题目内容

15．Not very long ago，the question would have seemed absurd．Now it is on the lips of respected scientists； MPs（议员） are beginning to talk of"a war on sugar"，and even England's chief medical officer has said sugar may have to be，like the old enemy tobacco，taxed in order to protect the nation's health．
There came a time in the evolution of public attitudes to smoking，when the doctors had been shouting for long enough that the public was broadly aware of the risks and the only question left，for Government was：what should we do about it？
Some believe we are now at the same point in our attitudes to sugar．Others-largely but not only representatives of the food and drink industry-say the entire debate has been skewed，（歪曲） by those who spread stories deliberately to make people nervous．
More or less everyone agrees that eating too much sugar is bad for you．There is also no doubt obesity is a growing problem which is putting a significant，avoidable burden on the NHS by increasing the rates of diabetes，heart disease and other long-term conditions．
But to what extent is sugar-rather than saturated fats，or salt，carbohydrates or proteins，or any of the other devils of modem diets-the cause of obesity and how much should we worry about it？
Yesterday，hopes of achieving anything resembling clarity（清楚） from the World Health Organization （WHO） were confused once again，which，widely expected to reduce the recommended sugar intake by a half in new draft guidance，instead said it would continue to recommend that sugar make up no more than 10per cent of the energy we consume，while adding that cutting this to five per cent would have"additional benefits"．The decision will now go out to public consultation．
Simon Capewell，professor of the University of Liverpool，said that he suspected"dirty work"on the part of food and drinks companies might lie behind the WHO's less than resounding message．
"The food industry say Government has no business interfering（介入） in families，we must protect personal choice，"Professor Capewell said．"We say there is no personal choice．At the moment，a mother can walk into a supermarket with a choice of four tomato soups-with three，or four，or five teaspoons of sugar in them．She has a choice of thousands of ready meals-with five，or six，or even nine teaspoons of sugar in．"

59．By referring to smoking the author indicates thatB．
A．sugar has just turned out to be as harmful as smoking
B．it is not easy for authorities to restrict or ban something
C．it is easy for people to see bad effects of something
D．people must see the disadvantages of sugar immediately
60．WHO has changed its idea mainly becauseC．
A．it thinks the danger of sugar to health is overemphasized
B．it finds it safe to take in as much sugar as people do now
C．it believes certain amount of intake of sugar does us good
D．it has been put under pressure by food and drinks companies
61．When reporting the argument about sugar，the author seems toB．
A．remain objective                    B．stand by those against it
C．believe it harmless                 D．hold the view of"wait-and-see"
62．Which of the following can be the proper title for the passage？A
A．Is sugar the new evil？B．How much sugar do you take daily？
C．Is sugar to be taxed？D．How much do you know about sugar？

分析 本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了糖是我们生活中的必需品，和烟一样，人们已经知道，食用过多的糖对人体有害，但是科学家表示食用适量的糖对身体有额外的好处，因此我们一定要控制糖的摄入量，有利于身体健康．

解答 59．B．推理判断题．根据文章第二段"There came a time in the evolution of public attitudes to smoking，when the doctors had been shouting for long enough that the public was broadly aware of the risks and the only question left，for Government was：what should we do about it？和第三段"Some believe we are now at the same point in our attitudes to sugar．Others"可知无论在禁烟还是禁止糖上，对于权力机构来说是很难的．故选B．
60．C．推理判断题．根据文章第六段"while adding that cutting this to five per cent would have"additional benefits"．可知他们改变主意是因为他们认为吃适量的糖对我们的身体有好处．故选C．
61．B．细节理解题．根据文章第五段"But to what extent is sugar-rather than saturated fats，or salt，carbohydrates or proteins，or any of the other devils of modem diets-the cause of obesity and how much should we worry about it？"作者提出的看法，第六段作者用事例来说明他是支持那些反对禁糖的人．故选B．
62．A 主旨大意题．通读全文，可知文章主要讲糖是我们生活中的必需品，和烟一样，人们已经知道，食用过多的糖对人体有害，但是科学家表示食用适量的糖对身体有额外的好处．可知文章是关于糖是不是新的罪恶之源吗？故选A．

点评 考察学生的细节理解和推理判断能力，做细节理解题时一定要找到文章中的原句，和题干进行比较，再做出正确的选择．在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．

