10．Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can f——青夏教育精英家教网—

10．Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly，flies like a fat chicken，eats green leaves，has the stomach of a cow and has claws （爪） on its wings when young．They build their homes about 4.6m above the river，an important feature （特征） for the safety of the young．It is called the hoatzin．
In appearance，the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream and red on the underside．The head is small，with a large set of feathers on the top，bright red eyes，and blue skin．Its nearest relatives are the common birds，cuckoos．Its most striking feature，though，is only found in the young．
Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and another at the end of each wing tip．Using these four claws，together with the beak （喙），they can climb about in the bushes，looking very much like primitive birds must have done．When the young hoatzins have learned to fly，they lose their claws．
During the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly about the forest in groups of 20to 30birds，but in April，when the rainy season begins，they collect together in smaller living units of two to seven birds for producing purposes．

63．What is the text mainly about？D
A．Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons．
B．The relatives and enemies of hoatzins．
C．Primitive birds and hoatzins of the Amazon．
D．The appearance and living habits of hoatzins．
64．Young hoatzins are different from their parents in thatB．
A．they look like young cuckoos
B．they have claws on the wings
C．they eat a lot like a cow
D．they live on river banks
65．What can we infer about primitive birds from the text？A
A．They had claws to help them climb．
B．They could fly long distances．
C．They had four wings like hoatzins．
D．They had a head with long feathers on the top．
66．Why do hoatzins collect together in smaller groups when the rainy season comes？D
A．To find more food．
B．To protect themselves better．
C．To keep themselves warm．
D．To produce their young．

9．ADDIS ABABA，Ethiopia-One of the world's most famous fossils （化石）-the 3.2million-year-old Lucy skeleton （骨骼） unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974-will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States，officials said Tuesday．
Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice．The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital，Addis Ababa，is a replicawhile the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom．A team from the Museum of National Science in Houston，Texas，spent four years discussing with the Ethiopians for the U．S．tour，which will start in Houston next September．
"Ethiopia's rich culture of both the past and today，is one of the best kept secrets in the world，"said Joel Bartsch，director of the Houston museum．
The six-year tour will also go to Washington，New York，Denver and Chicago．Officials said six other U．S．cities may be on the tour．But they said plans had not been worked out．
Travelling with Lucy will be 190other fossils．
Lucy，her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery，is part of the skeleton of what was once a 3$\frac{1}{2}$-foot-tall ape-man （猿人）．

53．The author writes this text mainly toD．
A．introduce a few U．S．museums
B．describe some research work
C．discuss the value of an ape-man
D．report a coming event
54．What do the words"a replica"in Paragraph 2refer to？C
A．A painting of the skeleton．
B．A photograph of Lucy
C．A copy of the skeleton．
D．A written record of Lucy．
55．How many cities has Lucy's U．S．tour plan already included？B
A．Four．
B．Five．
C．Six．
D．Eleven．
56．What was the skeleton named after？B
A．An ape-man．
B．A song．
C．A singer．
D．A camp．

8．Forget Twitter and Facebook，Google and the Kindle．Television is still the most influential medium around．Indeed，for many of the poorest regions（地区）of the world，it remains the next big thing--finally becomes globally available．And that is a good thing，because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better．
Across the developing world，around 45% of families had a TV in 1995； by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%．That is some way behind the U．S．，where are more TVs than people，and where people now easily get access to the Internet．Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years．In 2005，after the fall of the Taliban（塔利班），which had outlawed TV，1 in 5 Afghans had one．The global total is another 150 million by 2013--pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families．
Television's most powerful effect will be on the lives of women．In India，researchers Robert Jensen and Emily Oster found that when TVs reached village s，women were more likely to go to the market without their husbands'approval and less likely to want a boy rather than a girl．They were more likely to make decisions over child health care．TV is also a powerful medium for adult education．In the Indian state of Gujarat，Chitrageet is a popular show that plays Bollywood songs with words in Gujarati on the screen．Within six months，viewers had made a small but significant（有意义的） improvement in their reading skills．
Too much TV has been associated with violence，overweight and loneliness．However，TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide．

