4.American women experience a great variety of lifestyles. A “typical” American woman may be single . She may also be divorced or married. She may be a homemaker, a doctor, or a factory worker. It is very difficult to generalize about American. However, one thing that many American　 women have in common is their attitude about themselves and their role in American life.

Historically , American women have always been very independent . The first settlers to come to New England were of ten young couples who had left behind their extended family (i.e. their parents , sisters, cousins, etc.).The women were alone in a new, undeveloped country with their husbands. This had two important effects. First of all, this as yet uncivilized (未开化)environment (环境)demanded that every person share in developing it and in survival (生存).Women worked with their husbands and children to make themselves accepted in this new land. Second, because they were in a new land without the established (确定的)influence of older members of society , women felt free to step into nontraditional roles.

This role of women was strengthened in later years as Americans moved west,again leaving family behind and meeting a new environment. Even later, in the East, as new settlers arrived , the women often found jobs more easily than men. Women became the supporters of the family.

Within the established lifestyle of industrialized twentieth century America, the strong role of women was not as attractive as in the early days of the country. Some women were active outside the home; others were not. However , when American men went to war in the 1940s, women stepped into the men’s jobs as factory and business workers. After the war, some women stayed in these positions , and others left their jobs with a new sense of their own ability.

Question 4:What is the main idea of this passage?

A.Different life styles led by the American women.

B.American women were free to step into nontraditional　 roles.

C.American women worked hard to establish their roles in American history

D.American women were independent because they did not have to follow the regulations (rules)at all.

●案例探究

3.With only about1000 pandas left in the world，China is desperately trying to clone(克隆) the animal and save the endangered species(物种)．That’s a move similar to what a Texas A＆M University researchers have been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”．

Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs，embryos(胚胎)，semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen．If certain species should become extinct，Dr．Duane Kraemer，a professor in Texas A＆M’s College of Veterinary Medicine，says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future．

It is estimated that as many as 2 000 species of mammals，birds and reptiles will become extinct in over 100 years．The panda，native only to China，is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years．

This week，Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit．They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal．

The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete．

“The nuclear transfer(核子移植)of one species to another is not easy，and the lack of available (capable of being used)panda eggs could be a major problem．”Kraemer believes．“They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy (having a baby)．It takes a long time and it’s difficult，but this could be groundbreaking science if it works．They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk，so it is worth the effort，”adds Kraemer，who is one of the leaders of the Project at Texas A＆M，the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog．

“They are trying to do something that’s never been done，and this is very similar to our work in Noah’s Ark．We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction．I certainly appreciate their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do．It’s a research that is very much needed”．

Question 3:The best title for the passage may be　　　　 ．

A．China’s Success in Pandas Cloning

B．The First Cloned Panda in the World

C．Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas

D．China--the Native Place of Pandas Forever

2.Millions of people use contact lenses(隐形眼镜).For anyone who doesn’t mind sticking his fingers in his eyes,there are clear advantages:contacts correct vision better than glasses,are less often crushed underfoot,don’t make you look boring,and come in a huge variety of forms--soft,firm,colored,and even theatrical.

More and more people are turning to use of contact lenses.But are they safe?

Latest research from Australia shows that not all chemicals are effective in killing all germs(细菌)--and some of these germs can cause blindness in just 24 hours.

While most problems with contacts still can go back to poor hygiene(卫生)or overuse,not all sight-threatening conditions only happen to those who wash their lenses under the tap or decide,while tired and emotional,to sleep in their lenses for the third night running.

Two of the biggest eye-damaging killers--protozoan acanthamoeba and bacteria pseudomonas--are all around us,in our homes and water supplies.This seemingly harmless pair can cause blindness through keratitis(disease of the cornea).

“The cornea(角膜)is like a five-layered sandwich”,says Raymond Curran,a doctor from Omagh,Northern Ireland.“Once the bacteria get into a layer they can reproduce there and turn the cornea opaque(too dark to see through).”

An optician(验光师)may see one possibly sight-threatening case each month,but at an eye hospital there may be several each week.Acanthamoeba,often seemingly mild,can be misjudged until it is too late.Meanwhile,pseudomonas,more seriously,can cause increasing sight loss with each hour that passes.If not treated immediately,patients may need a corneal replacement.

And the really bad news,according to Professor Roger Buckley,at the Moorfields eye hospital in London,is that acanthamoeba is“one of the hardest germs on Earth”--it can survive in Antarctica.

Question 2:In the passage the writer mainly wants to tell us ________.

A.the possible danger of contacts

B.the importance of keeping contacts clean

C.some doctors’ opinions about contacts

D.the advantages and disadvantages of contacts

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Question 1:The main idea of this advertisement is that ________.

