Counting before numbers

Before the invention of written numbers, people used many different ways to count things.

At first, people used their fingers, and even their toes. However, they could only count small numbers in this way.

After that, they began to make small marks on sticks and bones. This helped them count bigger numbers. They used them to count things like the days of a month, the amount of food and the number of animals they had.

Then people began to use tokens made from clay or small stones. This helped them count even bigger numbers. They often put the tokens on pieces of string so that they could carry them around easily. This developed into tools like the abacus.

Finally, people began to develop systems of written marks to show different numbers, and this led to the Hindu- Arabic system (0-9). We are still using this system today.

【1】Did people use many ways to count things before written numbers were invented?

【2】What did people use to count small numbers at first?

【3】Why did people put the tokens on pieces of string?

【4】How many ways of counting are mentioned(提到) in this passage?

【5】Which appeared earlier, the abacus or tokens?

【题目】阅读下面短文，根据所读内容，在文章后表格的空格填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
Members of an international organization are called the Global Greeters. They offer travelers the chance to get to know a city as well as local people do.
Unlike the professional guides(专业导游), the volunteer greeters act more like neighbours. They take visitors to visit the city–either on foot or public traffic—to discover favourite neighbourhoods, cafes and parks.
All the programs work a little differently, but the basics(基本项目) are the same. The tours are free and last anywhere for two or four hours. Volunteers can be all ages, and their ages and interests try to match the travelers.
New York City(USA)
Big Apple Greeter is the pioneer “welcome visitor” program founded in 1992 by New Yorker Lynn Brooks. More than 300 volunteers now can welcome guests from all over the world in 22 languages. Greeters explain the New York City subway and bus systems and show guests around one or more of their favourite neighbourhoods. Like many greeter organizations, Big Apple accepts online donations to help with its daily costs.
Houston(USA)
Houston Greeters will organize activities such as golf, biking or an outing to an Astros game(太空人队的比赛). Another activity is to arrange a tour in need of a particular interest.
Chicago(USA)
Chicago Greeters help visitors visit one of the city's many famous neighbourhoods. The group organizes walks through Ukrainian Village on the Near North Side and Andersonville, home to Scandinavian restaurants and shops and Middle Eastern bakeries. Guides will also organize tours around themes such as fashion, film or public art.
France
In France, English speaking volunteers for Parisien d'un Jour lead visitors through hidden corners of Paris, often ending with a lively discussion on a café balcony. Guides in Lyon organize walks around themes such as shopping, markets and sports.

提示：假设寒假马上要到了，你和你的家人将前往海南岛度假。请你谈谈你们的假日计划。

注意：1、用一个形容词将题目补充完整。

2、短文中不得出现任何人名、校名、及其它相关信息。

I’ll have a（n）_______ holiday

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【题目】阅读短文，回答问题
How do we know what's right or wrong in English? Languages such as French and Spanish each has an official(官方的) organization that tells you what's correct. But there is nothing like that in English. So what can we do?
There is, of course, Standard English. This is the kind of English you read in newspapers or in formal letters. It is also the English you learn at school or in textbooks.
However, Standard English is not official English. And unbelievably, linguists（语言学家） think Standard English is on the same level as all other types of English such as Cockney English, Yorkshire English, South African English, Australian English, Singaporean English… And according to linguists, there is no such thing as Standard Spoken English.
English is changing all the time. Every year, new words appear and others disappear. Words change too. For example, for many years, the Latin word “agendum” was the accepted singular form and “agenda” was the plural form. However, these days, very few people use the Latin-sounding“agendum”, with “agenda” being the accepted singular form, and “agendas” the plural.
Newspapers each has their own style when they write certain things. For example，The Guardian puts dates like “21 July 2011”(with the day first, followed by the month and no commas). However, the news agency Reuters writes them like this “July 21, 2011”(with the month first, and a comma(逗号) between the day and the year). Other newspapers have different ways of doing it too. So, as you can see, there's no one “correct” way ----there's a variety of ways and each one is acceptable.
Next time someone tells you that something is wrong, tell them that it isn't wrong, It is just English.
(Each answer should be no more than four words)
（1）According to passage two, how many ways can you read or learn Standard English?
（2）What is the plural form of the Latin word “agendum” in the past?
（3）How does the news agency Reuters write “2016年1月20日”?
（4）According to passage one, what languages have official organizations that tell you what is correct?
（5）According to passage three, how many types of English are mentioned except Standard English?

Be calm (冷静). Sometimes, you feel so angry that you really want to teach somebody a lesson. But being angry can’t solve problem. Neither can a fight. Instead, it may bring you more problem . In the school, everyone involved(卷入) in a fight will be punished(惩罚), no matter who (无论) started it. There are no winners in a fight.