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5．Researchers may have discovered a perfect material of dieting----low fat cake and cheese．
British researchers say they have created a protein （蛋白质） that fat perfectly．
The proteins will enable food producers to remove much of the fat used in their products but without reducing product quality．
Funded by team from University of Edinburgh，the researchers have produced the modified （调整了的） proteins that easily break down and therefore work nearly the same as the fats do during food production．
"We've paved the way for the development of modified proteins that can be used to produce a wider ranger of appealing low-fat foods，"said Dr．Steve Euston，who led the research．
"The result could be important for health benefits，as well as a reduction in the burden on the National Health Service （NHS） caused by many weight-related health problems．"
Protein-for-fat substitution （替代品） is not a completely new idea，but to date it has been limited to products such as yogurts．
In cheeses and cakes it has proved less successful in ensuring the original taste and texture fundamental to consumer satisfaction，mainly because proteins could not mimic the behavior of fats closely enough．
By studying the proteins'chemical structure，the team has developed a detailed understanding of how proteins behave when they are heated or go through other food producing processes．
The proteins could encourage development of a wider choice of low-fat foods，helping consumers to eat more healthily and reducing weight-related health problems．
The team has achieved particularly promising results in using proteins to replace eggs，which is commonly used in bakery items．
Such substitution not only cuts fat content； because eggs can be subject to sharp changes in price，it could also cut the cost products and so encourage consumers to eat more healthily．

47．What can we learn from the passage？A
A．The NHS will benefit from this new finding．
B．the research team is funded by food producers．
C．Protein for fat substitution is a completely new idea．
D．Products of modified proteins have been put on sale．
48．The underlined word"mimic"meansD
A．reduces 
B．makes 
C．removes 
D．imitates
49．These new proteins work nearly the same as the fats do becauseB．
A．they will cut fat content easily 
B．they will break down easily
C．their products are cheaper and healthier 
D．they ensure the original taste and texture．
50．Which of the following is best title？A
A．A Special Protein 
B．How Proteins Work
C．Cut down the Food Cost 
D．A special Research Team．
6．The Green movement is catching on in many parts of the world．This is especially true in the construction industry．Today's buzz words，which include global warming and zero emissions，are causing people to look for ways to reduce their carbon footprints．Purchasing houses that are environmentally responsible is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health and the well-being of the earth．Based on this trend，entire districts，known as eco-communities，are being designed with green initiatives in mind．Dockside Green in Victoria，British Columbia，Canada，is one of these communities．Its goal is to become the world's first zero emissions neighborhood．
    If everything goes according to plan，Dockside Green will be a self sufficient community along the harbor front of British Columbia's capital city．The community will be home to 2，500 people and will consist of residential，office，and retail space．The plans describe a variety of environmental features，some of which are unprecedented．
    Builders of Dockside Green have the environment in mind with every choice they make．They ensure proper ventilation，and guarantee residents 100% fresh indoor air．Building materials，such as paints and wood，are natural and non-toxic．Eco-conscious builders use bamboo wherever possible because it can last for a long time without breaking and does not require pesticides to grow．
    Energy efficiency is one of the top priorities in Dockside Green．Not only do energy efficient appliances and light fixtures reduce the environmental impact of heating and hot water，they also save residents and business owners money．Dockside Green claims that home owners will use 55% less energy than average residents in Canada．Though they are sharing space in the apartment building，residents will have individual utility meters（公用事业电表）．Studies show that people use approximately one fifth less energy when they are billed for exactly what they use．In addition，water is treated at Dockside Green and reused for flushing toilets．
Planners of eco-communities such as Dockside Green must take the future into account．Dockside Green plans on reusing 90% of its construction waste．They also plan to continue using local suppliers for all of their transport and maintenance needs．This is a great way to reduce emissions．Dockside residents will be encouraged to make use of a mini transit system and buy into the community's car share program．Finally，plans are under way for a high-tech heating system that will use renewable biomass instead of fossil fuels．

