18．Commencement （毕业典礼） is a time for idealism．
But economic reality is cruel everywhere； especially for new graduate．They have been told repeatedly that a college degree is an open sesame（芝麻） to the global economy．But that's not necessarily so，according to new research by two economists at he Massachusetts Institute of Technology，Frank Levy and Peter Temin．
It is true that people with college degrees make more money than people without degrees．The gap has narrowed somewhat in recent years，which is disturbing．But the earning power of college graduates still far outpaces that of less-educated workers．
The bad news，though，is that a college degree does not ensure a bigger share of the economics pie for many graduates．In recent decades Mr．Levy and Mr．Temin show，only college-educated women have seen their income grow in line with economy wide gains in productivity．The earnings of male college graduates have failed to keep pace with productivity gains．
Instead，a huge share of productivity growth，which expands the nation's income，is going to Americans on the top of the income scale．In 2005，the latest year with available data，the top of 1 percent of Americans---whose average annual income was $ 1.1 million---took in 21.8 percent of the nation's income，their largest share since 1929．
Administration officials，and other politicians and economists，often，believe that income inequality，reflects an education gap．But Mr．Levy and Mr．Temin show that in the case of men，the average bachelor's degree is not enough to catch the rising tide of the global economy．
They argue that the real reason that inequality is worsening is the lack of strong policies that broadly distribute economic gains．In the past，for example，a more progressive income tax and unions promote equality．Positive measures have been eroding and new ones have not yet emerged，making the income gap even greater．
Mr．Levy and Mr．Temin conclude that only a new government policy can restore general prosperity．That's a challenge to the nation's leader and today's graduates．America needs them to contribute to the development of the nation in global economy．
41．The passage is mainly about thatC．
A．there is a big income gap between female and male college graduates in America．
B．college graduates find it hard to find an ideal job after graduation in America．
C．research shows that American government should take measures to ensure income equality for college graduates
D．college degrees are losing value in America．
42．What is the main idea of paragraph 5？B
A．The whole nation has enjoyed a big income growth with the growth of productivity．
B．Much of the total income in America has been gained by a few very rich people．
C．A small part of people in America have income increase．
D．Upper class Americans contribute most to productivity growth．
43．The underlined word"eroding"in paragraph 7 probably meansB．
A．being gradually destroyed by wind or rain   
B．gradually reducing power
C．gradually disappearing                  
D．gradually not suitable
44．We can infer from the passage thatB．
A．female college graduates have higher income than male ones．
B．female college graduates have benefited from some governmental measures to ensure their income growth．
C．income tax can grantee income equality．
D．new measures and policies have been taken to promote income equality．
45．From the passage，some economists believe that the worsening income inequality is caused byB
A．lower college degree of college graduates  
B．lack of proper governmental policies
C．gender discrimination        
D．underdevelopment of economy and productivity．
17．When your child is supposed to doing homework，they chatting，their friends on Facebook or playing games'!If you want your child to do a good job with their homework and get good grades then you may want to start teaching them that this isn't the best idea．Many studies have shown that multitasking（多任务化）doesn't work，even though your child is probably proudly claiming they can do ten things at once!Many people believe that they can perform two or more tasks meanwhile，but Dr Edward Hallowell says this is a myth．The reality is that shifting tasks results in poor job performance．
New devices such as smartphone，iPads，games and social networking sites make it very easy to multitask and"attention share"resulting in difficulty focusing on the task at hand such as listening in the classroom or doing homework．"Unfortunately．the brain actually rewards kids for multitasking even though performance on every task gets worse and worse．Kids don't know that they are doing worse because they feel better when they multitask，"says Dr Edward Hallowell．
Since the appearance of hand-held devices and social networking sites like Facebook，teachers have noticed a difference in academic performance，critical thinking skills and how information is processed．"Multitasking prevents people from gaining a deep understanding of the information they are trying to learn，"says Dr Edward Hallowell．Kids have a difficult time sticking with a"difficult to understand"topic and are more likely to allow themselves to be distracted（分散精力），to tune out and switch over to Facebook or using their cell phones rather than working harder at understanding a difficult subject or problem．In the long run，the shifting of attention by multitasking affects grades．One study showed that kids that use the Internet while in class did poorly on tests resulting in lower grades．