Shout loudly if you know someone is coming up behind you to attack, turn toward the person with your hands up in front of your body and loudly say “stop” before walking away. Loud voice can usually make the attacker calm down. If the person doesn't stop, cry for help by calling out (大声叫喊) the name of a teacher whose office is nearby.”

________Your friend may ask you to join in a fight. Learn to say no, Helping him fight is not really helpful to him. If you really want to give him a hand, try to ask him to give it up. Also, you can tell him if he gets involved in a fight, he may get hurt and be punished. Then, try to learn why he want to a fight and help him find a right way to deal with the problem.

【1】The underlined word “attack” in Paragraph 3 means “________” in Chinese.

A.拥抱B.攻击C.阻止D.吸引

【2】Which of the following sentences can be put in the________?

A.Face bravelyB.Join in a fightC.Learn to refuse (拒绝)D.Talk to someone

【3】The passage is written to________ .

A.help students keep away from fights.B.warn (警告) students not to fight

C.advise students to help each otherD.encourage students to work hard

【4】The passage is written in a(an) ________ tone(语气).

A.sadB.angryC.happyD.serious (严肃的)

【题目】根据短文内容，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个能填入相应空格内的最佳答案。
This years , computer games have become more and more popular in many cities and towns . A lot of small shops along busy 1 have changed into2 game houses in order to get more money . These places are always crowded with3 especially young boys .
In the computer game houses , people4 a lot of money competing with the machines . It is5 for one to win against a computer , but one can make progress after6 again and again . People have a kind of gambling psychology（赌博心理）when they play computer games . The more they7 , the more they want to win , and at last they even cannot live if they don't play with it . For school boys , they have no8 for their lessons . When class is over , they run to the nearby computer game houses . Some of them can get enough money from their parents . But some of them are not 9 enough to get the money . they begin to take away10 students' money and become thieves .
（1）A.river B.cities C.villages D.streets
（2）A.small B.big C.computer D.sports
（3）A.people B.person C.women D.girls
（4）A.take B.win C.use D.spend
（5）A.easy B.hard C.important D.beautiful
（6）A.driven B.making C.trying D.running
（7）A.hop B.lose C.do D.make
（8）A.different B.secret C.mind D.duty
（9）A.bad B.angry C.difficult D.lucky
（10）A.other B.others C.another D.the others

Dolphins travel in a group. We call a group of fish a "school". They don't study but they travel together.

Dolphins are mammals, not fish, but they swim together in a school. Dolphins talk to other dolphins in the school. They give information. They tell when they are happy or sad or afraid. They say welcome when a dolphin comes back to the school. They talk when they play.

They make a few sounds above water. They make many more sounds under water. People can't hear these sounds because they are very high.

Sometimes people catch a dolphin for a large aquarium(水族馆). So they can watch dolphin shows in the aquariums. Dolphins don't like to be in an aquarium, being away from their school. They are sad and lonely if they do so.

There are many stories about dolphins. They help people Sometimes they save people's lives. Many people believe that dolphins can bring them good luck.

根据短文内容, 判断正（T）、误（F）.

【1】Dolphins can talk and show their feelings with sound.

【2】Dolphins make more sounds above water than under water.

【3】Dolphins' sounds are very high, so we can’t hear them.

【4】Dolphins will feel happy if they are away from their school.

【5】Dolphins can save people's life and may bring good luck.

【题目】阅读下列短文,从每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳选项。
This was the first real task I received in my new school. It seemed simple: go on the Internet and find information about a man named George Washington. As I searched the name, I found that there were two famous people having the same name who looked completely different! One invented hundreds of uses for peanuts（花生）, while the other led some sort of army across America. I stared at the screen, wondering which one my teacher meant. I called my grandfather for a golden piece of advice: let the coin decide. I flipped(掷) a coin and Ah! Tails (背面)! My report would be about the great man who invented peanut butter, George Washington Carver.
Weeks later, I stood in front of the classroom and proudly read my homework. But things started to get strange. I looked around the room, only to find my classmates with big smiles on their faces and tears in their eyes and my stone-faced teacher. I was completely lost. “What could be causing everyone to act this way?”
Oh well, I dropped the paper and sat down at my desk, burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report, it all became clear, “My report is on George Washington, the man who started the American War of Independence.” The whole world became quiet! How could I know that my teacher meant that George Washington?
Of course, my subject result was awful. Sad but fearless, I decided to turn this around. I talked to the headmaster Miss Lancelot, but she said firmly(坚决地): No re-dos; no new score. I felt that it was not fair, and I believed I should have a second chance. So I threw myself heartily into my work for the rest of the school year. Ten months later, I sat in the headmaster's office again, but this time a completely different conversation. I smiled and flashed back to the terrible moment at the beginning of the year when the headmaster told me I was good enough to skip(跳过) the 6th grade and started the 7th grade next term.
（1）________ helped me decide what my report would be about.
A.My classmates
B.A coin
C.My grandpa
D.The Internet
（2）I read my homework proudly because ________.
A.I believed my homework was excellent
B.I was good at my lessons
C.my classmates wore big smiles on their faces
D.my grandfather was always right
（3）I ________ after I failed the subject.
A.worked harder to prove my ability
B.did my homework a second time
C.was so frightened at the awful result
D.decided to give it up
（4）We can infer(推断) from the passage that ________.
A.the headmaster wasn't a good person at all
B.the writer's classmates were cleverer than him
C.the writer knew little about American history
D.the writer's grandpa was a very wise man
（5）Which of the following can best describe the writer?
A.Silly and lazy.
B.Clever but unlucky.
C.Proud and confident.
D.Brave and hard-working.