63．What might be the best title for this passage？D
A．A common city in Canada  
B．A zero-emission building 
C．An environmental charity    
D．A future green community-Dockside Green 
64．The"buzz words"in paragraph 1 probably refer to the words．B
A．related to construction               
B．popular among people  
C．difficult to pronounce                
D．used by environmentalists
65．Why is bamboo an environmentally friendly choice for builders？D
A．It keeps pests out of the house．
B．It is very cheap．
C．It provides fresh air．
D．It is strong and easy to grow．
66．What major issue does Dockside Green hope to address in the future？A
A．Fossil fuel alternatives．
B．Stopping water pollution．
C．Traffic jams．
D．Advocating eco-friendly house．
3．In the Central Valley of California，farmers are reducing crop size because they do not have enough water．Last year，California had the least amount of rain since officials began keeping records．And it may be just as bad this year．
    Reservoirs are areas where water is stored．In California，some reservoirs are empty．The amount of snow in the Sierra Mountains is 75 percent below normal．This mountain snow melts in the spring and fills rivers．The water is used by farmers．But now，farmers are warning of the possibility of another"Dust Bowl，"like the one of the l930s．Severe droughts and dust storms covered American farmlands and few crops grew．
    Dan Errotabere is a third generation California farmer．He grows tomatoes，walnuts，garlic  and other crops in Fresno County．He says the federal agency that controls the amount of water released from dams and rivers has stopped giving him water．He and other farmers say officials are not correctly administering the water system．"The last couple of years-dry years，along with severe environmental restrictions--has now presented us with a zero allocation year，''said he．
    Farmers may not be able to plant crops on more than 200，000 hectares of farmland in the Central Valley this spring．Mr．Errotabere will plant crops on just 80 percent of his farmland．He has enough work for only l5 of his 25 workers．
    Federal and state officials sometimes reduce the amount of water to farmers even in years with normal rainfall levels．The officials must supply water to the Sacramento River Delta which is home to several endangered species．
    Long-term solutions include conservation，recycling waste water and，building"desalinization （脱盐） centers．"These centers remove salt from seawater so it can be used on farms．Farmers say better administration of the state's water system could also help solve the crisis．

51．The farmers in California grow fewer crops due toA．
A．water shortage          B．water pollution
C．government policy       D．species protection
52．There is no water in some reservoirs becauseD．
A．snow didn't melt in time    
B．dust storms covered them
C．water supply was cut off   
D．the snowfall dropped sharply
53．What do we know about Dan Errotabere？A
A．He isn't content with the officials in charge of water system．
B．He can do nothing but ask for help from the government．
C．He has to employ more workers to work for him．
D．He plans to cut down the majority of his crops．
54．The underlined word"it''in the last paragraph refers toB．
A．salt    B．seawater    C．waste water   D．desalinization
55．What's the main idea of the text？C
A．Annual rainfall in California decreases．
B．Water use in California is not reasonable．
C．Lack of water affects Californian crops．
D．Action is taken to rid drought in California．
10．Experts from nearly 200 countries have spent the past two weeks in Warsaw，Poland．More than 9，000 representatives gathered for a United Nations conference on climate change．Organizers called the meeting to work toward a treaty（条约）to fight rising temperatures on our planet．The treaty would be signed in 2015 and take effect after 2020．
    In the United States，the Environmental Protection Agency is leading government efforts to fight climate change．The agency just ended a series of public hearings across the country．The EPA was seeking comments as it considers tightening clean air rules for coal burning power plants．
    David Doniger is a climate policy expert．He says it is the duty of the EPA to control carbon as a pollutant．He wants the agency to establish new rules that would move the United States toward a cleaner energy environment．
"No one is coming up with standards that would knock out all those power plants．We're   talking about a shift from the dirtier ones to the cleaner ones，and from all those fossil fuel-powered ones towards renewable and even nuclear sources of energy．"
    He says the government is responsible for protecting clean air，not protecting old and dirty  power stations．He says，"That's the only way that we can continue to have the way of life we want without running into the wall on climate change impacts，which in turn will destroy the quality of life we have．"
    The EPA is now considering comments from the nationwide hearings．The agency plans to announce proposed rule changes in June．
60．The United Nations conference was held toA
A．gather opinions from the representatives     
B．make plans for nearly 200 countries
C．deal with the warming climate                
D．call for protection of wildlife
61．What action will the EPA take to fight climate change？B
A．Make more strict rules to limit coal power plants．
B．Develop more nuclear sources of energy．
C．Accept the opinions of the Americans．
D．Close those power plants which pollute the air most．
62．The underlined phrase"knock out"in Paragraph 4 has the same meaning asC．
    A．blow up          B．shut down       C．break up          D．move away
63．Who is responsible for the protection of the clean air in David Doniger's opinion？C
A．The public
B．The EPA．
C．The government
D．The United Nations．
64．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the EPAA
A．values public opinions greatly              
B．ignores the public comments
C．will cancel the former laws             
D．will announce the list of dirty plants．
20．The team is hoping to     last year's success but，of course，it depends on what kind of weather they'll get．（　　）
A．confirmB．equalC．continueD．guarantee
7．Going green is something that affects every single one of us．Whether by recycling those plastic water bottles，or by cutting down on electricity in your home，the importance of going green on a personal level is extremely important．But，when you're a millionaire NBA basketball star，how do you help out the environment？
Yao Ming is a basketball player that plays for the Houston Rockets and has spoken out against hunting of sharks for fins，a delicious food in his native China．He is also the United Nations'Environmental champion．His goal is to raise awareness of climate change and energy-saving．"I will work with young people across the world and try to inspire them to plant trees，harvest rainwater and to become environmental champions in their own communities．"