33．What does the passage mainly talk about？C
A．Multitasking is not truth but myth．
B．The multitasking generation．
C．Multitasking results in poor grades．
D．Children are proud of multitasking．
34．What view does the author hold according to the last paragraph？D
A．Multitasking doesn't affect kids'grades in the long run．
B．Kids multitasking are better at shifting attention．
C．Kids should avoid a most difficult problem．
D．The Internet doesn't help kids learn in class．'
35．What is probably discussed in the paragraph following the．passage？C
A．Different attitudes towards multitasking．
B．Why children like multitasking．
C．What to do with children multitasking．
D．The disadvantages of multitasking．
16．London has become a cycle friendly zone after the launch of a new bike hire scheme．It has been designed to encourage more people to cycle in and around central London．
So how does it  work？First you have to sign up to the scheme to be sent a key．The key will unlock one of the bikes，which are kept at docking stations in  and around central London．You have to pay an access fee for the key and then you pay as you go，for he length of time you use the bike．
Transport for London，which runs the scheme，are hoping to have 6，000 bikes and 400 docking stations in place by the end of the year．The new hire system is hoping to ease congestion in London and is expected to generate up to 40，000 extra cycle trips a day into the city centre．London Mayor Boris Johnston launched the scheme and said London had been"filled with thousands of gleaming machines that will transform the look and feel of our streets and become as commonplace on our roads as black cabs and red buses"．
However，there  have been a few problems since the scheme was launched last Friday．On the first day some people found they couldn't dock their bike  properly and their usage of the bike had not registered．Transport for London did admit they had been expecting a few"teething problems"and have said they wouldn't charge for the first day as a"gesture of goodwill"．Some other people have criticized the lack of docking stations and locks for the bikes as well as the price it costs to hire the bicycles．
Despite the comments，the green-thinking London Mayor still seems very positive about things，saying，"My campaign for the capital to become the greatest big cycling city in the world has taken a gigantic pedal-powered push forwards．"
66．A new bike scheme has started in London to．C
 A．earn more money for the government
 B．encourage the citizens to take exercises
 C．deal with the city's traffic problems
 D．increase employment opportunities
67．Which  is the correct order of a bike hire？D
 a．pay a usage charge according to the time    b．pay for the key
 c．cycle in and around central London  d．sign up as a member to get a key
 A．b-d-c-a  B．b-c-a-d   C．d-c-b-a   D．d-b-c-a
68．According to he passage，the scheme．C
 A．is started by volunteers in London
 B．has prepared cnough cycles available
 C．is expected to improve the environment
 D．has become as popular as cabs and buses
69．Which of the following is NOT the"teething problems"of the scheme？C
 A．People were unable to lock properly．
 B．People could not dock the bikes properly．
 C．People had no enthusiasm about the scheme．
 D．It's too expensive for some people to hire a bike．
70．From the passage we know．D
 A．the‘cycling revolution'failed once started
 B．the scheme will be put off due to the problems
 C．all the citizens in London are in favor of the scheme
 D．the London Mayor has great confidence in the scheme．
15．In cities with rent control，the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment．Supporters of rent control，argue that it protects people who are living in apartments．Their rent cannot increase； therefore，they are not in danger of losing their homes．However，the critics say that after a long time，rent control may have negative effects．Landlords know that they cannot increase their profits．Therefore，they invest in other businesses where they can increase their profits．They do not invest in new buildings which would also be rent-controlled．As a result，new apartments are not built．Many people who need apartments cannot find any．According to the critics，the end result of rent control is a shortage of apartments in the city．
Some theorists argue that the minimum wage law can cause problems in the same way．The federal government sets the minimum that an employer must pay workers．The minimum helps people who generally look for unskilled，low-paying jobs．However，if the minimum is high，employers may hire fewer workers．They will replace workers with machinery．Therefore，other things being equal，the number of workers that employers want decreases．Thus，critics hold the opinion that an increase in the minimum wage may cause unemployment．Some poor people may find themselves without jobs instead of with jobs at the minimum wage．
Supporters of the minimum wage say that it helps people，keep their dignity．Because of the law，workers cannot sell their services for less than the minimum．Furthermore，employers cannot force workers to accept jobs at unfair wages．
