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12.For years,there has been a bias (偏见) against science among clinical psychologists (临床心理学家).In a two-year analysis to be published in November in Perspectives on Psychological Science,psychologists led by Timothy B.Baker of the University of Wisconsin charge that many clinical psychologists fail to"provide the treatments for which there is the strongest evidence of effectiveness"and"give more weight to their personal experiences than to science."As a result,patients have no guarantee that their"treatment will be informed by …science."Walter Mischel of Columbia University is even crueler in his judgment."The disconnect between what clinical psychologists do and what science has discovered is an extreme embarrassment,"he told me,and"there is a widening gap between clinical practice and science."
The"widening"reflects the great progress that psychological research has made in identifying (确认) the most effective treatments.Thanks to strict clinical trials,we now know that teaching patients to think about their thoughts in new,healthier ways and to act on those new ways of thinking are effective against depression,panic disorder and other problems,with multiple trials showing that these treatments-the tools of psychology-bring more lasting benefits than drugs.
You wouldn't know this if you sought help from a typical clinical psychologist.Although many treatments are effective,relatively few psychologists learn or practice them.
Why in the world not?For one thing,says Baker,clinical psychologists are"very doubtful about the role of science"and"lack solid science training".Also,one third of patients get better no matter what treatment (if any) they have,"and psychologists remember these successes,believing,wrongly,that they are the result of the treatment."
When faced with evidence that treatments they offer are not supported by science,clinical psychologists argue that they know better than some study what works.A 2008study of 591psychologists in private practice found that they rely more on their own and colleagues'experience than on science when deciding how to treat a patient.If they keep on this path as insurance companies demand evidence-based medicine,warns Mischel,psychology will"discredit (损伤名誉)itself."
(Note:Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN 12WORDS)

78.Clinical psychologists can't explain the effectiveness of their treatment mainly because they rely ontheir personal experience.
79.What has widened the gap between clinical practice and science?The great progress in psychological research
80.According to Baker,what are the reasons that prevent clinical psychologists from learning or practicing effective treatment?Their doubt about the role of science and inadequate science training
81.To avoid discrediting psychology,clinical psychologists need tosupport their treatment with science.

分析 本文属于说明文阅读,作者通过这篇文章向我们说明了临床心理学家更依靠自己的经验而不是科学的判断去治疗病人,说明临床心理学家应该用科学的方法支持他们的治疗.

解答 78.their personal experience    细节理解题,根据第一段Baker of the University of Wisconsin charge that many clinical psychologists fail to"provide the treatments for which there is the strongest evidence of effectiveness"and"give more weight to their personal experiences than to science."可知临床心理学家不能解释他们的治疗的有效性,主要是因为他们更依靠自己的经验而不是科学的判断,故填their personal experience.
79.The great progress in psychological research    细节理解题,根据第二段The"widening"reflects the great progress that psychological research has made in identifying (确认) the most effective treatments.可知心理学研究的重大进展扩大了临床实践和科学之间的差距,故填The great progress in psychological research.
80.Their doubt about the role of science and inadequate science training    细节理解题,根据第四段For one thing,says Baker,clinical psychologists are"very doubtful about the role of science"and"lack solid science training".可知Baker认为是科学家对科学的作用和他们科学训练的不足阻止临床心理学家学习或实施有效的治疗,故填Their doubt about the role of science and inadequate science training.
81.support their treatment with science    推理判断题,根据最后一段When faced with evidence that treatments they offer are not supported by science,clinical psychologists argue that they know better than some study what works.A 2008study of 591psychologists in private practice found that they rely more on their own and colleagues'experience than on science when deciding how to treat a patient.If they keep on this path as insurance companies demand evidence-based medicine,warns Mischel,psychology will"discredit (损伤名誉)itself."可知为了避免给心理学家抹黑,临床心理学家需要用科学的方法支持他们的治疗,故填support their treatment with science.