40．The underlined word"outlawed"in paragraph 2 probably means"B"．
   A．allowed          B．banned          C．offered            D．refused
41．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage？D
A．Americans used to get access to the Internet easily．
B．The world's TV sets will total 150 million by 2013．
C.45% of families in the de veloping countries had a TV in 2005．
D．Over two thirds of families in the world will have a TV by 2013．
42．The author intends toA．
A．stress the advantages of TV to people's lives
B．persuade women to become more independent
C．encourage people to improve their reading skills
D．introduce the readers some websites such as Google
43．What would be the best title for the passage？C
A．TV Will Rule the World
B．TV Will Disturb the World
C．TV Will Better the World
D．TV Will Remain in World．

7．The Cost of Higher Education
Individuals （个人） should pay for their higher education．
A university education is of huge and direct benefit to the individual．Graduates earn more than non-graduates．Meanwhile，social mobility is ever more dependent on having a degree．However，only some people have it．So the individual，not the taxpayers，should pay for it．There are pressing calls on the resources （资源） of the government．Using taxpayers'money to help a small number of people to earn high incomes in the future is not one of them．
Full government funding （资助） is not very good for universities．Adam Smith worked in a Scottish university whose teachers lived off student fees．He knew and looked down upon 18th-century Oxford，where the academics lived comfortably off the income received from the government．Guaranteed salaries，Smith argued，were the enemy of hard work； and when the academics were lazy and incompetent，the students were similarly lazy．
If students have to pay for their education，they not only work harder，but also demand more from their teachers．And their teachers have to keep them satisfied．If that means taking teaching seriously，and giving less time to their own res earch interests，that is surely something to celebrate．
Many people believe that higher education should be free because it is good for the economy （经济）．Many graduates clearly do contribute to national wealth，but so do all the businesses that invest （投资） and create jobs．If you believe that the government should pay for higher education because graduates are economically productive，you should also believe that the government should pay part of business costs．Anyone promising to create jobs should receive a gift of capital from the government to invest．Therefore，it is the individual，not the government，who should pay for their university education．

68．The underlined word"them"in Paragraph 2 refers toB
A．taxpayers
B．pressing calls
C．college graduates
D．government resources
69．The author thinks that with full government fundingD
A．teachers are less satisfied
B．students are more demanding
C．students will become more competent
D．teachers will spend less time on teaching
70．The author mentions businesses in Paragraph 5 in order toA
A．argue against free university education
B．call on them to finance students'studies
C．encourage graduates to go into business
D．show their contribution to higher education．

6．When difficult people express themselves orally，they generally want at least two things：they've been heard and they've been understand．As a good communicator should be a good listener，five steps are advocated toward good listening．
The first step is cooperating（合作）．How does a difficult person know that you're listening and understanding？In fact，it's through the way you look and should while he is talking．You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings．You do this by nodding your head in agreement，making certain sounds of understanding．
When the person begins to repeat what's been said，it's signal of step two：turning back．It means that you repeat back some words he is using，sending a clear signal that you're listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important．
Having heard what he has to say，the next step is clarifying．At this point，you start to gather information about what is being communicated．Ask some open-ended questions，which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy．
The fourth step is to summarize（概括）what you've heard．This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person are on the same page．When you do this，two things happen．First，if you've shown that you're making an effort to understand completely．This increases the possibility of gaining cooperation from him．
Having listened carefully，you've now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels that his thoughts have been fully voiced．Ask if he feels understood．
When enough sincere listening，questioning，and remembering are brought together，understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative．

Topic	（76）Listen/Listeningto understand
Reason	Difficult people hope they have been heard and（77）understoodwhen they express themselves．
（78） on listening	◆（79）Nodin agreement and make some sounds of understanding while a difficult person is speaking． ◆Repeat some（80）wordsthat you have heard． ◆Collect information about the person's expressions and find his（81）intention． ◆Give a（82）summaryof what the person has said． ◆Confirm that the person gains（83）satisfactionfrom speaking his thoughts．
Result	A difficult person will be（84）easierto cooperate with if understanding is achieved．
Comment	You may unlock the doors to difficult people's（85）hearts/mindsafter you listen and understand

