题目内容

3．In the Central Valley of California，farmers are reducing crop size because they do not have enough water．Last year，California had the least amount of rain since officials began keeping records．And it may be just as bad this year．
    Reservoirs are areas where water is stored．In California，some reservoirs are empty．The amount of snow in the Sierra Mountains is 75 percent below normal．This mountain snow melts in the spring and fills rivers．The water is used by farmers．But now，farmers are warning of the possibility of another"Dust Bowl，"like the one of the l930s．Severe droughts and dust storms covered American farmlands and few crops grew．
    Dan Errotabere is a third generation California farmer．He grows tomatoes，walnuts，garlic  and other crops in Fresno County．He says the federal agency that controls the amount of water released from dams and rivers has stopped giving him water．He and other farmers say officials are not correctly administering the water system．"The last couple of years-dry years，along with severe environmental restrictions--has now presented us with a zero allocation year，''said he．
    Farmers may not be able to plant crops on more than 200，000 hectares of farmland in the Central Valley this spring．Mr．Errotabere will plant crops on just 80 percent of his farmland．He has enough work for only l5 of his 25 workers．
    Federal and state officials sometimes reduce the amount of water to farmers even in years with normal rainfall levels．The officials must supply water to the Sacramento River Delta which is home to several endangered species．
    Long-term solutions include conservation，recycling waste water and，building"desalinization （脱盐） centers．"These centers remove salt from seawater so it can be used on farms．Farmers say better administration of the state's water system could also help solve the crisis．

51．The farmers in California grow fewer crops due toA．
A．water shortage          B．water pollution
C．government policy       D．species protection
52．There is no water in some reservoirs becauseD．
A．snow didn't melt in time    
B．dust storms covered them
C．water supply was cut off   
D．the snowfall dropped sharply
53．What do we know about Dan Errotabere？A
A．He isn't content with the officials in charge of water system．
B．He can do nothing but ask for help from the government．
C．He has to employ more workers to work for him．
D．He plans to cut down the majority of his crops．
54．The underlined word"it''in the last paragraph refers toB．
A．salt    B．seawater    C．waste water   D．desalinization
55．What's the main idea of the text？C
A．Annual rainfall in California decreases．
B．Water use in California is not reasonable．
C．Lack of water affects Californian crops．
D．Action is taken to rid drought in California．

分析 本文讲述了加利福尼亚地区由于缺水的影响，当地农民减少庄稼种植面积来挽救，但是庄稼的种植仍然受到一定影响的现象．

解答 51．A．细节理解题．根据文章第一段"famers are reducing crop size because they do not have enough water"可知，农民减少庄稼的种植量是由于缺水．故选A．
52．D．细节理解题．根据文章第二段"The amount of snow in the Sierra Mountains is 75 percent below normal"可知，水库缺水的原因在于降雨量太小．故选D．
53．A．细节理解题．根据文章第三段"officials are not correctly administering the water system"可知，他对管理水源系统的官员非常不满．故选A．
54．B．词义猜测题．根据文章原句"These centers remove salt from seawater so it can be used on farms"可知，这些中心去除海水中的盐，使它可以在庄稼中使用，可推测这里it指的是"seawater"，故选B．
55．C．主旨大意题．通读全文可知，本文主要分析了加利福尼亚地区由于缺水，庄稼的种植受到了严重的影响的现象．故选C．

点评 本文是健康环保类阅读，考查学生的细节理解和推理判断能力．做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择．在做推理判断题时不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．