A.many opportunities will be provided just to those who order home delivery

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C.readers can be well informed of the latest news and sports results

D.people can pick up all the information they are interested in

3. suppose / supposing这两个词所表达的意义和句法功能是一样的。它们与其他的引导状语从句的从属连词一样，引导一个含状语从句的主从复合句。而它们的特别之处在于：有时由它们所引出的条件状语从句常与主句分开而独立成句，但其意义和作用还是条件状语从句。这种情况多数出现在科技文章及某些论文里。例如： Suppose no more rain fell into the Atlantic Ocean and no more water was brought to it by rivers .It would take the ocean about 4 ,000 years to dry up . 假如不再有雨水注入大西洋，不再有河水流入大西洋的话；大约需要四千年的时间大西洋才会枯竭。 Suppose your statement is right . How are you going to prove it? 假定为你的观点是正确的，你打算如何证明这一点呢？ Suppose this poor girl is yours . We'd like to know how much you know about her . 假设这个可怜的女孩就是你的；我们想了解你知道多少关于她的情况。 4) 原因状语从句 常用的关连词有：because因为, as由于, for 由于, since既然，由于, now that 既然，由于, not that … but that 不是因为……而是因为……，等。例如： He can't deliver his lectures today because he has got a bad cold . 他今天不能去讲课了，因为他患了重感冒。 I may not be able to attend your wedding party not because I'm not willing to but because I've been caught by something recently. 我或许无法参加你的婚礼了，不是我不想去而是近来有些事情缠着我无法脱身。 I won't dwelt too much time on this matter as it is known to everybody. 由于大家都知道这件事，我就不在这件事上多花时间了。 Since you are busy enough we won't trouble you any more . 既然你们忙得够呛，我们就不再麻烦你们了。

要点提示： 1)关于because , as 和 for 这三个词都是表示原因的连词，其中以because的语气为最强, 它表示导致某事情发生的"直接原因"；而as和for则表示某些"间接的理由"。另外，as引导的原因状语从句可以放在句首，而for则不行。例如： Because it is raining heavily, we have to change our plan to go outing.现在下着这么大的雨，我们不得不改变去郊游的计划。 As the weather was fine, we decided to climb up the mountain. 由于天气晴朗，我们决定去登山。 She is loved by all for she is kind and pretty . 由于她长得漂亮、人又好而深受大家喜欢。 2)关于since和now that 这两个词在表示原因的时候是近义词，都有表示"既然"的意思。但其不同之处在于：now that只能以"新发生的情况"作为某事发生的原因；而在表示"既然"意思的时候就没有这种限制。例如： Now that the rain is going to stop, we'd better get ready for the afternoon's match . (此句中，Now that引出的从句显然是表示"新出现的情况"，在句子中作"主句动作发生的原因。也就是说，只有在这种情况下才可以用Now that引导从句，是表示"既然"的意思。)既然雨要停了，我们最好为下午的比赛作好准备。 Since you're so interested in English, why not have a try in the English Speech Contest ? 既然你对英语这么有兴趣，为什么不试一试参加英语演讲比赛？ 5) 让步状语从句 常用的关连词有：though(虽然), although(虽然)，as(尽管，虽然), even if (即使), even though(即使) , however(不管怎样), whatever(无论什么), whoever(无论谁), no matter when ( how , what , who , where , which ) [ 无论何时(怎样，什么，谁，何地，哪个)] , whether … or (不管……)，等。例如：

Air exists everywhere although we can't see it. 尽管我们看不见空气，但它却无处不存在。 No matter where you go on the earth, you will feel the gravity. 无论你走到地球的什么地方，你都会感觉到地引力。 We'll start our meeting on time whether he comes or not. 无论他来不来，我们将准时开会。 Even if we are approaching the end of the experiment, we still have no time to lose.即使我们即将完成试验，我们依然要分秒必争。

要点提示： 1)在中文里，我们有"虽然……但是"的表达方式；英文里though, although都表示"虽然"，but表示"但是"；这种情况特别容易误导我们在英文句子里犯错误：因为though, although与but不能连用。在英文句子，though, although引导主从复合句，表示"虽然……但是"； but引导并列句也表示"虽然……但是"。例如： Although he is old, he is still energetic .(主从复合句，正确) 尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛 He is old but (he is) still energetic . (并列句，正确) 尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛 Although he is old, but he is still energetic .(错误)

2)当as作"尽管，虽然"的意思讲引导让步状语从句时，从句往往放在主句的前面，而且用作让步的部分总是提前到句首。例如： Old as he is, he is still energetic. 尽管他上了年纪却还是依然精力充沛。 (表语作为让步的内容，因此提前了。) Try as he might, he couldn't solve the problem . 尽管他很努力但还是无法解决这个问题。 (谓语提前了.) Much as you suspected him , you couldn't provide powerful evidence .虽然你非常怀疑他，但是你却无法提供有力的证据。 (状语作为让步的内容，因此提前了。) 6) 方式状语从句 常用的关连词有：as(如同，按照), as if(似乎，仿佛), as though(似乎，仿佛)，等。例如： He speaks English almost as a native speaker does . 他的英文几乎说得如讲英语母语的人一样。 He speaks English as if he were a native speaker . 他讲英文的样子似乎象说英语母语的人。 She looked unwell as though she got a bad cold . 她看上去身体不适好像患有重感冒。 In this reading-room you can read anything as everyone does here . 在这间阅览室里，你可以象这儿的每个人一样想看什么就看什么。