5．My father was 44 and knew he wasn't going to make it to 45．He wrote me a letter and hoped that something in it would help me for the rest of my life．
Since the day I was 12 and first read his letter，some of his words have lived in my heart．Only part always times out．"Right now，you are pretending to be a time-killer．But I know that one hay，you will do something great that will set you among the very best．"Knowing that my dad believed in me gave me permission to believe in myself．"You will do something great．"He didn't know what that would be，and neither did I，but at times in my life when I've felt proud of myself，I remember his words and wish he were here so I could ask．"Is this what you were talking about，Dad？Should I keep going？"
A long way from 12 now，I realize he would have been proud when I made any progress．Lately，though．I've come to believe he'd want me to move on to what comes next：to be proud of，and believe in，somebody else．It's time to start writing my own letters to my children．Our children look to us with the same unanswered question we had．Our kids don't hold back because they're afraid to fail．They're only afraid of failing us．They don't worry about being disappointed．Their fear-as mine was until my father's letter-is of being a disappointment．
Give your children permission to succeed．They're writing for you to believe in them．I always knew way parents loved me．But trust me．That belief will be more complete，that love will be more real，and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words on their hearts；"Don't worry； you'll do something great．"Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back．

68．We learn from the text that the authorA
A．lost his father when he was young
B．Worked hard before he read his father's letter
C．Asked his father's permission to believe in himself
D．Knew exactly what great thing his father wanted him to do
69．What does the author tell us in the 3rd paragraph？D
A．Children need their parents'letters．
B．Children are afraid to be disappointed．
C．His children's fear of failure held them back．
D．His father's letter removed his fear of failing his parents．
70．Which of the following is true of the author？C
A．He got no access to success．
B．He wrote back to his father at 12．
C．He was sure his parents loved him．
D．He once asked his father about the letter．
71．The main purpose of the text is toD．
A．describe children's thinking
B．answer some questions children have
C．stress the importance of communication
D．advise parents to encourage their children．

4．While small may be beautiful，tall is just plain uncomfortable it seems，particularly when it comes to staying in hotels and eating in restaurants．
    The Tall Persons Club Great Britain （TPCGB），which was formed six months ago to campaign for the needs of the tall，has turned its attention to hotels and restaurants．Beds that are too small，showe heads that are too low，and restaurant tables with hardly any leg-room all make life difficult for those of above average height，it says．
    But it is not just the extra-tall whose needs are not being met．The average night of the population has been increasing ye the standard size of beds，doorways，and chairs has remained unchanged．]
"The bedding industry says a bed should be six inches larger than the person using it，so even a king-size bed at 6′6″（6feet and 6inches） is falling short for 25% of men，while the standard 6′3″bed caters for less than half of the male population．"Said TPCGB president Phil Heinricy，"seven-foot beds would work fine．"
     Sililarly，restaurant tables can cause no end of problems．Small tables，which mean the long-legged have to sit a foot or so away from them，are enough to make tall customers go elsewhere．
    Some have already taken note，however．At Queens Moat Houses′Caledoman Hotl in Edinburgh，6′6″beds are now put in as standard after requests for longer beds from taller visitors，particularly Americans．

64．What is the purpose of the TPCGB campaign？C
A．To provide better services．
B．To rebuild hotels and restaurants．
C．To draw public attention to the needs of the tall．
D．To attract more people to become its members．
65．Which of the following might be a bed of proper length according to Phil Heinricy？B
A.7′2″．B.7′C.6′6″D.6′3″
66．What may happen to restaurants with small tables？A
A．They may lose some customers．
B．They may start businesses elsewhere．
C．They have to find easy chairs to match the tables．
D．They have to provide enough space for the long-legged．
67．What change has already been made in a hotel in Edinburgh？B
A．Tall people pay more for larger beds．
B.6′6″beds have taken the place of 6′3″beds．
C．Special rooms are kept for Americans．
D．Guest rooms are standardized．

