4.　　　　 It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。

It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown. It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了

3.　　　　 would rather.

would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如： I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。

2.　　　　 had hoped/ planned/ thought/ wanted/ intended表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。

I had thought he had been dead for at least 20 years.

I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.　

1.　　　　 由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气

A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式(be动词用were)。 B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. ---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” ---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he weren’t so lazy.

I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.

I wish I hadn't wasted so much time.

I wish you would appreciate my work.

I wish you had called earlier.

I wish she would change her mind.

He will wish we would join him the following week.

I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.　 A A. could have slept 　B. slept　 C. might have slept 　D. have slept 特殊形式的虚拟语气

虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。

A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有： ask要求、advise建议、arrange安排、beg请求、command命令、decide决定、demand要求、desire渴望、determine决定、insist坚持、intend打算、maintain坚持主张、move建议，动员、propose提议、object反对、order命令、prefer建议、require 需要、request要求、resolve下决心、recommend推荐、suggest建议、stipulate约定，规定、urge强调，促进、vote公认，提议、decree颁布(法令)、vote、pray请求。

注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。 She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(书面体) She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口语) She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)

Congress has voted that the present law be maintained.

I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once. The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any means. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves.

We strongly suggested that the meeting be put off till the next day. The officer ordered that the spy be killed right away. Mr. Smith proposed that people from both companies gather for new ideas. I will suggest to the school board that a basketball team be set up soon.　 这些动词中，有一些动词是多义词，如 suggest 可表示“建议”也可表示“暗示、表明”, insist 可以表示“坚持、要求”也可以表示“坚持认为、坚持表白”, decide (make up one's mind) 可表示“决定”也可以表示“认定、断定”, ask 可表示“要求”也可以表示“闻讯”等等, 只有当以上动词用作祈使意义的时候，受其限定的宾语从句的谓语才使用 be式虚拟。 例如： 1) The principal suggested that the vacation be cut short to two days. 2) The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied. 3) My brother insisted that I give away my rights to have my father's house. 4) The bookseller insisted that I stole his book, but I didn't. 5) The president decided that the trip be cancelled. 6) The police decided that the old man was the murderer. 7) I sincerely ask that you all attend the meeting tomorrow. 8) Miss Smith asked if I was interested in her boat. B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有： advisable合理的、decided决定的、crucial关键的、urgent紧迫的、necessary必要的、vital极其重要的、possible可能的、strange奇怪的、preferable(好一点)、keen渴望的、incredible难以置信的、adamant坚定不移的、natural自然的、probable(可能的)、appropriate恰当的、natural (自然的)、preferable (更可取的)、essential紧要的，基本的、complied遵照、anxious焦急的、imperative迫切的、important重要的、desirable合意的、better较好的，更好、insistent坚持的、desired想要、asked请求、insisted坚持、suggested建议、ordered命令、shocked震惊的、proposed提议、requested要求的、determined决定的、commanded命令的、arranged安排的、required要求的、recommended推荐、resolved决定的、pity可惜，憾事、shame遗憾、

注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。

前面提到了be式虚拟用于宾语从句，宾语从句只是名词性从句的一种。 下面请看几个表语从句中使用be式虚拟的情况: 1) My idea is that we begin the party with a warm welcome to Mr. Black. 2) Their proposal was that we start out one hour earlier. 3) We stuck to the original plan that we have a meeting before taking actions. 4) His request was that we help the old lady with her daily shopping. 5) My advice is that you should not come back to this place again. 6) What he recommended was that we give it up completely. 7) What you should suggest to her is that she should go and see a decent doctor. 　(注意，第7句话中的第一个should不能省略掉，第二个能。) 1) It is important that you come and deliver the speech tomorrow. 2) It is necessary that we let none of us fall behind. 3) It is essential that Mr. Li come to help us with the new task. 4) It is only natural that you pay your respect to your colleagues(同事). 5) It is strange that you should know about the whole thing. 6) It was strange that Tom should have stolen his father's money. 7) It was a big shame that you should have spoken to me like that. 8) It was a pity that Linda should be so careless in the test. 9) It is no wonder that Mr. Smith should be so calm about the new plan. 10) No wonder you should be so patient about it.

11) It is essential that he should be prepared for this. 12) It is essential for him to be prepared for this. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ___ after 11 o'clock at night. 　A. were not played 　B. not be played 　C. not to play 　 D. did not play C．用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有： advice忠告、decision决定、demand要求、desire要求、愿望、insistence坚持、motion提议、necessity必要性、order命令、preference偏爱、proposal提议、pray恳求、recommendation推荐、request要求、requirement要求、resolution决心、suggestion劝告、忠告 例如： This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.

这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。 请看看几个主语从句中使用be式虚拟的情况： 1) That we go and visit the Great Wall was what you suggested to us. Why didn't you go with us? 2) That you come to the school at 7:20 is clearly and firmly required. 3) That the soldiers give up the city was the general's firm order. 4) It will be desired that she finish all the preparation this afternoon. 再请看看几个同位语从句中使用be式虚拟的情况： 1) They had a wrong attitude toward my suggestion that the house not be rebuilt. 2) The order that soldiers shoot the protesters was not carried out. as if

虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：

She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。 They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。 She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。 he treated the boy as if he were his own son.

He talked about America as if he had been there.

He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。 He acts as if he were a TV expert. 他做起事来好象是个电视专家。

1) Tom looks calm and steady as if he were telling the truth. 2) Tom looks calm and steady as if he is telling the truth. 前一句表明汤姆是在撒谎，后一句说明汤姆可能在撒谎。

3) He speaks as if he knew everything about the accident.(虚拟) 4) He speaks as if he knows everything about the accident.(陈述) 5) My mother is always talking as if she were a doctor of medicine.(虚拟) 6) The young lady is talking as if she is a doctor of medicine.(陈述) 7) You seem as if you had done all that you should have.(虚拟) 　　 再强调一次，如果as if从句中谓语动词的时态形式比正常时态倒退了一个时态，说明这个从句处于虚拟语气，在表明与事实不同的情况，如果as if从句中的谓语动词时态正常，说明这个句子属于陈述语气，在表明与事实可能相同也可能相反的一种猜测。

8.用于某些表示祝愿的句子。例如：May you succeed!祝你成功!　

7.如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人说的,而且主语是名词时,用倒装结构;主语是代词时,一般不用倒装。例如：“Let's go,” said the man.

6.用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。例如：

Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.Only in this way can yo master English.

Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.

如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。例如：

Only Wang Ling knows this.

5.用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等词开头的句子。例如：

Never shall I do this again. Little did he know who the woman was.

4.用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。例如：

Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.

3.用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。例如：Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.

注意：1)在用as(though)引导的让步状语从句中,如果主语较长,也可实行全部倒装。例如：Difficult as was the chemistry homework, it was finished in time.

2)如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。例如：

Child as he was, he had to make a living.