Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harv 题目和参考答案——青夏教育精英家教网—

题目内容

Two recent studies have found that punishment is not the best way to influence behavior. One showed that adults are much more cooperative if they work in a system based on rewards. Researchers at Harvard University in the United States and the Stockholm School of Economics in Sweden did the study.

They had about two hundred college students play a version of the game known as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. The game is based on the tension between the interests of an individual and a group. The students played in groups of four. Each player could win points for the group, so they would all gain equally. But each player could also reward or punish each of the other three players. Harvard researcher David Rand says the most successful behavior proved to be cooperation. The groups that rewarded the most earned about twice as much in the game as the groups that rewarded the least. And the more a group punished itself, the lower its earnings. The study appeared last month in the journal Science.

The other study involved children. It was presented last month in California at a conference on violence and abuse(虐待). Researchers used intelligence tests given to two groups. More than eight hundred children were aged two to four the first time they were tested. More than seven hundred children were aged five to nine. The two groups were retested four years later, and the study compared the results with the first test. Both groups contained children whose parents used physical punishment and children whose parents did not.

The study says the IQs of the younger children who were not spanked were five points higher than those who were. In the older group, the difference was almost three points. The more they are spanked, the slower their mental development.

1.What do we know about the second study?

A. Children's IQs have much to do with physical punishment.

B. The study is about violence and cooperation of children.

C. The children tested were divided into groups of four.

D. Children's mental development only relies on their IQs.

2.What does the underlined word “spanked” refer to?

A. punished B. blamed

C. tested D. praised

3.What might be the best title for the text?

A. The Best Way to Correct Misbehavior

B. Punishment Is the Best Way of Education

C. Cooperation Is the Most Successful Behavior

D. Punishment or Reward: Which Works Better on Behavior?

4.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

A. Punishment is the best way to influence bad behaviors.

B. The participants in the first study have the right to reward or punish others in the group.

C. the younger children have a higher IQ because of their parents’ educational level.

D. Adults are much more cooperative than children.

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I went to the cinema this afternoon to see La La Land. Before going into the screening my sister and I visited the ladies’ washroom. As we entered, a little blonde haired girl about 5 years of age opened one of the cubicle(小隔间)doors and ran out of the washroom, hot pants in hand and looking upset and overwhelmed.

I went after her. Her dad was standing outside. She quickly gave him the hot pants to dress her. Little sweetheart. She obviously couldn't manage to button up her hot pants. Even though she had her little white tights on, she must have felt embarrassed about the lack of hot pants.

I tried to calm and reassure her, saying, “When I saw dad standing outside I knew he was waiting for someone very pretty, but I just hadn't realized how, pretty she was going to be.” She didn't bite; dad smiled though. I offered to bring her back to wash her hands.

She was too tiny to squeeze soap out of the dispenser, so I helped her. I could see poor dad out of the side of my eyes .He was right at the door looking in. I went with her to the hand dryer, but she was so tiny that the sensor couldn't even detect her little hands. I lifted her up and her hands were properly dried, well at least a little.

I was moved by this little girl’s helplessness in an adult world. I also felt for dad having to trust that his little girl would feel safe and secure for the few minutes out of his sight.

I reached out for help. I tried to bridge the gap when a little helpless girl was a few minutes without a trusted adult and a concerned father had to for a moment accept he could not give her the security he wanted for her. It wasn't much but it helped a caring father and his little daughter and for that, I'm grateful.

1.Why did the little girl catch the author's attention?

A. She got frightened by strangers.

B. She needed clothing to cover her.

C. She was probably lost in the crowd.

D. She was in an embarrassing situation.

2.Why did the hand dryer fail to work for the little girl?

A. The size of the sensor was too small.

B. She was not tall enough to reach it.

C. She didn’t know how to operate it.

D. It was drying the author's hands.

3.How did the father feel in the story?

A. Helpless. B. Shy.

C. Shameful. D. Calm

假定你是李华，你校打算成立Fans英语俱乐部，想邀请外教Smith参加，请你给Smith写封邀请函，内容包括：

1.成立俱乐部的目的；

2.活动时间、地点及安排；

3.邀请加入。

注意：

1.词数100左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

____________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

1.Spielberg is such a famous director that we’re all looking forward to _____________(see)his new films.

2.To keep fit and lead a healthy life, we need to keep a _____________(balance) diet.

3.Teenagers ____________(bring) up in the countryside seem to be more independent than those living in cities.

4._________surprised us most was that he was awarded all the three medals in the contest.

5.Driving cars instead of taking buses is harmful ________________ our environment.

6.Though the job was very difficult, he still managed ___________(finish) it.

7.The teacher, together with is students, ______________(chat)with the expert in the meeting room at that moment.

8.This kind of gloves are _____________(slight) more expensive but they last a lot longer.

9.The little boy has _____________gift for piano and he practices it with great effort.

10.He did an excellent job in the final exam, ___________made his parents very happy.

11.__________ is still uncertain when the delayed flight will take off.

12.It’s raining day and night. There’s no doubt _________the sports meet will be put off.

13.----Why do you think the travel to Beijing meaningful and unforgettable?

----That’s because I met lots of new friends and harvested plenty of sweet _________(memory).