3．请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词．
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上．每个空格只填一个单词．
When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not？
Why Difficult？
When we wrong someone we know，even not intentionally，we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation．But when we're acting as leaders，the circumstances are different．The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution．It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record．Refusing to apologize can be smart，or it can be stupid．So，readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness．A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony-while an apology that is too little，too late，or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin．What，then，is to be done？How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly？
Why Now？
The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent．During the last decade or so，the United States in particular has developed an apology culture-apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before．More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies．More articles，cartoons，advice columns，and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies．
Why Bother？
Why do we apologize？Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult，embarrassing，and even risky？Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target．They are expected to appear strong and capable．And whenever they make public statements of any kind，their individual and institutional reputations are in danger．Clearly，then，leaders should not apologize often or lightly．For a leader to express apology，there needs to be a good，strong reason．Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so．
Why Refuse？
Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize，even when a public apology seems to be in order？Their reasons can be individual or institutional．Because leaders are public figures，their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky．Leaders may also be afraid that admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible．There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations，as we shall see，but it is a high-risk strategy．

2．Passenger pigeons（旅鸽） once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers．Written accounts from the 18^th and 19^th centuries described flocks（群） so large that they darkened the sky for hours．
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point，there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons-a number equal to 24to 40percent of the total bird population in the United States，making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world．Even as late as 1870when their numbers had already become smaller，a flock believed to be 1mile wide and 320miles （about 515kilometers） long was seen near Cincinnati．
Sadly，the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing．Where the birds were most abundant，people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them by the thousands．Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain，waited until pigeons had settled to feed，then threw large nets over them，taking hundreds at a time．The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants．
By the closing decades of the 19^th century，the hardwood forests where passenger pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans'need for wood，which scattered （驱散） the flocks and forced the birds to go farther north，where cold temperatures and spring storms contributed to their decline．Soon the great flocks were gone，never to be seen again．
In 1897，the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger pigeons，but by then，no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10years．The last confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County，Ohio，in 1900．For a time，a few birds survived under human care．The last of them，known affectionately as Martha，died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1，1914．

24．In the 18^th and early 19^th centuries，passenger pigeonsD．
A．were the biggest bird in the world
B．lived mainly in the south of America
C．did great harm to the natural environment
D．were the largest bird population in the US
25．The underlined word"undoing"probably refers to the pigeons'B．
A．escape           B．ruin            C．liberation             D．evolution
26．What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons？C
A．To seek pleasure        B．To save other birds
C．To make money            D．To protect crops．
27．What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan？B
A．It was ignored by the public         B．It was declared too late．
C．It was unfair                        D．It was strict．

1．Directions：Read the passage carefully．Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words．
Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 ndividuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members．Once their size goes beyond this figure，the organizations are getting less flexible．So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication．
One solution to this problem would，of course，be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group．By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other，larger organizations can be built up．However，merely having groups of，say，150will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization．Something else is needed：the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships．To allow free flow of information，they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way．Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works．
The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station．Whether by chance or by design，it so happened that there were almost exactly 150people in the station．The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation．Then，for no apparent reason，the work seemed to be more difficult to do，not to say less satisfying．
It was some time before they work out what the problem was．It turn out that，when the architects were designing the new building，they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it．And with that，they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization．What had apparently been happening was that，as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room，useful information was casually being exchanged．
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS．）
81．What size of an organization may lead to communication failures？Anorganizationofmorethan200individuals
82．What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization？Structuringsmallerorganizationsandbuildingdirectpersonalrelationships．
83．After the TV station moved into new accommodation，its operationseemedtobemoredifficult/lesssatisfying．
84．From the case of the TV station，we can conclude it istheclosesocialnetworks/thefreeflowofinformation/thecausalcommunication that make（s） an organization more successful．

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