The Philadelphia Eagles，a professional American football team，are really doing their part to give back to the community．The Eagles Go Green page has a"Green Energy Calculator"and according to the web site fans have saved 73，674.90 a year and saved 666，320 pounds of CO2 per year．Also，the Eagles have set up a"Stop global warming virtual march（虚拟游行）on Washington"，a march across America for one year，through the Internet with a goal to bring fans together and to urge leaders to deal with the serious problem of global warming now．
Bob Burnquist，a Brazilian skateboarder，is a member of Action Sports Environmental Coalition and founder of a program that gets organic foods and farming into schools for healthy lunch programs．Bob also has a huge homegrown organic farm where he hosted a gathering in celebration of Earth Day．
Kelly Slater is a surfer and eight-time champion，but he also supports saving the coral reefs world wide．He has founded the Kelly Slater Invitational Competition which raises funds and awareness for Reef Check，which is able to get its message out to a large group of guests including professional surfers，film and music stars，and other famous people．


31．According to the passage，Yao Ming wants toC．
A．help the Houston Rockets win the NBA championship
B．ask the United Nations to protect sharks in China
C．encourage young people to care about the environment
D．train more young people to become players of NBA
32．What have the Philadelphia Eagles done to help out the environment？A
A．They have called on fans to do things to reduce global warming．
B．They have marched on Washington to bring fans together．
C．They have saved 73，674.90 for solving global warming．
D．They have reduced CO2 emission by 666，320 pounds per year．
33．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last two paragraphsD？
A．Bob Burnquist created Earth Day．
B．Bob Burnquist eats only organic foods．
C．Kelly Slater donated a lot of money．
D．Kelly Slater held a competition．
34．The best title for the passage would probably beB．
A．Highly Competitive Athletes
B．Environment-friendly Athletes
C．World-famous Athletes
D．Millionaire Athletes
35．What can we learn from the passage？C
A．Only famous people need to care about environmental problems．
B．America is the country that takes best care of environment．
C．Environmental problems have a common effect on everyone of us．
D．Yao Ming's goals to raise people's awareness of environment are mainly about climate change and air pollution．
4．It has been proved_____eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life．（　　）
A．ifB．becauseC．whenD．that
17．Mike was dying to apply for a new job，but he was unconfident of himself，for he thought of himself as a （41）failure （fail） and unworthy of success．He believed that the other applicants were better and more （42）qualified （qualify） than him．
Mike's mind was occupied with negative thoughts and fears concerning （43）the job．When the day for the interview （44）came （come），he got up late and went to the interview hurriedly，in dirty clothes and with messy hair．He was unsure of getting the job．
It so happened that Jim was competing for the job，too，but he approached the matter in a（45）completely （complete） different way．Before the interview，he had made full preparations for everything needed．He dressed himself decently and behaved properly in the interview，（46）leaving （leave） a favorable impression on the interviewer．Expectedly，Jim（47）was informed （ inform） that he got the job eventually．
Remember：Sometimes your appearance is a mirror，（48）which reflects your quality in a way．Also，your state of mind counts．People with positive attitude are more likely（49）to succeed （succeed） than （50）those with negative attitude．

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