. A bullet _______through his
chest on the left side
A had died --passed
B died --had passed
C died passed
D
had died --had passed
63 It ____and the streets were still
wet.
A had been raining B
rained C has rained D would rain
64 If I ____when he comes, wake me up.
A sleep B will sleep C am sleeping D will be
sleeping
65 Hardly ____the bell _____when the teacher
came in.
A did --ring B
would --ring C has--rung D had --rung
66 I ____from him so far.
A didn’t hear B
don't hear
C haven't heard D hadn't
heard
67 The students went out before the bell
___.
A had rung B
has rung C didn't ring D
hadn't rung
68 It was two years since I ___with
here.
A had dined B was dining C dined D had been
dining
69 By this time next year, we _____all the
land onto rice fields.
A had turned B will have
turned C
have turned D have been
turning
70 What_____ you ______this time tomorrow
morning?
A will--do B
have--been doing C are--doing D will--be doing
71 In the past it ____people two years
to go round the world.
A had taken B
has taken C took D was taking
72 Great changed ____in my hometown in the
past few years.
A were taken place B have been taken place
C took place D
have taken place
73 His father _____several times during the
war of liberation.
A had been wounded B was wounded C wounded D had wounded
74 This novel ____well.
A sells B is sold C will be
sold D has
been sold
75 _____ the new color film ____this year?
A Will--be shown B Did--show C Are--shown D Has--been shown
76 The work _____ in two days.
A has been finished B will
finish C
will be finished D are
finished
77 I shouldn't trust him because he _____the
police.
A is known by B knows C has known to D is known to
78 Thousands of people took part in the work
when the Three Gorges project _____.
A would be built B
was building C were
being built D had
been built
79 This sick man _____to hospital right
away.
A must send B
will send C ought be sent D
must be sent
80 Do you know when the Chinese Communist
Party _____?
A is found B found C has been founded D was founded
81 When I got to his home, I____ that he
_____to Beijing.
A told --had gone B was told
--went
C was told--had gone D told --had been
82 we _____to be careful of rats since the
whole street was full of rubbish.
A warned B have warned C have been warned D were warning
83-__you __in the heavy rain last night?
A Were--caught B Did--catch C Had--been caught D Have--caught
84 How long _____the concert _____?
A has -been lasted B did--last C will --be
lasted D
was --lasted
85 when sugar ____ enough, a black substance
appears.
A heats B is heated C
will beat D will be heated
86 The fire of London _______on the right of September,
1666.
A was broken out B had
broken out C broke
out D broken out
87 The police __outside the ball in large
numbers.
A have stationed B were stationed C stationed D has been stationed
88 -------Why does Mary look to be so sorry?
-
------Because she ___by her classmates.
A has been laughed B has laughed
at C was
laughed D has been laughed at
89 English textbooks ______in that publishing
house.
A were published B have been published C are published D had been published
90 The story ______, and everybody knows
about it.
A has got round B
got round C was
got round D has
been got round
91 She wondered what _____over here.
A has happened B was happened C
had been happened D had happened
92 _____this dictionary _____to your brother?
A Does --belong B
Is --belonged
C Has --been belonged D Is--belonging
93 During the illness of their mother, the
children ____by a neighbor.
A took care of B
were taken care
C were taken care of D
have been taken care
94 For this he ____on twice.
A has operated B operated C had been
operated D has
been operated
95 Water ____into steam if it is heated to
its boiling point.
A is going to be turned B will be turned C has been turned D is being turned
96 We’d better do our Christmas shopping.
Time ___
A is running out B
is run out
C have been ran out
D is running out of