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7.Big trees are incredibly important ecologically.For a start,they provide food for countless other species and shelter for many animals.With their tall branches in the sun,they capture vast amounts of energy.This allows them to produce massive crops of fruit and flowers that sustain much of the animal life in the forest.
Only a small number of tree species have the genetic abilityto grow really big.The biggest are native to North America,but big trees grow all over the globe,from the tropics to the forests of the high latitudes(纬度).To achieve giant size,a tree needs three things:the right place to establish its seedling,good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult death rate.Lose any of these,and you will lose your biggest trees.
In some parts of the world,populations of big trees are dwindling because their seedlings cannot survive.In southern India,for instance,an aggressive non-native bush,Lantana camara,is invading the floor of many forests.Lantana grows so thickly that young trees often fail to take root.With no young trees to replace them,it is only a matter of time before most of the big trees disappear.
Without the right growing conditions,trees cannot get really bigand there is some evidence to suggest tree growth could slow in a warmer world,particularly in environments that are already warm.Having worked for decades at La Selva Biological Station in Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui,Costa Rica,David and Deborah Clark and colleagues have shown that tree growth there declines markedly in warmer years."During the day,their growth shuts down when it gets too warm,and at night they consume more energy because theirmetabolic(新陈代谢的) rate increases,"explains David Clark.With less energy produced in warmer years and more being consumed just to survive,there is even less energy available for growth.
The Clarks'theory,if correct,means tropical forests would shrink over time.The largest,oldest trees would progressively die off and tend not to be replaced.According to the Clarks,this might cause a destabilization of the climate; as older trees die,forests would release some of their stored carbon into the atmosphere,causing a cycle of further warming,forest shrinkage and carbon emissions.
Besides,big trees face threats from elsewhere.

73.According to the passage,big trees make great contributions to theecosystem becauseC.
A.they can capture large amounts of energy
B.they determine the change of global climate
C.they provide the essentials for many creatures
D.they can avoid a new cycle of further warming
74.All the following factors are a must for making big treesEXCEPTD.
A.no deadly damage
B.genetic contribution
C.ideal environmentfor growth
D.high-latitude location
75.The word"dwindling"(paragraph3)is closest in meaning to"D".
A.exploding
B.growing
C.changing
D.declining
76.What is the best title of the passageA?
A.Big trees in trouble.
B.Advantages of big trees.
C.Results of big trees'disappearing.
D.Importanceof big trees to humans.
77.What will the author most probably discuss after the last paragraphA?
A.More threats to the existence of big tress.
B.The effect of human activities on big trees.
C.Benefits of big trees to the whole atmosphere.
D.Comparison between common trees and big ones.
17.If you know the following fact,you'll understand why many people suffer from foot problems.The average person walks the equivalent of three times around the Earth in a lifetime.That is enormous wear and tear on the 26 bones,33 joints and more than 100 muscles that make up the foot.
In a recent survey for the American Podiatric Medical Association,53 percent of respondents reported foot pain so severe that it affected their daily function.On average,people develop pain in their 60s,but it can start as early as the 20s and 30s.And usually women give care to their feet while men don't."A lot of people think foot pain is part of the aging process and accept it,and  walk with pain,"said Dr Andrew Shapiro.Though some foot problems are inevitable,their progress can be slowed.The following questions will help you assess whether you should take more preventive action as you age.Do you have flat feet or hig harches(足弓)?Either puts feet a trisk.Shoes that support the arch and heel can help flat feet.People with high arches should look for roomy shoes and soft erpadding(衬垫)to absorb the shock.Proper exercises also strengthen muscles,supporting the foot.
Do your shoes fit?In the survey,more than 34 percent of men said they could not remember the last time their feet were measured.20 percent of women said that once a week they wore shoes that hurt,and 8 percent wore painful shoes daily.Feet flatten and lengthen with age,so if you still stick to the shoe size you wore at the age of 21,get your feet measured.Do you walk?Putting more mileage(里程)on your feet is the best way to exercise the muscles and keep them healthy.