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6．In the 1990s，when an area of Brazilian rainforest the size of Belgium was cut down every year，Brazil was the world's environmental villain（反派角色） and the Amazonian jungle the image of everything that was going wrong in green places．Now，the Amazon ought to be the image of what is going right．Government figures show that deforestation fell by 70% in the Brazilian Amazon region during the past decade．If clearances had continued at their rate in 2005，an extra 3.2billion tonnes of carbon dioxide would have been put into the atmosphere．That is an amount equal to a year's emissions from the European Union．Arguably，then，Brazil is now the world leader in addressing climate change．
But how did it break the vicious cycle（恶性循环）？The answer，according to a paper is that there was no silver bullet but instead a three-stage process in which bans，better governance in frontier areas and consumer pressure on companies worked．
The first stage ran from the mid-1990s to 2004．This was when the government put its efforts into bans and restrictions．The Brazilian Forest Code said that，on every farm in the Amazon，80% of the land had to be set aside as a forest reserve．As the study observes，this share was so high that the code could not be followed-or enforced．This was the period of the worst deforestation．Soybean prices were high and there was a vast expansion of soybean farming on the south-eastern border of the rainforest．
During the second stage，which ran from 2005to 2009，the government tried to boost its ability to police the Amazon．Brazil's president made stopping deforestation a priority，which resulted in better co-operation between different bits of the government．The area in which farming was banned was increased from a sixth to nearly half of the forest．
The third stage，which began in 2009，was a test of whether a system of restrictions could survive as soybean expansion continued．The government shifted its focus from farms to counties （each state has scores of these）．Farmers in the 36counties with the worst deforestation rates were banned from getting cheap credit until those rates fell．
By any standards，Brazil's Amazon policy has been a success，made the more remarkable because it relied on restrictions rather than rewards，which might have been expected to have worked better．Over the period of the study，Brazil also turned itself into a farming superpower，so the country has shown it is possible to get a huge increase in food output without destroying the forest．Moreover，the policies so far have been successful among commercial farmers who care about the law and respond to market pressures．Most remaining deforestation is by small holders who care rather less about these things，so the government faces the problem of persuading them to change their ways，too．Deforestation has been slowed，but not yet stopped．

73．Brazil is considered to play a leading role in dealing with climate change becauseC．
A．it has rainforest as large as Belgium
B．it has cut down too much rainforest
C．it has taken action to reduce deforestation
D．it sent 3.2billion tons of carbon dioxide into the air
74．The underlined phrase"silver bullet"in Paragraph 2most probably refers toB．
A．a powerful weapon       B．an effective solution
C．an intelligent device   D．a golden opportunity
75．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage？D
A.80% of the farmland was allowed for farming in the 1st stage．
B．Soybean prices went up where farming land was expanded．
C．The government hired more policemen in the Amazon area．
D．The government enlarged its range of supervision in the 3rd stage．
76．What can we infer from the last paragraph？C
A．Brazil has successfully eliminated deforestation．
B．All the farmers care much about forest protection．
C．Small farm holders are a headache for the Brazilian government．
D．Both the food output and the forest in Brazil have greatly increased．
77．What can be the best title of the passage？A
A．Cutting Down on Cutting Down
B．Brazil，the World Leader in Farming
C．Restrictions Outperforming Rewards
D．Former Awareness Working Wonders．
14．"Clean your plate!"and"Be a member of the clean-plate-club!"Just about every kid in the US has heard this from a parent or grandparent．Often，it's accompanied by an appeal："Just think about those starving orphans in Africa!"Sure，we should be grateful for every bite of food．Unfortunately，many people in the US take too many bites．Instead of staying"clean the plate"，perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow．
According to news reports，US restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies．A waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer，with two to four times the amount recommended by the government，according to a USA Today story．Americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that．They prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little．
Barbara Rolls，a nutrition professor at Pennsylvania State University，told USA Today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s，the same time that the American waistline began to expand．
Health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions．Now，apparently，some customers are calling for this too．The restaurant industry trade magazine QSR reported last month that 57percent of more than 4，000people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large； 23percent had no opinion； 20percent disagreed．But a closer look at the survey indicates that many Americans who can't afford fine dining still prefer large portions．Seventy percent of those earning at least 150，000peryearprefersmallerportions；butonly45percentofthoseearninglessthan25，000want smaller．
It's not that working class Americans don't want to eat healthy．It's just that，after long hours at low-paying jobs，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal．They live from paycheck to paycheck，happy to save a little money for next year's Christmas presents．

