题目内容

7．Big trees are incredibly important ecologically．For a start，they provide food for countless other species and shelter for many animals．With their tall branches in the sun，they capture vast amounts of energy．This allows them to produce massive crops of fruit and flowers that sustain much of the animal life in the forest．
Only a small number of tree species have the genetic abilityto grow really big．The biggest are native to North America，but big trees grow all over the globe，from the tropics to the forests of the high latitudes（纬度）．To achieve giant size，a tree needs three things：the right place to establish its seedling，good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult death rate．Lose any of these，and you will lose your biggest trees．
In some parts of the world，populations of big trees are dwindling because their seedlings cannot survive．In southern India，for instance，an aggressive non-native bush，Lantana camara，is invading the floor of many forests．Lantana grows so thickly that young trees often fail to take root．With no young trees to replace them，it is only a matter of time before most of the big trees disappear．
Without the right growing conditions，trees cannot get really bigand there is some evidence to suggest tree growth could slow in a warmer world，particularly in environments that are already warm．Having worked for decades at La Selva Biological Station in Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui，Costa Rica，David and Deborah Clark and colleagues have shown that tree growth there declines markedly in warmer years．"During the day，their growth shuts down when it gets too warm，and at night they consume more energy because theirmetabolic（新陈代谢的） rate increases，"explains David Clark．With less energy produced in warmer years and more being consumed just to survive，there is even less energy available for growth．
The Clarks'theory，if correct，means tropical forests would shrink over time．The largest，oldest trees would progressively die off and tend not to be replaced．According to the Clarks，this might cause a destabilization of the climate； as older trees die，forests would release some of their stored carbon into the atmosphere，causing a cycle of further warming，forest shrinkage and carbon emissions．
Besides，big trees face threats from elsewhere．

73．According to the passage，big trees make great contributions to theecosystem becauseC．
A．they can capture large amounts of energy
B．they determine the change of global climate
C．they provide the essentials for many creatures
D．they can avoid a new cycle of further warming
74．All the following factors are a must for making big treesEXCEPTD．
A．no deadly damage
B．genetic contribution
C．ideal environmentfor growth
D．high-latitude location
75．The word"dwindling"（paragraph3）is closest in meaning to"D"．
A．exploding
B．growing
C．changing
D．declining
76．What is the best title of the passageA？
A．Big trees in trouble．
B．Advantages of big trees．
C．Results of big trees'disappearing．
D．Importanceof big trees to humans．
77．What will the author most probably discuss after the last paragraphA？
A．More threats to the existence of big tress．
B．The effect of human activities on big trees．
C．Benefits of big trees to the whole atmosphere．
D．Comparison between common trees and big ones．

分析 本文属于说明文阅读，作者在文章中向我们讲述了大树成长的必要条件，但是如今由于无法完全达到这些条件，所以导致了大树的数量越来越少，作者通过这篇文章呼吁我们要保护大树．

解答 73．C  细节理解题．根据第一段"Big trees are incredibly important ecologically．For a start，they provide food for countless other species and shelter for many animals．"可知大树为其他物种提供食物，并为很多动物提供庇护所，故选C．
74．D  细节理解题．根据第二段"To achieve giant size，a tree needs three things：the right place to establish its seedling，good growing conditions and lots of time with low adult death rate．"可知一棵树生长需要没有致命的伤害，理想的生长环境，以及良好的遗传，只有D项在文中没有被提到，故选D．
75．D  词义猜测题．根据第三段In some parts of the world，populations of big trees are dwindling because their seedlings cannot survive．可知是因为幼苗无法存活，所以导致了大树的数量下降，故选D．
76．A  标题判断题，通读全文可知作者在本文中提到了大树成长的必要条件，但是由于这些条件无法完全达到，所以大树的数量越来越少，故选A．
77．A  推理判断题．根据最后一段"Besides，big trees face threats from elsewhere．"可知除此之外大树还面临着来自其他方面的威胁，所以下文最有可能讲所大树面临的其他威胁．故选A．

点评 考查学生的细节理解和推理判断能力．做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择．在做推理判断题时不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．

