【题目】古代中国和古代罗马相距遥远,然而两者的历史发展可做一些比较。阅读材料,回答问题。

历史时期

古代中国

古代罗马

公元前5世纪~前4世纪

秦国商鞅变法(前356年)

罗马制定《十二铜表法》

(前451年)

公元前3世纪

秦始皇统一中国(前221年)

罗马统一意大利

(前270年左右)

公元前2世纪~公元2世纪

西汉、东汉王朝强盛时期

(前202年~公元184年)

罗马强盛时期

(前201年~公元192年)

公元3世纪

汉末混乱,三国鼎立(184~280年)

西晋统一王朝(280~316年)

罗马“三世纪危机”(192~284年)罗马帝国中兴(284~336年)

公元4世纪

北方少数民族南下中原

东晋南迁(317~420年)

北方十六国时期(308~439年)

罗马帝国首都东迁(330年)

日耳曼人入侵(375年起)

罗马帝国东西分裂(395年)

公元5~6世纪

南北朝对峙(420~589年)

隋朝再次统一中国(589年)

西罗马帝国灭亡(476年)

欧洲日耳曼人小国林立

——吴于廑、齐世荣主编《世界史》,白寿彝主编《中国通史》

1)依据材料,概括各个时期古代中国和古代罗马的历史特征。

(2)比较时期两国历史发展的特征,你发现了什么现象?再比较其历史轨迹及变化节奏,你又有哪些发现?在此基础上,你有何进一步的理论认识?

(3)第时期中国和欧洲的历史走向有何不同?试从制度层面分析中国出现这一走向的主要原因。

【题目】阅读下列材料:

材料一:政治上的自由是公共自由,要保障公共自由,就应该避免把权力单独委托给一个人、几个人或少数人,因为一切有权力的人都容易滥用权力,这是万古不易的一条经验。为此,提出一条原则,要防止滥用权力,就必须用权力来约束权力,形成一种能联合各种权力的机制,其中各种权力既调节配合,又互相制约,即权力要分开掌握和使用。

——孟德斯鸠《罗马盛衰原因论》

材料二:难道农民的儿子生来颈上带着圈,而贵族的儿子生来在腿上带着踢马刺吗?……一切享有各种天然能力的人,显然是平等的。……除了法律以外,不依赖任何别的东西,这就是自由人

——《伏尔泰语录》

材料三:人人享有自由平等的权利而不论其出身。人们应自由订立社会契约,组成国家。社会中应有“共同意志”,人人遵守。社会契约就是共同意志的体现,代表所有人的权利与自由。这是至高无上的人民主权,不可侵犯,不得转让,不受限制,不准分割。为维护这一主权,必须使人人在法律面前一律平等,包括立法、司法、守法、受法律保护各受法律制裁各方面的平等。政府官员只是人民委派的工作人员,不享有主权。随着政府职位诱惑力的加大,人民应采取更有力的监督手段。人们在行使自由权时,绝不允许损害他人的自由,否则他自身也就不自由了。这时,共同意志就要通过法律手段制裁他,“强迫他自由”。

——卢梭《社会契约论》

请回答:

(1)归纳材料一所体现的思想,并指出这一思想的历史影响。据材料三,卢梭在国家学说、人权学说、法治学说诸方面,各提出了什么主张?

(2)材料二体现了什么思想?在“自由”这个问题上,材料二与材料一、三各侧重什么?

【题目】在中国历史上,专制主义中央集权制度似乎是一个永恒的政治主题。不同时期有不同的中枢权力体系及其相应的地方控制体系。阅读下列材料,然后回答问题。

材料一

初并天下,令丞相、御史曰:“……寡人以眇眇之身,兴兵诛暴乱……六王咸伏其辜,天下大定。今名号不更,无以称成功,传后世,其议帝号。

——《史记》

材料二

“新皇帝……废除了所有的封建国家和王国,将广阔的国土划分成为若干行政区,每一行政区 都配备一批由中央政府任命,并向中央政府负责的官员”。

——选自《全球通史》

材料三

两汉时期,皇帝对丞相待之以礼。丞相谒见皇帝时,皇帝起立,赐丞相座。丞相病了,皇帝还要亲自去探视。隋唐时期的宰相大臣上朝奏事也有座位。但到宋朝,宰相只能站着同皇帝议事。据说是宋太祖改变这一做法的,有一天,宰相范质等人向宋太祖奏事,开始时,大臣们还坐着,宋太祖称自己眼睛昏花看不清,让大臣们近前指给他看。等范质等人回到原处,座位已被撤掉。此后宰相大臣就只好站在皇帝面前议事了。明代自朱元璋起,明文规定“大朝议”须“众官皆跪”。清朝的官僚上朝,跪地时间特别长,以至于大臣们都备有特别的护膝。

(1)据材料一分析“寡人”指的是谁?涉及他创建的有哪些重要政治制度?

