3. -- Not until we know more will we be able to improve the
situation.
我们只有了解更多，才能去改善环境。
注意掌握until的以下三种句式：
1)陈述句：
Jack didn't go to bed until his mother got home.
直到妈妈回家了，杰克才去睡觉。
2)倒装句：
Not until his mother got home did Jack went to bed.
区到妈妈回家了，杰觅才去睡觉。
义如：Not until I began to work did 1 realize how
much time I had wasted.
直到我开始工作了，我才意识到我浪费了很多时间。
3)强调句：
It was not until his mother got home that Jack went to
bed.
义如：It was not until she took off her dark glasses
that I recognized she was a famous film star.
直到她取下她的墨镜后我才认出她是位著名的影星。
2. Among the speakers was China's then Premier Zhu
Rongji, who stressed the need for equalily and
fairness in the world.
在发言者中有当时中国的总理朱镕基，他强调了在
世界上平等和公平的必要性。
本句中的主句部分是一个倒装句，其正常语序为：
China's then Premier Zhu Rongji wan among the
speakers. 这里用了倒装语序，一方面是为了使上下
文衔接紧密，把表语提前；另一方面是为了句子平
衡，因为这里的主语很长，其后还有一个非限制性定；
语从句，又如：
Present at the meeting was Professor Liu, who came
from Wuhan University.
出席这次大会的有刘教授，来自武汉大学。
Gone are the days when Chinese people suffered a great
deal from cold and hunger.
中国人民饱受饥寒之苦的日子一去不复返了。
1. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must
lnake surethat everyone is able to take part in the new
world we create.
如果我们想成功地推动世界的发展，我们就必须确
保每个人都能加入到我们创造的新世界里来。
be + to do 在本句中表示“汁划、打算”。
The French President is to visit Japan.
法国总统将到日本访问。
He is to return from Germany tomorrow.
他明天将从德国回来。
这种结构还可用于下列情况
(1) (表义务) 应该做……，必须做……
You are to be back by 9 o'clock.
你要在9点之前回家。
(2) (表可能) 会做……
How am I to know what has become of him?
我怎么知道他的遭遇如何呢?
(3)(表命运)注定……
He came to Ix)wer．but he was to pay dearly for it；
soon he was aasassinated.
他得到权利，但足却为此付出了昂贵的代价，不久他
就被暗杀了。
(4)(表虚拟语气)用if...were to do...
If it were to rain tomorrow, the ceremony would be
postponed.
如果明天下雨的话，典礼就会延期。
5. what's more, what's worse
what's more 表示“而且，更重要的是”；what's worse
表示“更糟糕的是”，相当于worse still，to make
things worse，to make the matter worse，even worse，
作插入语用。
He is clever, and what's more, he works hard.
他很聪明，而且学习很努力。
The car broke down when I was driving home from
work, and what's worse, it was pouring with rain.
下班的路上，我的汽车坏了，更糟糕的是，天下着大
雨。
☆句型诠释☆
4. state, condition, situation
(1)state表“状态、状况”时，强调人或物在某种特定
时期内具有的特征和所处的环境，如：normal state，
the mental state，the present state。
The people of the world want t0 end the state of war
between the two countries．
全世界的人民都希望能结束两国之间的纷争状态。
(2)condition 含义与state基本相同，condition 可指
“形势、事态、状态”等。
The goods arrived in good condition.
货物到达时完好无损。
(3) situation 意为“形式、情况、局面”时，强调各种情
况之问重要的相互关系以及该情况与有关人之间的
关系。
The situation in the Middle East in none too happy at
present.
中东局势令人堪忧。
3. on board, on the board, on the hoards
(1) on board 的意思是“在船(飞机、车)上”。登机
(船)可以说go / get on board the plane / train / the
ship.
We had a pleasant time on board both ships.
我们在两艘船上都度过了快乐的时光。
(2) on the board的意思是“在木板上，在布告牌上．
在会上讨论”。
Put the bread on the board before cutting it.
切面包前，把面包放在木板上。
The question was on the board yesterday, but the
reult was not out.
问题昨天得到了讨沦，但没有结果。
(3) on the boards 的意思是“做演员，在戏台上”。
He has retired， but he is still on the boards.
他退休了，但仍活跃在舞台上。
2. besides, except, but, except for, apart from, in
addition to, other than
(1) besides 的意思是“除……之外还有”，该介词后
面所表示的人或物等也包括在总数内。
Ten of us passed besides Tom. (= Tom passed too.)
(2) except 的意思是“不包括在内，除去”，该介词后
面所表示的人或物等不包括在总数内。
All of us passed except Tom. (= Tom did not pass.)
它的后面除接名词和代词外还可以接介词、副词或
以that、when引导的从句。
He has always been in good health except in the past
few days|quite recently I that he had a slight
headache in the past few days / when he had a
headache.
(3) but 作“除外”的意思有一些限制，它只能用在no
one, none, all, nobody everyone, everything, who,
what, where 等之后，而except的限制很少。
(4) except for 表示“除外”一般是指后面所除开的内
容与前面的内容具有所属关系或后面的部分对前
面部分在细节上加以修正。如果后面的东西与前
面的东西属于同类语，则用except。
The esssay is well written except for a few mistakes in
the last paragraph.
文章写得很好，除了最后一段几个小错洪以外。
The wall was bare except for someone postters.
墙上除了几张海报外光秃秃的。
We come to school every day except Sunday.
除了星期天外，我们天天上学。
(5) apart from 既可表示 besides 的意思又可表示
except for 的意思。
Apart from the ayst, it will take a lot of time. (Apart
from = Besides)
除了费用外，还要花很多时间。
Apart from that, all goes welt. (Apart from = Except
for)
除了那之外，一切都很顺利。
(6) in addition to 有besides的意思。
We saw a cartoon in addition to .he cowboy movie．
我们看了一部关于牛仔的电影，还看卡通片。
(7) other than 有except 的意思。
There's noboday here other than me.
除了我这里没别人。
1. become, get, grow, turn
become, get, grow, turn, 这几个词都可以表示“变
成”或“成为”的意思。
(1) become 强调变化过程的完成，强调状态的变化。
You'll become wiser as you grow older.
随着年龄的增长，你会变得更睿智的。
(2) get 强调造成事件的施动者的作用或变化的结
果。
We had better get started at once.
我们最好马上开始。
(3) grow 表示渐渐成为新的状态，或表示从某种状
态向其对立的状态变化的自然现象，强调变化的过
程。
The crowd grew more and more excited as they were
waiting the time for the launch of the satellite.
随着火箭发射时间的到来，等待的人群变得越来越
兴奋了。
(4) turn 指转变成为与原来完全不同的事物，强调变
化的结果。turn后面接名词时常不加冠词，而
become后接名词时则加冠词。
In autumn the leaves on the trees all turn yellow.
秋天树上的叶子都变黄了。
Five years later, he turned doctor.
= Five years later, he became a doctor.
五年后他成了一名医生。
5. The man knocking ____ knocked her
her bike and her lying on the ground.
A. about; off; left B. out; out of; made
C. down; down; kept D. over; off; let
☆词语比较☆
4. The husband and wife were never in ____ or
agreement about anything for five minutes together.
A. satisfaction B. harmony
C. relation D. action