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10．Colour-blind people often find it difficult to ______ blue from green．（　　）
A．judgeB．tellC．divideD．separate
11．We're all ready to put it into operation，____________，we're going to take action as fast as possible．（　　）
A．on the wholeB．in generalC．in conclusionD．in other words
8．Cowboy or spaceman？A dilemma for a children's party，perhaps．But also a question for economists，argued Kenneth Boulding，a British economist，in an essay published in 1966．We have run our economies，he warned，like cowboys on the open grassland：taking and using the world's resources，confident that more lies over the horizon．But the Earth is less a grassland than a spaceship-a closed system，alone in space，carrying limited supplies．We need，said Boulding，an economics that takes seriously the idea of environmental limits．In the half century since his essay，a new movement has responded to his challenge．"Ecological economists"，as they call themselves，want to revolutionise its aims and assumptions．What do they say-and will their ideas achieve lift-off？
To its advocators，ecological economics is neither ecology nor economics，but a mix of both．Their starting point is to recognise that the human economy is part of the natural world．Our environment，they note，is both a source of resources and a sink for wastes．But it is ignored in conventional textbooks，where neat diagrams trace the flows between firms，households and the government as though nature did not exist．That is a mistake，say ecological economists．
There are two ways our economies can grow，ecological economists point out：through technological change，or through more intensive use of resources．Only the former，they say，is worth having．They are suspicious of GDP，a crude measure which does not take account of resource exhaustion，unpaid work，and countless other factors．In its place they advocate more holistic（全面的） approaches，such as the Genuine Progress Indicator （GPI），a composite index（复合指标） that includes things like the cost of pollution，deforestation and car accidents．While GDP has kept growing，global GPI per person peaked in 1978：by destroying our environment we are making ourselves poorer，not richer．The solution，says Herman Daly，a former World Bank economist and eco-guru，is a"steady-state"economy，where the use of materials and energy is held constant．
Mainstream economists are unimpressed．The GPI，they point out，is a subjective measure．And talk of limits to growth has had a bad press since the days of Thomas Malthus，a gloomy 18th century cleric who predicted，wrongly，that overpopulation would lead to famine．Human beings find solutions to some of the most annoying problems．But ecological economists warn against self-satisfaction．In 2009 a paper in Nature，a scientific journal，argued that human activity is already overstepping safe planetary boundaries on issues such as biodiversity（生物多样性） and climate change．That suggests that ecological economists are at least asking some important questions，even if their answers turn out to be wrong．
 
73．Why does Boulding compare the way economy is run with cowboy and spaceship？D
A．To advocate the importance of space programs．
B．To applaud the appearance of ecological economists．
C．To arouse people's interest in cowboys'adventures on grassland．
D．To awaken people to the need of sustainable development of economy．
74．What does the underlined word"challenge"in paragraph 1 refer to？B
A．Sending a cowboy into space through a spaceship．
B．Establishing an economics taking environmental limits into account．
C．Revolutionizing the ecological economists'aims and assumptions．
D．Enabling ecological economists to make their ideas achieve lift-offs．
75．Ecological economists will disagree thatA．
A．economies are worth growing through intensive use of resources
B．economics should attach importance to the idea of environmental limits
C．ecological economics is neither ecology nor economics
D．the human economy is part of the natural world
76．According to the passage，which of the following about GPI is true？C
A．It keeps growing although the peak appeared in the year 1978．
B．Mainstream economists regard it as a holistic and objective approach．
C．Ecological economists believe it is a better indicator of economy than GDP．
D．It fails to take the factors such as deforestation and car accidents into consideration．
77．We can infer from the last paragraph that the mainstream economists'attitude toward ecological economics isA．
A．doubtful        B．sensitive          C．optimistic        D．over-concerned．
2．A sick little girl is being kept alive thanks to her best friend-a dog who carries her oxygen tank on his back．Alida's faithful dog companion Mr Gibbs has been specially trained to shepherd the three-year-old，who breathes through a tube most of the time．He follows her closely as she plays in her family's ten-acre land in Louisville，uses the slide or even rides her bike．
Alida was diagnosed with neuroendocrine hyperplasia of infancy（NEHI）when she was just eight months old．Her rare condition has just eight hundred documented sufferers throughout the world，and causes diseased pieces of the lungs to filter oxygen through extra layers of cells，making it hard or almost impossible to breathe．For Alida and her parents，it meant that even a walk in the park was very difficult because oxygen equipment was too heavy for the youngster to be able to carry herself．As parents，they wanted to do something to help their daughter survive despite having a tube following her all the time．The couple found out about"service dogs"from a TV program and realized an animal trained to help the blind could be trained to help Alida．They finally found help in the shape of golden doodle-a retriever crossed with a poodle-dog Mr Gibbs．Now thanks to trainer Ashleigh Kinsley-Alida and Mr Gibbs love nothing more than playing and running around together with the dog acting as Alida's life saver．
12．What is Mr GibbsA？
A．A pet dog．B．A policeman．C．A doctor．D．A firefighter．
13．When did the doctor know Alida caught the diseaseC？
A．At her birth．B．At the age of eight．
C．Before she was one year old．D．When she was three years old．
14．The underlined part"the couple"in paragraph 3 refers toB．
A．Alida's classmates                              B．Alida's parents
C．Alida's doctors                                 D．Alida's pets
15．How did Alida keep aliveD？
A．By training her dog．B．By staying with her parents．
C．By playing with her fellows．D．By breathing through a tube．
12．For years，there has been a bias （偏见） against science among clinical psychologists （临床心理学家）．In a two-year analysis to be published in November in Perspectives on Psychological Science，psychologists led by Timothy B．Baker of the University of Wisconsin charge that many clinical psychologists fail to"provide the treatments for which there is the strongest evidence of effectiveness"and"give more weight to their personal experiences than to science．"As a result，patients have no guarantee that their"treatment will be informed by …science．"Walter Mischel of Columbia University is even crueler in his judgment．"The disconnect between what clinical psychologists do and what science has discovered is an extreme embarrassment，"he told me，and"there is a widening gap between clinical practice and science．"
The"widening"reflects the great progress that psychological research has made in identifying （确认） the most effective treatments．Thanks to strict clinical trials，we now know that teaching patients to think about their thoughts in new，healthier ways and to act on those new ways of thinking are effective against depression，panic disorder and other problems，with multiple trials showing that these treatments-the tools of psychology-bring more lasting benefits than drugs．
You wouldn't know this if you sought help from a typical clinical psychologist．Although many treatments are effective，relatively few psychologists learn or practice them．
Why in the world not？For one thing，says Baker，clinical psychologists are"very doubtful about the role of science"and"lack solid science training"．Also，one third of patients get better no matter what treatment （if any） they have，"and psychologists remember these successes，believing，wrongly，that they are the result of the treatment．"
When faced with evidence that treatments they offer are not supported by science，clinical psychologists argue that they know better than some study what works．A 2008study of 591psychologists in private practice found that they rely more on their own and colleagues'experience than on science when deciding how to treat a patient．If they keep on this path as insurance companies demand evidence-based medicine，warns Mischel，psychology will"discredit （损伤名誉）itself．"
（Note：Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO　MORE THAN 12WORDS）

