题目内容
1.Directions:Read the passage carefully.Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 ndividuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members.Once their size goes beyond this figure,the organizations are getting less flexible.So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.
One solution to this problem would,of course,be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group.By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other,larger organizations can be built up.However,merely having groups of,say,150will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization.Something else is needed:the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships.To allow free flow of information,they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way.Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.
The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station.Whether by chance or by design,it so happened that there were almost exactly 150people in the station.The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation.Then,for no apparent reason,the work seemed to be more difficult to do,not to say less satisfying.
It was some time before they work out what the problem was.It turn out that,when the architects were designing the new building,they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it.And with that,they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization.What had apparently been happening was that,as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room,useful information was casually being exchanged.
(Note:Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)
81.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?Anorganizationofmorethan200individuals
82.What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?Structuringsmallerorganizationsandbuildingdirectpersonalrelationships.
83.After the TV station moved into new accommodation,its operationseemedtobemoredifficult/lesssatisfying.
84.From the case of the TV station,we can conclude it istheclosesocialnetworks/thefreeflowofinformation/thecausalcommunication that make(s) an organization more successful.
分析 文章大意:本文主要阐述了一个组织的成员多少与交流的关系. 社会学家早就认识到,不到200个人的自由流动可以通过操作各成员之间的信息. 一旦它们的规模远远超出这一数字,这两个组织获得不够灵活. 因此,似乎有必要防止总的通信故障造成混乱.文中并且提出了解决问题的方法:组织人数缩减,构建直接的人事关系.
解答 81.An organization of more than 200 individuals.
本题涉及的论点在第一段.本段中的第一句"Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members."明确告诉我们二百人以内的机构可以保证员工之间自由的信息沟通.反向理解则为:超过二百人的机构其员工之间的信息沟通会遇到障碍,也就是提干中的"lead to communication failures".
82.Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships.
本题题干中明确要求考生写"两个解决方案(two solutions)".第二段的第一句"One solution to this problem would,of course,be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group."中有一个"solution",即:"structure large organisations into smaller units of size that can act as a group".另一个"solution"是"the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships".由于答题要求字数不得超过8个字,考生就得对原文中提到的两种解决方案的表诉在文字上进行压缩.把句子中次要的成份去除,于是就留下了"structuring….and building…".
83.seemed to be more difficult/less satisfying
本题涉及的内容在第三段,具体的句子是"The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation.Then,for no apparent reason,the work seemed to be more difficult to do,not to say less satisfying.".关键词是:"smoothly,until,moved into,more difficult,less satisfying".题干中的"operation"一词在原文中似乎没有,其实不然,倒数第二行的"the work"就是指题干中的"operation".
84.the close social networks/the free flow of information/the causal communication
本题对考生的概括能力要求较高.从题干的句子形式我们可看出本题要考生回答的是:究竟是什么能使机构运作得更成功?在TV Station的例子中我们的知其人员是150人,属于第一段中所说的能保证"the free flow of information"的人员编制.同样,我们从第一段中的知自由畅通的信息交流对机构的成功运作很重要.因此,"the free flow of information"是本题的答案之一.在第二段中我们还得知,把人员分成若干"group"构建"direct personal organization"也是有效地方法,我们把这点可概括为"close personal relationship/close social networks/direct information exchange system"等等.再次,第二段的结尾句"Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works."我们可反其道理解为:"informal/casual personal communication is the way a system works more successfully".这点也可从TV station搬迁后没有设置"coffee room"从而影响了员工之间的交流,导致"the work seemed to be more difficult to do"这一案例得到印证.
点评 做此类试题,考生要先仔细阅读短文后所提出的问题,带着问题通读全文,把握文章意思,然后再研读跟问题相关的句子、句子的关键词/短语等;在此基础上再结合上下文进行分析判断、逻辑推理、归纳提炼出问题答案的表述内容;记住要看清问题,不要答非所问,同时表述的句子内容要简洁明了、语法正确、语句通顺、书写规范,注意字数限制.
-____.I prefer the air there.( )
A. | Not really | B. | Not nearly | C. | Exactly | D. | Actually |
A. | in anxiety for | B. | in preparation for | ||
C. | in exchange for | D. | in answer for |
A. | added to | B. | led to | C. | turned out | D. | made up |
The first step is cooperating(合作).How does a difficult person know that you're listening and understanding?In fact,it's through the way you look and should while he is talking.You may help him to fully express his thoughts and feelings.You do this by nodding your head in agreement,making certain sounds of understanding.
When the person begins to repeat what's been said,it's signal of step two:turning back.It means that you repeat back some words he is using,sending a clear signal that you're listening carefully and that you think what he is saying is important.
Having heard what he has to say,the next step is clarifying.At this point,you start to gather information about what is being communicated.Ask some open-ended questions,which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.
The fourth step is to summarize(概括)what you've heard.This allows you to make sure that both you and the difficult person are on the same page.When you do this,two things happen.First,if you've shown that you're making an effort to understand completely.This increases the possibility of gaining cooperation from him.
Having listened carefully,you've now arrived at the point of confirming with the person that he feels that his thoughts have been fully voiced.Ask if he feels understood.
When enough sincere listening,questioning,and remembering are brought together,understanding is usually achieved and a difficult person becomes less difficult and more cooperative.
Topic | (76)Listen/Listeningto understand |
Reason | Difficult people hope they have been heard and(77)understoodwhen they express themselves. |
(78) on listening | ◆(79)Nodin agreement and make some sounds of understanding while a difficult person is speaking. ◆Repeat some(80)wordsthat you have heard. ◆Collect information about the person's expressions and find his(81)intention. ◆Give a(82)summaryof what the person has said. ◆Confirm that the person gains(83)satisfactionfrom speaking his thoughts. |
Result | A difficult person will be(84)easierto cooperate with if understanding is achieved. |
Comment | You may unlock the doors to difficult people's(85)hearts/mindsafter you listen and understand |