No one knows for sure when advertising first started.It is possible that it grew out of the discovery that some people did certain kinds of work better than others did them.That led to the concept of specialization，which means that people would specialize，or focus，on doing one specific job.

Let’s take a man we’ll call Mr.Fielder，for example.He did everything connected with farming.He planted seeds，tended the fields，and harvested and sold his crops.At the same time，he did many other jobs on the farm.However，he didn’t make the bricks for his house，cut his trees into boards，make the plows(犁), or any of the other hundreds of things a farm needs.Instead，he got them from people who specialized in doing each of those things.

Suppose there was another man we shall call Mr.Plowright.Using what he knew about farming and working with iron，Mr.Plowright invented a plow that made farming easier.Mr.Plowright did not really like farming himself and wanted to specialize in making really good plows.Perhaps，he thought，other farmers will trade what they grow for one of my plows.

How did Mr.Plowright let people know what he was doing？Why，he advertised，of course.First he opened a shop and then he put up a sign outside the shop to attract customers.That sign may have been no more than a plow carved into a piece of wood and a simple arrow pointing to the shop door.It was probably all the information people needed to find Mr.Plowright and his really good plows.

Many historians believe that the first outdoor signs were used about five thousand years ago.Even before most people could read，they understood such signs.Shopkeepers would carve into stone，clay，or wood symbols for the products they had for sale.

A medium，in advertising talk，is the way you communicate your message.You might say that the first medium used in advertising was signs with symbols.The second medium was audio，or sound，although that term is not used exactly in the way we use it today.Originally，just the human voice and maybe some kind of simple instrument，such as a bell，were used to get people’s attention.

A crier，in the historical sense，is not someone who weeps easily.It is someone，probably a man，with a voice loud enough to be heard over the other noises of a city.In ancient Egypt，shopkeepers might hire such a person to spread the news about their products.Often this earliest form of advertising involved a newly arrived ship loaded with goods.Perhaps the crier described the goods，explained where they came from，and praised their quality.His job was，in other words，not too different from a TV or radio commercial in today’s world.

1.What probably led to the start of advertising?

A．The discovery of iron.

B．The specialization of labor.

C．The appearance of new jobs.

D．The development of farming techniques.

2.To advertise his plows，Mr.Plowright________.

A．praised his plows in public

B．placed a sign outside the shop

C．hung an arrow pointing to the shop

D．showed his products to the customers

3.The writer makes up the two stories of Mr.Fielder and Mr.Plowright in order to________.

A．explain the origin of advertising

B．predict the future of advertising

C．expose problems in advertising

D．provide suggestions for advertising

4.In ancient Egypt，a crier was probably someone who ________.

A．owned a ship

B．had the loudest voice

C．ran a shop selling goods to farmers

D．functioned like today’s TV or radio commercial

5.The last two paragraphs are mainly about ________.

A．the history of advertising

B．the benefits of advertising

C．the early forms of advertising

D．the basic design of advertising

I still remember my first day at school in London and I was half-excited and half-frightened. On my way to school I wondered what sort of questions the other boys would ask me and practiced all the answers: “I am nine years old. I was born here but I haven’t lived here since I was two. I was living in Farley. It’s about thirty miles away. I came back to London two months ago.” I also wondered if it was the custom for boys to fight strangers like me, but I was tall for my age. I hoped they would decide not to risk it.

No one took any notice of me before school. I stood in the center of the playground, expecting someone to say “hello”, but no one spoke to me. When a teacher called my name and told me where my classroom was, one or two boys looked at me but that was all.

My teacher was called Mr. Jones. There were 42 boys in the class, so I didn’t stand out there, either, until the first lesson of the afternoon. Mr. Jones was very fond of Charles Dickens and he had decided to read aloud to us from David Copperfield, but first he asked several boys if they knew Dickens’ birthplace, but no one guessed right. A boy called Brian, the biggest in the class, said: “Timbuktu”, and Mr. Jones went red in the face. Then he asked me. I said: “Portsmouth”, and everyone stared at me because Mr. Jones said I was right. This didn’t make me very popular, of course.

“He thinks he’s clever,” I heard Brian say.

After that, we went out to the playground to play football. I was in Brian’s team, and he obviously had Dickens in mind because he told me to go in goal. No one ever wanted to be the goalkeeper.

“He’s big enough and useless enough.” Brian said when someone asked him why he had chosen me.

I suppose Mr. Jones, who served as the judge, remembered Dickens, too, because when the game was nearly over, Brian pushed one of the players on the other team, and he gave them a penalty (惩罚). As the boy kicked the ball to my right, I threw myself down instinctively (本能地) and saved it. All my team crowded round me. My bare knees were injured and bleeding. Brian took out a handkerchief and offered it to me.

“Do you want to join my gang (帮派)?” he said.

根据短文内容，从下框的A-F选项中选出能概括每一段主题的最佳选项。选项中有一项为多余项。

I remember vividly the call that changed my life. It was Tuesday, February 18. When the  1    rang in the kitchen of my Los Angeles, the   2   was Marty Banderas,  a literary agent to whom I had sent a draft( 草稿 )of my novel three weeks earlier. “I have a couple of   3  .” Banderas saiD. “First, how old are you?” “I'm 48,” I replieD. “Are you in good   4    ?” “Yes, excellent. What’s this about? ” “I’ve sold your novels       5     one and a half million dollars.” I sat down in    6    . I had written fourteen novels in twenty years, but each one had been    7     by the publishers. I suppose many people would have been     8     , but not me. Each time, I just      9      writing another one. My husband advised me to find something else to do, but I refused to   10    up. Seeing this book   11    was the best thing that has ever happened to me. It's a mystery story (like all the others) and it was on the best-seller   12   two weeks after publication! I got my first lesson in story  13  from my grandmother. She used to read my stories. She was the one who gave me a    14     of words. She sparked (激发) my  15   and she has been a   16    influence on me. I always had stories running through my   17    and as soon as I could write, I   18     them down on paper. I married young and I have three children, but I never stopped writing.    19   novels between doing the diapers(婴儿的尿布) and dishes. I'm writing another novel now. Yes, my    20    has changed my life.

1. A. phone    B. bell    C. clock D. alarm

2. A. line       B. step    C. outside      D. doorway

3. A. novels   B. things        C. questions   D. problems

4. A. wealth    B. health        C. condition    D. order

5. A. to   B. for     C. on      D. in

6. A. need       B. joy     C. settlements        D. shock

7. A. rejected        B. received    C. decided      D. lost

8. A. worried        B. encouraged       C. discouraged      D. excited

9. A. couldn't help        B. got down to      C. got used to        D. went on

10. A. hold    B. look   C. give   D. set

11. A. sold     B. published   C. printed      D. passed

12. A. books B. shops  C. record       D. list

13. A. writing       B. organizing        C. telling       D. reading

14. A. use      B. love   C. meaning    D. respect

15. A. hope    B. efforts C. novels       D. imagination

16. A. lasting        B. normal      C. careful      D. general

17. A. head    B. mouth       C. voice D. work

18. A. took    B. put     C. broke        D. added

19. A. writing       B. reading      C. developing        D. translating

20. A. friend B. call    C. success      D. work