I know I should have told the headmaster at the time. That was my real 36 .

He had gone out of the study for some 37 , leaving me alone. In his absence I looked to see 　38 　was on his desk. In the 　39 　was a small piece of paper on which were written the　 40 　“English Writing Prize 1949. History Is a Serious of Biographies (人物传记)”.

A(n) 　41 　boy would have avoided looking at the title as soon as he saw the 　42 . I did not. The subject of the English Writing Prize was kept a 　43 　until the start of the exam so I could not 　44 　reading it.

When the headmaster 　45 , I was looking out of the window.　　　　

I should have told him what had 　46 　then. It would have been so 　47 　to say: “I’m sorry, but I 　48 　the title for the English Writing Prize on your desk. You’ll have to 49 it.”

The chance passed and I did not 50 it. I sat the exam the next day and I won. I didn’t_51 to cheat, but it was still cheating anyhow.

That was thirty-eight years 52 when I was fifteen. I have never told anyone about it before, 　53 　have I tried to explain to myself why not.

The obvious explanation is that I could not admit I had seen the title 　54 　admitting that I had been looking at the things on his desk. 　55 there must have been more behind it. Whatever it was, it has become a good example of how a little mistake can trap (使陷入) you in a more serious moral corner (道德困境).

36. A. plan　　　　 B. fault　　　　 C. grade　　　　 D. luck

37. A. reason　　　 B. course　　　 C. example　　　 D. vacation

38. A. this　　　　 B. which　　　　 C. that　　　　 D. what

39. A. drawer　　　 B. corner　　　 C. middle　　　 D. box

40. A. names　　　 B. words　　　　 C. ideas　　　　 D. messages

41. A. honest　　　 B. handsome　　 C. friendly　　 D. active

42. A. desk　　　　 B. paper　　　　 C. book　　　　 D. drawer

43. A. question　　 B. key　　　　　 C. note　　　　 D. secret

44. A. help　　　　 B. consider　　 C. practise　　 D. forget

45. A. disappeared B. stayed　　　 C. returned　　 D. went

46. A. existed　　 B. remained　　 C. happened　　 D. continued

47. A. tiring　　　 B. easy　　　　 C. important　　 D. difficult

48. A. saw　　　　 B. gave　　　　 C. set　　　　　 D. made

49. A. repeat　　　 B. defend　　　 C. correct　　　 D. change

50. A. take　　　　 B. have　　　　 C. lose　　　　 D. find

51. A. remember　　 B. learn　　　　 C. mean　　　　 D. pretend

52. A. past　　　　 B. ago　　　　　 C. then　　　　 D. before

53. A. either　　　 B. never　　　　 C. nor　　　　　 D. so

54. A. by　　　　　 B. besides　　　 C. through　　　 D. without

55. A. But　　　　 B. Though　　　 C. Otherwise 　 D. Therefore

E

A study published in September suggests there is a surprising way to get people to avoid unhealthy foods: change their memories. Scientist Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California at Irvine asked volunteers to answer some questions on their personalities (个性) and food experiences. “One week later,” Loftus says, “we told those people we’d fed their answers into our smart computer and it came up with an account of their early childhood experiences.” Some accounts included one key additional detail (细节). “You got sick after eating strawberry ice-cream.” The researchers then changed this detail into a manufactured (人为促成的) memory through leading questions --- Who were you with? How did you feel? By the end of the study, up to 41% of those given a false memory believed strawberry ice-cream once made them sick, and many said they’d avoid eating it.

When Loftus published her findings, she started getting calls from people begging her to make them remember hating chocolate or French fries. Unfortunately, it’s not that easy. False memories appear to work only for foods you don’t eat on a regular basis. But most important, it is likely that false memories can be implanted (灌输) only in people who are unaware of the mental control. And lying to a patient is immoral, even if a doctor believes it’s for the patient’s benefit.

Loftus says there’s nothing to stop parents from trying it with their overweight children. “I say, wake up --- parents have been lying about Father Christmas for years, and nobody seems to mind. If they can prevent diseases caused by fatness and all the other problems that come with that, you might think that’s more moral lie. Decide that for yourself.”

72. Why did Loftus ask the volunteers to answer some questions?

　 　A. To improve her computer program.

　 　B. To find out their attitudes towards food.

　 　C. To find out details she can make use of.

　 　D. To predict what food they’ll like in the future.

73. What did Loftus find out from her research?

　 　A. People believe what the computer tells them.

　 　B. People can be led to believe in something false.

　 　C. People tend to forget their childhood experiences.

　 　D. People are not always aware of their personalities.

74. According to the study, people may stop having a certain food if they _______.

　 　A. learn it is harmful for health

　 　B. lie to themselves that they don’t want it

　 　C. are willing to let doctors control their minds

　 　D. think they once had a bad experience of eating it

75. What is the biggest concern with the method?

　 　A. Whether it is moral.　　　　　　 　　B. Who it is best for.

C. When it is effective.　　　　　　 　D. How it should be used.

D

While parents, particularly mothers, have always been attached to their infants (婴儿), societal conditions frequently made this attachment difficult to maintain (保持). First of all, the high infant death rate in the premodern times meant that such attachments often ended in hopelessness. Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused, a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child.

One of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. Another practice that discouraged maternal (母亲的) attachment was tightly wrapping (包裹) infants. Wrapping effectively prevented the close physical interactions like stroking (抚摸) and kissing that are so much a part of modern mothers’ and fathers’ affection for their infants.

A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. Breast-feeding (母乳哺育) was not popular among the well-to-do in the early modern times; infants were often fed by wet nurses hired for the purpose. In some places, such as nineteenth-century France, city infants were sent to wet nurses in the country. Often a wet nurse would feed her own child first, leaving little for the city infant --- who, in many case, died. In Rouen, the death rate for children sent to a wet nurse was 35 percent.

68. Babies were unnamed until they were two so that ________.

　 　A. an old social custom could be kept up

　 　B. maternal attachment could be maintained

　 　C. they could have better chances to survive

　 　D. their parents would not be too sad if they died

69. Why were babies wrapped?

　 　A. To protect them from the cold.　　　 B. To distance their mothers from them.

C. To make them feel more comfortable.

D. To make it easy for their mothers to hold them.

70. Wet nurses were women who _________.

　 　A. babysat city infants　　　　　　 　　B. fed babies of other families

　 　C. sent their babies to the country　　 D. failed to look after their babies

71. Which is the best title for the passage?

　 　A. Societal Conditions in Premodern Times

　 　B. Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment

　 　C. Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate

　 　D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents