2.书写离子方程式时应注意的问题

(1)离子反应是在溶液或熔融状态时进行反应的,凡非溶液中进行的反应一般不能写离子反应方程式,亦即没有自由移动离子参加的反应,不能写出离子反应方程式。如NH4Cl固体和Ca(OH)2固体混合加热,虽然也有离子和离子反应,但不能写出离子反应方程式,只能写化学方程式。

(2)单质、氧化物、气体在溶液中的反应一律写化学式;弱电解质如弱酸(HF、H2S、HClO、H2CO3等)、弱碱(如NH3·H2O)和中强酸(如H2SO3、H3PO4)等难电离的物质必须写化学式;难溶于水的物质(如CaCO3、BaSO3、FeS、PbS、BaSO4、Fe(OH)3等)必须写化学式。

(3)多元弱酸的酸式盐的酸根离子在离子方程式中不能拆写。如NaHCO3溶液和稀硫酸反应:HCO3-+H+═CO2↑+H2O

(4)对于微溶物的处理有三种情况:

①在生成物里有微溶物析出时,微溶物用化学式表示。如Na2SO4溶液中加入AgNO3溶液:

      2Ag+ + SO42- ═ Ag2SO4

②当反应物里有微溶物处于溶液状态(稀溶液)时,应写成离子的形式。如CO2气体通入澄清石灰水中:

      CO2+Ca2++2OH-═CaCO3↓+H2O

③当反应物里有微溶物处于浊液或固态时,应写化学式。如在石灰乳中加入Na2CO3溶液:

      Ca(OH)2+CO32-═CaCO3↓+2OH-

(5)操作顺序或反应物相对量不同时离子方程式不同。如:

①少量烧碱滴入Ca(HCO3)2溶液(此时碳酸氢钙过量)中,有:

   Ca2++HCO3+OH-═CaCO3↓+H2O

②少量Ca(HCO3)2溶液滴入烧碱溶液(此时氢氧化钠过量)中,有:

   Ca2++HCO3+2OH-═CaCO3↓+CO32-+2H2O

65. An old couple, aged 65 and 68. They love mountain scenery and still take easy walks by the lakeside when they can. They hope to enjoy fresh air and some relaxing activities.

A. Edinburgh. Post House: A popular base for visitors to Edinburgh, this fine hotel stands next to the zoological Gardens within easy reach of the many famous sights, shops and entertainments of one of Europe’s most elegant capitals.

B. Gatehouse of Fleet. Cally Hotel: This impressive hotel, well-known for its good Scottish cooking, is an ideal choice for a relaxing family holiday. Set in 100 acres of private grounds, the Cally, a former stately home, has something for everyone including its own fishing lake, outdoor heated swimming pool, green lawn, tennis court, children’s playground and sauna baths.

C. Glenborrodale. Glenborrodale Castle Hotel: There can be few better places for a refreshing holiday than this picturesque hotel set in its own 120 acres of beautiful countryside by charming Lake Sunart on the Ardnamurchan Peninsular (半岛). Boating and fishing are both available here.

D. Inverness. Royal Hotel: A unique feature of the Royal is its fine collection of antique furniture, china and glass. This friendly comfortable hotel, a favourite meeting place for the townspeople, is an excellent base for getting to know the Highlands-Lake Ness, Great Gien and Culloden Moor are all within easy reach.

E. Peebles. Tontine Hotel: The Tontine had a fascinating beginning---it was built in 1808. This homely hotel has been extended to make it a really comfortable base for exploring the Tweed Valley and the attractive Lowland country.

F. North Berwick. Marine Hotel: This fine hotel overlooks the famous West Links golf course and is close to several sandy beaches. The Marine has its own open-air swimming pool and putting green as well as tennis courts, squash courts and saunas. Edinburgh, well-know for its art festivals, is only some 24 miles away.

第Ⅱ卷(共40分)

 

第三部分:写作 (共两节,满分40分)

第一节:短文改错

假如英语课上老师要求同学们交换修改作文,请你修改同桌写的以下作文,文中共有10处语言错误,要求你在错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。

增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写上该加的词。

删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。

修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写上修改后的词。

注意:1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;

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