78．Clinical psychologists can't explain the effectiveness of their treatment mainly because they rely ontheir personal experience．
79．What has widened the gap between clinical practice and science？The great progress in psychological research
80．According to Baker，what are the reasons that prevent clinical psychologists from learning or practicing effective treatment？Their doubt about the role of science and inadequate science training
81．To avoid discrediting psychology，clinical psychologists need tosupport their treatment with science．
19．Once upon a time，staying a healthy weight was easy．To lose weight you simply had to practise the reverse of home economics--spend more than you earned．Unfortunately for many，but perhaps not surprisingly，it turns out that people are rather more complicated than bank accounts．
To stay a healthy weight，you need a hormone（荷尔蒙）called lepton to work properly．It sends"I'm full"messages from the fat cells up to the brain，where they go，among other places，to the same pleasure centers that respond to drugs like cocaine．Fat people produce plenty of lepton，but the brain doesn．t seem to respond to it properly．Last year researchers at the Oregon Research Institute scanned the brains of overweight people and found their reward circuit（线路） were underactive．They were eating more to try to get the enjoyment they were missing．
There's a lot of evidence for the fact that most，if not all，of us have a set point around which our weight can vary by about seven to nine kilos，but anything beyond that is a real struggle．Making changes is hard，particularly if your body is working against you．So why not reject the traditional approaches and try some new method，based on the latest research，that work with your body rather than against it．
Several years ago researchers at the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore reported that when they gave rats very little food one day and allowed them to eat plenty the next，they showed virtually all the benefits of a permanent calorie restriction diet．The same goes for humans，according to Dr．James Johnson．
How does it work？Besides forcing the body to burn fat，it may also cause hormonal changes．Most people say that the diet takes a bit of getting used to，but is not as grinding as trying to cut back on an everyday basis．
Older dieters may remember something called brown fat．Unlike the undesirable white stuff； this was a dieter's dream．Instead of storing excess energy as fat，brown-fat tissue burned it off to keep you warm-at least in mice．Brown fat fell out of favor because researchers couldn't find much in humans but now，thanks to the New England journal of Medicine，it's back in fashion．The idea is to expose people to cold temperatures．They then make more brown fat and their weight drops．