2)材料二反映了什么样的历史信息?据材料与所学知识,分析材料中推行的这一政治制度的历史作用?

3)在加强君主专制中央集权方面,包含着众多的矛盾和问题。试根据以上三则材料归纳其中最主要的两大矛盾。由汉到明清,宰相大臣由坐到站再到跪的上朝礼仪变化,反映了怎样的历史发展趋势?

【题目】D

Regrowth Poetry Competition is open to all published and unpublished, UK and non-UK based male and female writers over 16 years of age. This competition is open to poetry submissions. Poems must be based around the theme of "regrowth, birth, survival, and new life" and in any genre. The poem should be between 5 and 30 lines in length (including title).

Entry details, rules and regulations to the competition are listed below:

1. All entries must be sent using the form online.

2. Entry will cost 4.00. You can pay online via PayPal or credit card. You can also pay by cheque, making it payable to Susan Cawte. The postal address is 412 Thorold Road, Ilford, Essex, IG1 4HF. Multiple entries are allowed.

3. Entries will not be returned.

4. All entries submitted must be work which has not been published elsewhere or submitted to another competition which is currently still open.

5. All entries must be your own work. Any entry found to be plagiarized or printed elsewhere will be disqualified.

6. All entries submitted must clearly state the author's name, address, email address and contact telephone number on the submission.

7. The winner will be notified within one month of the closing date.

8. The closing date for entries is midnight (BST) 30th April 2016.

Prizes:

1st: 50, published story in the magazine, and a feature article about the winning author.

2nd: 25, story published in the magazine.

The 20 shortlisted authors will be listed online in May. Winners will be announced on 1st span>June 2016.

1What should be the theme of the poems in the competition?

A. Peace. B. Friendship. C. Regrowth. D. Health.

2】If you want to take part in the competition, ____.

A. you can only summit one entry

B. you must be a British boy of 16

C. you have to pay the entry fee by cheque

D. you must send the entries before 30th April 2016

3】What is the probably meaning of the underlined word plagiarized”?

A. Written. B. Copied. C. Typed. D. Read.

【题目】C

I went to Arizona earlier this month to see what the college of the future might look like. What I found is an exciting new era of higher education that will help more students get a great, personalized education at an affordable price.

This future may not always include the lecture halls, dormitories, and other features of the traditional college experience. Instead, the colleges I visited are experimenting with ways for students to get their degrees online, allowing them to take courses any place and at any time.

These colleges without walls,” as they are sometimes called, are at the forefront of the effort to broaden access to higher education, especially for low-income students with full-time jobs and families. During my visit, I heard encouraging stories of students who were taking advantage of these flexible learning models to pursue degrees that could put them on paths to new careers.

One of those students was Shawn Lee. He had a compelling story: After dropping out of college decades ago, he found himself in a series of low-paying, often back-breaking jobs. He recently decided to get his degree when he had his first child and wanted to start building a better life.

Tucked away in an industrial park in Tempe, Rio Salado didn’t look much like a traditional institute of higher education. There were no students running to class. Just a couple of glass-faced office buildings. The college had just 22 full-time faculty serving 60,000 students, with more than half of them attending classes online.

Several students I met during my visit said they liked learning online. “I’ve taken college classes in a big auditorium with herds of people. There was no personal connection,” one student said. “Now I can reach my teacher with the click of a mouse.”

After several days’ visit, I left Arizona feeling quite optimistic about what the future holds for higher education.

1What does “colleges without walls” in the third paragraph refer to?

A. Colleges that have no walls around.

B. Colleges that students attend online .

C. Colleges that can be entered freely.

D. Colleges that give students more freedom.

2 What made Shawn Lee return to attend college again ?

A. That he has nothing to do.

B. That he couldn’t find a job.

C. That the cost of the college is low.

D. That he wanted to find a better job.

3How did the writer feel after the visit ?

A. Hopeful. B. Dissatisfied.

C. Disappointed. D. Upset.

4What is the writer’s purpose by writing this passage?

A. To explain what “colleges without walls” are.

B. To advertise the colleges.

C. To encourage people to attend higher education.

D. To introduce a new model of education.

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