36．Parents in the United States tend to ask their childrenD．
A．to save food．
B．to wash the dishes．
C．not to eat too much     
D．not to waste food．
37．Why do American restaurants serve large portions？B
A．Because Americans have big bellies．
B．Because Americans associate quantity with value．
C Because Americans are good eaters．
D．Because Americans are greedy．
38．What happened in the 1970s？C
A．The US government recommended the amount of food a restaurant gave to a customer．
B．Health experts persuaded restaurants to serve smaller portions．
C．The American waistline started to expand．
D．The United States produced more grain than needed．
39．What does the survey indicate？B
A．Twenty percent Americans want smaller portions．
B．Many poor Americans want large portions．
C．Fifty seven percent Americans earn 150，000peryear．
D．TwentythreepercentAmericansearnlessthan25，000per year．
40．Which of the following is Not true of working class Americans？D
A．They work long hours．
B．They live from paycheck to paycheck．
C．They want to save money for their children         
D．They don't want to be healthy eaters．
11．What would you do to reduce the chance of dying of cancer？How far would you go if you had a 70to 90percent chance of contracting bowel--and your uncle，mother，father，and two of your brothers had died from it？
Lynne Fisher decided she would do almost anything．So，even though she showed no signs of cancer at all，Fisher，51，a former mental health worker，agreed to undergo what might sound like a radical surgery：doctors removed nearly her whole colon（结肠） and rerouted her small intestine（肠） to perform the functions of her large intestine．
The side effects were horrific，she said．For a year，Fisher struggled to control her bowel movements．She fought depression，and she hated her large scars and the 28staples that had been left in her body．Her Multiple Sclerosis returned．The woman she shared a hospital room with--who'd had a similar surgery--did not survive．
"When you're in it，it's like a dark tunnel，"she told ABC News in a long phone conversation about her medical history．
But then，one day，she realized the surgery had helped saved her life．And since then，she's never looked back．
"What's a year out of your life compared to dying？"  the 51-year-old said from her home in central England．"I get to watch my dogs grow up，my children grow up，my grandchild，I get to see my cherry blossoms in the tree，I get to see the sun shining in the morning，I get to go on holiday--I get to see life．"
Genes that cause breast cancer have been discussed widely for years．But less well known is Lynch syndrome，the gene mutation that Fisher and her much of her family inherited．
Roughly one in 370people has Lynch syndrome，according to Lynch Syndrome International，an organization dedicated to helping people with Lynch syndrome and those who treat them．It's unclear how many Americans choose to have the surgery that Fisher had：prophylactic subtotal colectomy，which doctors describe as a major surgery that，while elective，can often save lives．