These robot chefs were created by Li Zhiming, owner of the restaurant. He has spent nearly four years inventing the robots. To make a robot that can cook authentic（正宗的）local dishes, Li visited some masters of Hunan cuisine. He learned recipes from them, and carefully studied the ingredients（原料）and cooking techniques used in preparing each dish. This was not an easy task, because each dish has its own unique recipe and cooking process. The restaurant owner says tons of ingredients have been used to improve the robot chefs’ ability to cook authentic and delicious Hunan cuisine.

There are now three robot chefs and two human workers in Li’s restaurant. The human workers are responsible for putting different ingredients, such as vegetables and meat, into specially designed boxes for the robots to use; while the robot chefs cook and clean the dishes. These special chefs can cook 40 different classic local dishes.

At present, Li’s restaurant can sell more than 800 bowls of rice with local dishes every day. With the standardized（标准化的）robot chefs, Li hopes his restaurant will open up branches in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and even overseas cities in the future.

【1】Li Zhiming created robot chefs in a restaurant in Changsha, didn’t he?

_______,__________________.

【2】What is special about the robot chefs? （At least 2 things）

They can ____________________________ and ____________________________.

【3】Why isn’t cooking Hunan dishes an easy task?

____________________________________________________________________________________.

【4】How many robot chefs are there in Li’s restaurant now?

_________________________________________________.

【5】What are the human chefs responsible for?

_________________________________________________.

【6】What does the underlined word “branches” mean in the sentence?

It means ____________________________.

【题目】阅读下列短文,从每小题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳选项。
A new report says African governments are ill prepared to handle the growing number of people over age 65. The population in Africa as in other parts of the world, is getting older. Currently, there are 36 million people on the continent 65 years and above. which is 3.6 percent of the population. up from 3.3 percent 10 years ago. That could rise to 4.5 percent by 2030 and 10 percent by 2050. The African development Bank is raising concerns over the shortage of health insurance and pensions (养老金).
The African Development Bank says. "Aging is highly linked with long-term physical and mental disability and a number of long-term chronic (慢性的) conditions."
"Africa is not well prepared to care for its aging population right now. And it needs to prepare for this fact." said Professor Mthuli Ncube. the African Development Bank's chief economist. African nations spend far less on healthcare than developed nations do___ about $26per person per year. Not so many countries have well developed medical aid plans for the elderly, whether they are privately provided plans or indeed government plans. If you look at the pension plans, you will find the pension industries are not well developed in some of the countries.
Professor Mthuli Ncube said African governments failed to take action on health insurance and pensions because they were busy with economic reforms.
Another challenge for Africa is the worsening of informal systems of social protection. That is cash and support from both the extended family and community sources.
The African Development Bank recommends governments help carry out health insurance and pension plans. Ncube said African governments didn't have to handle the health insurance burden alone. "It is not only a must but also an opportunity for private companies to add their bit in this regard", he said. The report also recommends that African governments consider providing ways of free health services. medications and long-term health care facilities for the elderly.
（1）From the first paragraph we know the facts except that ____
A.the speed of people aging is becoming quicker
B.Africa has the largest aging population
C.African governments are not well prepared to deal with the aging population
D.the shortage of health insurance and pensions adds to African governments' difficulty in dealing With the aging population
（2）Which is not highly linked with the aging according to the passage?
A.Long-term physical disability.
B.Long-term mental disability.
C.Long-term chronic illnesses.
D.Long-term shortage of care and love.
（3）What got in the way of developing health insurance and pensions in Africa?
A.The economic reforms.
B.Too many old people.
C.The shortage of land.
D.The development of the economy.
（4）How can the aging problem be solved in Africa according to Ncube?
A.African governments should spend as much money on healthcare as developed countries
B.African people should save enough money to insure their health.
C.African governments should combine with private companies to finish health insurance and pension pains.
D.Private sources should take the main responsibility to help the elderly.
（5）The article is most likely to be seen____
A.in a story book
B.in a newspaper
C.on a TV program
D.in a textbook