14.It’s time to sleep. Early to bed and early to rise keeps you ________________(energy)all the day.

15.The government has carried out several new plans, _____________benefits are various and obvious.

假如你叫李华，你的美国笔友Tom来信询问你 “十一”假期将要怎么过。请根据以下信息给他回信，谈谈你在“十一”假期中的活动的安排。

内容要点：

1.休息（由于平时学习紧张，缺少锻炼和休息）

2.看望乡下的祖父母（帮助他们做点家务，并跟他们谈谈身边的新鲜事）

注意：

1.词数100个左右；可适当增加细节

2.开头已给出，不计入总词数。

3.词汇国庆假期：National Day Holiday

Dear Tom,

I’m very glad to receive your letter. And it’s a pleasure to tell you something about ____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下短文。短文中共有10处错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在此符号下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

After shopping,Mother and I went to a restaurant for lunch.I notice Mother looking at a nearby table occupy by an elderly woman and young couple.They ate silently,and it was clearly that things were not going well.As we left, Mother stopped on their table.“Excuse me,”she said,put her arm around the unhappy old woman.“You remind me so many of my mother.May I hug（拥抱）you?”The woman smiled happily as she accepted to it.After we left,I said, “That was very nice of you,Mother.So I didn’t think she looked like Grandma.”“Neither did me,”said Mother cheerfully.

Last year,around Labor Day,I read a “Happy Ad” in our local newspaper.There was a lady in a local nursing home,who was celebrating her 90th birthday and her family wanted everyone to know about it.It said that if you wanted to drop her a line,here was her address.So I did.I found a birthday card and dropped her a short note,wishing her a happy birthday.

A week or so later,someone knocked at my front door.I opened the door and found a middle-aged man standing on my doorstep.He introduced himself as the son of this woman to whom I had sent the card.He explained that he just wanted to drop by in person and thank me for sending such a nice card to his mom.Apparently,like many older folks,she did not receive much mail and was quite excited to receive mine.I just didn’t know what to say.I told him it was my pleasure and that I hoped his mom had enjoyed her birthday.

That year,I did not send out any Christmas cards,except to this lovely old lady in the nursing home.I just told her that I was thinking about her and hoped that she had a nice holiday.I sent her a Valentine and also a couple of notes in between.I just thought she might like to have someone write to her,to get some mail.

She passed away a couple of months ago.I never met this lady,but I did keep her and her family in my thoughts. I dropped them a line of sympathy.I hope that my few little notes were enough to brighten a couple of her days here on earth.

1.The old lady's address was given because .

A. her family wanted to make her well-known

B. the old lady wanted to receive a birthday card

C. the son of the old lady wanted to meet the author

D. her family wanted to give her a happy birthday

2.Which of the following best describes the author?

A. Brave. B. Polite.

C. Caring. D. Faithful.

3.Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. A Kind Act B. An Old Lady

C. A Happy Ad D. A Considerate Son

Baseball was always where my heart lay. However, my father did not care for baseball. Two recreational activities he enjoyed were golfing and fishing, neither of which I considered a real sport. He didn’t talk much and he wasn’t good at expressing himself. Frankly, I wasn’t entirely certain he cared about me. In a way, my father was like a familiar stranger I saw every day.

One day, watching the play on television made me want a glove of my own. To my surprise, my father said he wanted one, too. He was on the portly side, but then again, one of the famous pitchers (投手) on the Mets was even fatter. So I thought, why not?

We bought two gloves, and that evening, he suggested we go out to the courtyard and toss (掷) the ball around. I’d already practiced catching and throwing at school, but I could tell this was the first time for my father, because every time he caught the ball, it landed directly in his palm. If you’ve ever caught a ball with a baseball glove, you know how much this hurts.

But my father caught ball after ball this way. Slap! Slap! He winced (龇牙咧嘴). After about five minutes, I told him I’d had enough. It wasn’t out of mercy, but for my own self-interest. Neighborhood kids were watching and would no doubt tease me later for having an old man who didn’t know how to properly catch a baseball do that. When my father took the glove off, his palm was red and swollen.

Dad, who passed away 11 years ago, never told me he loved me. But that sound of the baseball landing in the soft flesh of his hand, over and over again—it spoke its own tender language, though at the time, all I felt was shame.

1.What does the underlined word “portly” mean in Paragraph 2?

A. Experienced. B. Cool.

C. Famous. D. Fat.

2.What can we learn from the passage?

A. The father didn’t feel hurt when catching the ball.

B. The father didn’t understand his child at all.

C. The author didn’t realize his father’s love for him back then.

D. The author criticized his father when playing baseball together.

3.What could be the best title for the passage?

A. A Crying Shame for Baseball

B. Saying “I Love You” with Baseball

C. A Loving Father and His Son

D. Living a Happy Life with Baseball

假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。

2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

These day, people break traffic rules and littered everywhere. It does serious harm with our life. I think people should make a effort to change this situation.

As for him, I will bear traffic rules in mind. If I ride a bike, I’ll never cross a road until the traffic light turn green. If I walk, I will forget to use the zebra crossing. Meanwhile, I will make it as my duty to help keep our environment clean or healthy. I will help clean up the roadside litter whenever possibly. I hope my behavior will make a difference.

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