36．Why did Lynne Fisher decide to remove nearly her whole colon？C
A．Because she has already had a cancer．
B．Because she thought the colon was useless．
C．Because she was afraid of dying of bowel cancer someday．
D．Because her doctor persuaded her to do that．
37．According to the passage，what is NOT true about the surgery undergone by Lynne Fisher？A
A．It is only a very simple and easy surgery．
B．It can bring about some terrible side effects．
C．It's possible for one to die of the surgery．
D．It takes one maybe a year to recover from the surgery．
38．What can we learn from the underlined sentence？C
A．Lynne Fisher really regretted what she had done．
B．Lynne Fisher thought it was not worth a year to have the surgery．
C．Compared to death，the suffering during the year was worthwhile．
D．Lynne Fisher spent a painful year in recovering from the surgery．
39．What can we learn from the last paragraph？A
A．About 0.27% people have Lynch syndrome now in America．
B．We can tell exactly how many people have had the surgery．
C．Lynch Syndrome International helps people with Lynch syndrome only．
D．People with Lynch syndrome will be forced to have the surgery．
40．The main purpose of the passage is toD．
A．persuade people with Lynch syndrome to have a surgery
B．introduce Lynne Fisher and the disease she developed
C．tell us something about the Lynch syndrome and its effect on our health
D．introduce Lynch syndrome to us and tell us that a surgery can save lives．
18．Many people say they can not start their day without first having a cup of coffee or tea．People say these drinks help them think clearly and feel more awake．This is because of  caffeine，a kind of matter found in some plants．Caffeine helps to give a jumpstart to the  nervous system．Now a new report says it may also improve long-term memory．
    Michael Yassa is a neurobiology professor at the University of California．He and other  researchers wanted to know if caffeine could improve what they called memory consolidation．They asked a group of individuals to learn something new，then the same people were given caffeine，the active component in coffee，tea and chocolate．
    He and the other researchers worked with a group of l60 people who were Caffeinefree．On the first day，all the subjects were shown pictures of everyday objects．They were asked to identify whether the pictures could be found inside the house or outdoors．Some of the subjects were then given a caffeine pill，the others were given a placebo-a pill containing an inactive thing．On the second day，all of the subjects were asked to look at more pictures．Some of the images were exactly like the ones they had seen 24 hours early．But other images were different．And a third group of pictures was similar to the first group but a little different．The participants had to decide whether the images they saw were the same or different from the ones on the first day．
    Professor Yassa says their answers help to show the effects of caffeine on memory．He  says those who took the caffeine pills had a ten to twelve percent increase in their ability to   remember the objects．The amount of caffeine the researchers used in the study was similar to  one strong cup of coffee．
    Professor Yassa says pills with a little more caffene also increased memory，but resulted  in some participants appearing more nervous．