74．According to the findings of the Oregon Research Institute，A
A．Overweight people get less pleasure from eating the same amount．
B．Overweight people enjoy eating more than the others do
C．People will become overweight if they eat more than they need
D．People are more likely to be overweight if they produce less leptin
75．The method used by the National Institute On Aging can be summarized as"C"
A．No diet at all                       B．Diet on a daily basis
C．Diet every other day                 D．Diet permanently
76．The word"grinding"in the paragraph 5is closest in meaning toD
A．Effective     B．Realistic       C．Unreliable       D．Miserable
77．What is the passage mainly about？B
A．Comparing the various ways of cutting calories
B．Recommending new methods of losing weight
C．Pointing out the misconceptions of losing weight
D．Clarifying the common myth about weight loss．
16．Danish scientists studied more than 1，000healthy joggers and non-joggers over a 12-year period．Those who jogged at a steady pace for less than two and a half hours a week were least likely to die in this time．But those who ran more than four hours a week or did no exercise had the highest death rates．
Analysing questionnaires filled out by all the people in the study，scientists concluded the ideal pace was about 8km/h and that it was best to jog no more than three times a week or for 2.5hours in total．People who jogged more closely-particularly those who jogged more than three times a week or at a pace of more than11km/h-were as likely to die as those who did no exercise．
Researcher Jacob Louis Marott，from the Frederiksberg Hospital in Copenhagen，said："You don't actually have to do that much to have a good impact on your health．"
"And perhaps you shouldn't actually do too much．No exercise recommendations across the world mention an upper limit for safe exercise，but perhaps there is one．"
Scientists are not yet sure what is behind this trend-but they say changes to the heart during extreme exercise could contribute．In their report，they suggest："Long-term strenuous exercise may change pathological （病理的） structure of the heart and arteries （动脉）．"
Maureen Talbot，senior cardiac nurse at the British Heart Foundation，said："This study shows that you don't have to run marathons to keep your heart healthy．"
"Light and moderate jogging was found to be more beneficial than being inactive or undertaking strenuous jogging，possibly adding years to your life．"
"National guidelines recommend we do 140minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week．"
"If it may sound like a lot for you，brisk walking （快走） is also a good exercise．And if you're bit of a couch potato，this is a good place to start．

61．From paragraph one，we could knowC．
A．the study took 10years
B．more than 1000joggers took part in the study
C．people with no exercise had the highest death rates
D．joggers and non-joggers are likely to die
62．How should we jog properly from the study？A
A．Jog at a pace of about 8km/h no more than three times a week．
B．Jog at a pace of about 11km/h for 2.5hours in total in a week．
C．Jog at a pace of about 11km/h more than three times a week．
D．Jog at a pace of about 8km/h for 2.5hours a day．
63．The underlined word"strenuous"meansB．
A．light           
B．strong          
C．enough           
D．frequent
64．According to the passage，which of the following is Not True？B
A．There isn't an upper limit for safe exercise across the world now．
B．Running marathons helps keep your heart healthy．
C．Light and moderate jogging may help people live longer．
D．The moderate-intensity activity time in a week could be about 140minutes．
65．What is the main idea of the passage？D
A．Jogging everyday is good to health．
B．Brisk walking is better than jogging．
C．Jogging is not a good activity for people who suffer heart diseases．
D．Jogging too much is no better than doing no exercise．
17．They already guide blind and disabled people； now dogs are to be trained to help people with dementia（痴呆） or Alzheimer's．Alzheimer's can make people confuse night and day or forget basic things such as washing or drinking enough water．
    The dogs will be trained to respond to sound triggers（触发器） in the home that cause them to perform tasks．The duties will include reminding their owners to take medicine，as well as encouraging them to eat，drink and sleep regularly．
    The idea was developed by design students at the Glasgow School of Art and will now be put into practice by Alzheimer's Scotland and Dogs for the Disabled．The first dogs will be distributed to four Scottish couples，where one of the partners is in the early stages of dementia．Some 670，000 people in Britain have dementia and one in three over 65s will develop the condition．By 2021 this is expected to rise to one million．
    Joyce Gray of Alzheimer's Scotland said，"People in the early stages of dementia are still able to live a relatively normal life，and dogs help to maintain routine．"Another advantage of using the pets as companions is that dogs can give them a sense of silent support and companionship．Ms Gray said，"The evidence is that people may forget familiar faces but not pets．It's such a strong bond that people often remember them longest．People don't need to communicate verbally （言语地） but they can still interact．You can have a speechless bond．"
    Helen McCain，director of Dogs for the Disabled，said，"People with dementia often forget to take the medicine．If a dog presents them with a bag with pills in it there's a greater chance of them taking it．The dog would also encourage the owner to take them out for walks，ensuring they keep exercising and interacting with other people．"
32．In Britain people with dementiaA
A．are likely to increase in number    
B．are mostly over 65 years old
C．will be trained to respond to sound triggers    
D．will be able to live a relatively normal life
33．The dogs are taught to perform tasks byD．
A．making some sound signals  
B．communicating with the patients
C．reminding the patients by barking   
D．reacting to some sound triggers
34．What does the underlined word"them"in Paragraph 4 refer to？C   
A．Faces．          B．Triggers．      C．Pets．           D．Companions．
35．What is mainly talked about in the passage？B
A．The idea of dementia dogs was developed by students．
B．Dogs are trained to assist Alzheimer's patients．
C．British people with Alzheimer's are in poor condition．
D．The dementia dogs perform most duties of a doctor．

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