43.The underlined phrase"wear and tear"in Paragraph 1 probably meansC.
A.a  surprising experience    
B.an unimaginable distance   
C.damage due to continuous use
D.a contribution to the feet
44.What do we know from the passageC?
A.The number of men and women who have foot problems is similar.  
B.Walking as little as possible can protect your feet from pain.    
C.More than half of there spondent shave serious foot problems.   
D.53% of people develop foot pain in their 60s.
45.Which of the following statements best explains foot painA?
A.Not all of it can be avoided.  
B.People can't slow its process.   
C.Walking more will stop foot pain.  
D.Preventive actions can't work well.
46.If your feet are 26cm long at 23,what is the probable length of your feet when you are 43?A
A.26.2cm   
B.25.2cm   
C.26cm   
D.25cm.
4.Nowadays many people are concerned about the problem of what to do with electronic waste such as old televisions,computers,radios,cellular telephones and other electronic equipment.
Electronic trash,or e-waste,is piling up faster than ever in American homes and businesses.People do not know what to do with old televisions or computers so they throw them in the trash.
National Solid Waste Management Association (NSWMA) state programs director Chaz Miller says the large amount of electronic waste Americans product is not unexpected.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates more than 400million consumer electronic items are dumped each year,and there is a push by more states to ban the waste from landfills (垃圾填埋场) and create recycling programs.They can be torn apart and sorted for useable parts.Mike Fannon who runs the plant in Baltimore says,"There are lots of valuable metals that can be recovered and reused instead of just putting them in the landfill,and in certain components there are some materials that should not really be in the landfill."
Fannon says nearly 20percent of electronic waste is recycled nationwide.Thirteen years ago,it was only about 6percent.Recycling rates continue to rise as more communities have banned electronics from landfills in order to keep e-waste poisons like lead (铅) and mercury (汞) out of garbage dumps.
This year several states like Vermont imposed a ban on electronic waste in landfills.More than 25other states have also adopted bans on e-waste in landfills.Chaz Miller says more can be done to boost electronic waste recycling.
"We can do much better,"noted Miller."I think clearly our goal should be to do as well as we do recycling newspapers."

32.Which of the following does NOT belong to e-waste?D
A.Old televisions.
B.Old computers.
C.Old cell phones.
D.Old newspapers.
33.Why is e-waste banned from landfills in many states?C
A.Because it can not be recycled.
B.Because the landfills are already full.
C.Because it might damage the environment.
D.Because it can be shipped to other countries.
34.According to Mike Fannon,what might be the best way of dealing with e-waste?A
A.Recycling it.
B.Selling it.
C.Burying it.
D.Breaking it.
35.What can we learn from the passage?B
A.Chaz Miller works for EPA.
B.Miller is optimistic about the future of e-waste.
C.At present,less than 10percent of e-waste is recycled.
D.All states in the US have banned e-waste from landfills.
1.If you think that running marathons will help you live a long and healthy life,new research may come as a shock.According to a recent scientific study,people who do a very strenuous workout are as likely to die as people who do no exercise at all.
Scientists in Denmark have been studying over 1,000joggers and non-joggers for 12years.The death rates from the sample group indicate that people who jog at a moderate pace two or three times a week for less than two and a half hours in total are least likely to die.The best speed to jog at was found to be about 5miles per hour.The research suggests that people who jog more than three times a week or at higher speeds of over 7mph die at the same rate as non-joggers.The scientists think that this is because strenuous exercise causes structural changes to the heart and arteries(动脉).Over time,this can cause serious injuries.
Peter Schnohr,a researcher in Copenhagen,said,"If your goal is to decrease risk of death and improve life expectancy,jogging a few times a week at a moderate pace is a good strategy.Anything more is not just unnecessary,and it may be harmful."
The implications of this are that moderate forms of exercise such as tai chi,yoga and brisk walking may be better for us than"iron man"events,triathlons and long-distance running and cycling.According to Jacob Louis Marott,another researcher involved in the study,"You don't actually have to do that much to have a good impact on your health.And perhaps you shouldn't actually do too much".
32.The underlined word"strenuous"in Paragraph l is closest in meaning to"A".
A.hard    
B.regular
C.practical 
D.flexible
33.The author presents some figures in Paragraph 2toC.
A.suggest giving up jogging
B.show risks of doing sports
C.provide supportive evidence
D.introduce the research process
34.According to the scientists,why is too much exercise harmful?A
A.It may injure the heart and arteries.
B.It can make the body tired out.
C.It will bring much pressure.
D.It consumes too much energy.
35.What can be inferred from the text?D
A.No exercise at all is the best choice.
B.More exercise means a healthier life.
C.Marathons runners are least likely to die.
D.Proper exercise contributes to good health.

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