61．From the passage，we can learn that caffeineD．
A．Can be found in every plant  
B．can improve people's health
C．is contained only in coffee    
D．can help people think clearly
62．What does Paragraph 3 mainly discuss？A
A．How MichaeI Yassa does his research．
B．Why Michael Yassa does the research．
C．What the result of Michael Yassa research is．   
D．How many people participate in the research．
63．Which of the following statements about the experiment is true？D
A．The participants must be addicted to coffee．
B．All the pictures seen on the second day were the same．
C．All the participants must drink coffee on the first day．
D．The participants saw three groups of pictures on the second day．
64．What does this text mainly tell us？C
A．Coffeeis essential for people's work．
B．Caffeine has negative effects on our health．
C．Caffeine may help better long-term memory．
D．Caffeine can lead to difficult sleeping and anxiety．
65．The author wrote the text in order toB．
A．forbid people to drink coffee
B．report a new research of coffee
C．attract readers to drink coffee
D．introduce the procedure of research．
8．Plastic bags that can help bread and cheese remain fresh for a long time have been developed by scientists．The technology，which uses chemicals that prevent bacteria and fungi （真霉） from growing，allows food to last longer．It could put an end to throwing away supermarket bread after just a couple of days in the bread bin and cheese that goes mouldy after just a few weeks．
The company，Janssen，has spent two years developing the technology with the plastics manufacturer，Symphony Environmental．They are now in discussion with several food factories and supermarkets about using the bags for their products．The technology could also be used to make credit cards and the new plastic bank notes more hygienic （卫生的）．Tests have shown that the plastic can increase the shelf life of bread and cheese without letting the food go bad．Michael Stephen，director of Symphony Environmental，said the plastic also has the potential to do the same for fruit，vegetables and even meat．He said，"we have come up with a way of making the plastic that is antibacterial and that can be used in food wrapping．We have done a lot of tests on food packaging which have shown such plastic can reduce the mould that grows on both bread and cheese．"
In Britain，around 15 million tons of food is thrown away each year，mostly because it has spoiled or gone bad．Bread is the most wasted food，with families throwing away 4.4 million tons a year-about a third of all the bread purchased by UK families．Tesco，Britain's biggest supermarket，revealed last month that almost half of the bread sold in its stores ended up in the bin．
The technology developed by Janssen and Symphony，which they have called D2P，fixes antibacterial and antifungal chemicals to the plastic．They have found it can control bacteria which can cause food poisoning．It can also control the growth of fungi on bread and others．
Mr．Stephen added，"Initially we expect that it is only used in pipes and door handles，for example，to help reduce the spread of bacteria．It can also be put into man-made fibers so we are doing some experiments to put it into clothes to stop the bacteria that can cause them to smell．"
59．What would happen when people use the plastic bags produced by Janssen？C
A．The sales of bread and cheese would increase soon．
B．Bread and cheese could be stored in a fridge for years．
C．Bread and cheese could be kept for a longer time．
D．Supermarket bread and cheese would be on sale earlier．
60．Why does the writer mention the problem in Britain in Paragraph 3？D
A．To criticize the behaviour of the British．
B．To show the popularity of bread．
C．To criticize the increasing waste of bread．
D．To show the short shelf life of bread．
61．It can be concluded from Mr．Stephen's words thatA．
A．more daily uses for this technology are expected
B．this technology is only used used in pipes and door handles
C．man-made fibers should be improved by this technology
D．people's preference for this technology cannot be expected
62．The passage can be classified asB．
A．an annual review                B．a news report
C．an advertisement                D．a travel guide．
15．Not very long ago，the question would have seemed absurd．Now it is on the lips of respected scientists； MPs（议员） are beginning to talk of"a war on sugar"，and even England's chief medical officer has said sugar may have to be，like the old enemy tobacco，taxed in order to protect the nation's health．
There came a time in the evolution of public attitudes to smoking，when the doctors had been shouting for long enough that the public was broadly aware of the risks and the only question left，for Government was：what should we do about it？
Some believe we are now at the same point in our attitudes to sugar．Others-largely but not only representatives of the food and drink industry-say the entire debate has been skewed，（歪曲） by those who spread stories deliberately to make people nervous．
More or less everyone agrees that eating too much sugar is bad for you．There is also no doubt obesity is a growing problem which is putting a significant，avoidable burden on the NHS by increasing the rates of diabetes，heart disease and other long-term conditions．
But to what extent is sugar-rather than saturated fats，or salt，carbohydrates or proteins，or any of the other devils of modem diets-the cause of obesity and how much should we worry about it？
Yesterday，hopes of achieving anything resembling clarity（清楚） from the World Health Organization （WHO） were confused once again，which，widely expected to reduce the recommended sugar intake by a half in new draft guidance，instead said it would continue to recommend that sugar make up no more than 10per cent of the energy we consume，while adding that cutting this to five per cent would have"additional benefits"．The decision will now go out to public consultation．
Simon Capewell，professor of the University of Liverpool，said that he suspected"dirty work"on the part of food and drinks companies might lie behind the WHO's less than resounding message．
"The food industry say Government has no business interfering（介入） in families，we must protect personal choice，"Professor Capewell said．"We say there is no personal choice．At the moment，a mother can walk into a supermarket with a choice of four tomato soups-with three，or four，or five teaspoons of sugar in them．She has a choice of thousands of ready meals-with five，or six，or even nine teaspoons of sugar in．"

59．By referring to smoking the author indicates thatB．
A．sugar has just turned out to be as harmful as smoking
B．it is not easy for authorities to restrict or ban something
C．it is easy for people to see bad effects of something
D．people must see the disadvantages of sugar immediately
60．WHO has changed its idea mainly becauseC．
A．it thinks the danger of sugar to health is overemphasized
B．it finds it safe to take in as much sugar as people do now
C．it believes certain amount of intake of sugar does us good
D．it has been put under pressure by food and drinks companies
61．When reporting the argument about sugar，the author seems toB．
A．remain objective                    B．stand by those against it
C．believe it harmless                 D．hold the view of"wait-and-see"
62．Which of the following can be the proper title for the passage？A
A．Is sugar the new evil？B．How much sugar do you take daily？
C．Is sugar to be taxed？D．How much do you know about sugar？
12．Encourage your children to try new things，but try not to      them too hard．（　　）
A．drawB．strikeC．rushD．push
5．---How can my daughter develop her interest in literature？
---You should _______ her to classical literary works．（　　）
A．devoteB．applyC．exposeD．recommend

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