要点提示： as if 或as though引导的方式状语从句中，如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气；如果表示非真实情况则应该用虚拟语气。关于这一点也取决于说话人的态度、看法。例如： It gets darker and darker in the sky as if it's going to rain .(表示真实情况，是直陈语气) 天越来越暗了似乎要下雨了。 She speaks as if she knew everything in the world . (表示非真实情况，是虚拟语气)她说话的样子仿佛似她懂得天下事。 7) 目的状语从句 常用的关连词有：so that (以便，为了), in order that(为了), lest(以免，以防), in case(以免，以防), for fear(以免，以防)，等。例如： We should do our utmost in order that we may be able to over fulfil the task . 为了超额完成任务，我们应该全力以赴。 You'd better leave your phone number, so that I can call you before I come next time .你最好将电话号码留给我，以便我下次来之前可以先给你打个电话。 Batteries must be kept in dry places for fear that electricity leak away . 电池应该放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。 要点提示： 在目的状语从句中，我们可以将这些引导目的状语从句的连词so that , in order that，lest , in case , for fear分作为两大部分：表示肯定意思--so that , in order that是"为了使……发生"；以及表示否定意思--lest , in case , for fear是"为了使……不发生，(以免，以防)"。另外，在表示否定意思的目的状语从句中，谓语动词往往用"should + 动词原形"或"动词原形"两种虚拟句式。例如： He took his umbrella with him lest it rain . 他带了雨伞，以防下雨。 I'll keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind . 我给你留个座，没准你会改变主意。 8) 结果状语从句 常用的关连词有：that(结果，以至)，so that (结果，以至)，so … that(如此……以至),such … that (如此……以至)，等。例如： The temperature is increased so that the volume of gas becomes greater . 温度升高了气体的体积就增大了。 The mountain is so high that she can't climb it up to the top . 那座山太高了，她无法登上山顶。 It is such a lovely day that everybody feels happy and gay . 天气这么好，人人都感到高兴、快乐。 He overworked too much that he fell ill in bed . 他太过分劳累以至生病而卧床。

要点提示： so … that 和such … that都是引导结果状语从句的从属连词，它们都表示"如此……以至"的意思，但其要求的句型结构不一样：so + 形容词或副词+ that ；such + 名词+ that 。 例如：He ran so fast that his brother couldn't catch upwith him . 他跑得太快了，他弟弟赶不上他。 He is such a naughty boy that he becomes unwelcome in his neighborhood . 他是那么个调皮的孩子，以至在邻里中不受欢迎。 She looks so lovely that everybody can't help taking a look at her when passing her by .她生得太可爱了，从她身边经过的人都忍不住要看她一眼。 9) 比较状语从句 常用的关连词有：than(比……), as … as(如……一样……) , "the +比较级… , the +比较级…"(越……越……)，等。例如： Her mother is not as tall as she (is) .她妈妈没有她高. He is taller than his brother .他比他弟弟个高一些。 The more they discover about the brain, the more questions they can't answer in that area . 他们越多地发现有关人脑的情况，他们就有越多的问题无法回答。 Computers are playing a more and more important role in our modern society . 计算机在当今社会里起着越来越大的作用。

要点提示： 有关比较状语的问题请看前面"形容词与副词的比较级和最高级"一章。这里只提醒一个关于比较状语从句的问题。那就是：than和as … as中的第二个as 都是连词，后面若是人称代词，应该用主格形式。例如： Her mother is not as tall as she (is) .她妈妈没有她个高。(正确) Her mother is not as tall as her.(错误) I don't think that he is taller than I .我并不认为他比我个高。(正确) I don't think that he is taller than me . (错误)

2. 用unless 引导条件状语从句时，要注意这个连词自身在意义上是否定的：unless = if … not … 。因此，我们在逻辑上要注意：英文句子的用法和中文句子的译文。特别是当主句是否定句时，逻辑上的意思就成了"否定之否定而表示肯定"的情况了。例如： I will not go to their party unless I am invited . 这个句子的实际意义等于：I will not go to their party if I am not invited . 这就是说，"我不去参加聚会"的条件是"我没有受到邀请"。"不去"与"没有受到邀请"就构成了"否定之否定而表示肯定"的情况了.)假如他们不邀请我，我不会去参加他们的聚会。 He will finish the work in time unless something unexpected happens . 这个句子的实际意义等于： He will finish the work in time if something unexpected does not happen . 假如没有什么意外的事情发生，他会按时完成他的工作的。

30. ----May I go and play with Tom this afternoon, Mum?

----No. You can't go out _____ your homework is being done.

29. We have reached the point _____ a change is needed.

A. which B. when C. that D. where

28. ----Did you give him the book?

----Yes. I gave it to him _______ I saw him.

A. once B. hurriedly C. while D. directly

27. ----which one can I take?

----You can take ______ of them; I'll keep none.

A. both B. any C. neither D. all