Economic theory predict the results of economic decisions such as decisions about farm production rent control and the minimum wage．The predictions may be correct only if"other things are equal"Economists do not agree on some of the predictions．They also do not agree on the value of different decisions．Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it．Economic do agree，however，that there are no simple answers to economic questions．

66．This passage shows that setting maximum rent mayD．
A．encourage the construction of more apartments
B．discourage the renting of apartments as homes
C．reduce the shortage of apartments
D．result in a shortage of apartments．
67．From the passage，we can infer that rent controlB．
A．is completely unnecessary
B．will likely bring about undesired results
C．will bring positive effects in the long run
D．is necessary under all circumstances
68．The problem of unemployment may come up whenC．
A．he minimum wage is set too low           B．the workers are unskilled
C．the minimum wage is set too high         D．people need low-paying jobs
69．This passage is mainly about economists'disagreement onD．
A．the effectiveness of government controls
B．-the urgency of getting rid of government controls．
C．the relationship between supply and demand
D．the possible results of government controls
70．We can conclude from the passage thatB．
A．the results of economic decisions can always be predicted
B．predicting the results of economic decisions is something complicated
C．minimum wage can not protect employees
D．economists usually have the same prediction about an economic decision．
14．You're in a department store and you see a couple of attractive young women looking at a sweater．You listen to their conversation："I can't believe it-a Lorenzo Bertolla!They are almost impossible to find．Isn't it beautiful？And it's a lot cheaper than the one Sara bought in Rome．"
They leave and you go over to see this incredible sweater．It's nice and the price is right．You've never heard of Lorenzo Bertolla，but those girls looked really stylish．They must know．So，you buy it．You never realize that those young women are employees of an advertising agency．They are actually paid to go from store to store，talking loudly about Lorenzo Bertolla clothes．
Every day we notice what people are wearing，driving and eating．If the person looks cool，the product seems cool，too．This is the secret of undercover marketing．Companies from Ford to Nike are starting to use it．
Undercover marketing is important because it reaches people that don't pay attention to traditional advertising．This is particularly true of the MTV generation-consumers between the age of 18and 34．It is a golden group．They have a lot of money to spend．but they don't trust ads．
So advertising agencies hire young actors to"perform"in bars and other places where young adults go．Some people might call this practice deceptive（骗人的），but marketing manager Jonathan Ressler calls it creative．"Look at traditional advertising．Its effectiveness is decreasing．"
However，one might ask what exactly is"real"about of young women pretending to be enthusiastic about a sweater？Adverting managers would say it's no less real than an ad．The difference is that you know an ad is trying to persuade you to buy Something．You don't know when a conversation you overhear is just a performance．

59．The two attractive young women were talking so that they couldB．
A．get the sweater at a lower price      B．be heard by people around
C．be admired by other shoppers          D．decide on buying the sweater
60．Lorenzo Bertolla isD．
A．the name of a popular singer          B．an advertising agency
C．a clothing company in Rome            D．the brand name of a sweater
61．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage？C
A．The two girls are in fact employed by the Lorenzo Bertolla Company．
B．The MTV generation tend to be more easily influenced by ads．
C．Traditional advertising is becoming less effective because it's too direct．
D．Undercover marketing  will surely be stopped soon by the government．
60．Which of the following would be the best title for the text？D
A．Two Attractive Shoppers     B．Lorenzo Bertolla Sweaters
C．Ways of Advertising         D．Undercover Marketing．
13．While the rest of the world is sleeping，my dad is dragging my warm covers off me so we won't be late for my 6a．m．ice hockey game．What started as a （36）Dis now my profession passion，and （37）Bof it would be possible without my dad．
"Let's go，Brendan．You can do it!"（38）A like that does not go unnoticed．Every game，no matter what the  （39）Bis，my dad always says"Good game．"and"You looked great out there．"I'm  （40）B，knowing that even if I make a mistake or  （41）Dpoorly，my dad will still be there for me．（42）A is one of the greatest things anyone can have．My dad is my support，without  （43）C me to become something I'm not．It was my dream to play hockey，and he just  （44）Bme．
As I get older，（45）Dbecomes fiercer．Each season brings a new schedule with more than thirty games，which my dad eagerly  （46）C．He gets as nervous as I do，but somehow  （47）A in his seat and keeps （48）A．He wants to yell and scream like most hockey parents，（49）D he is different．（50）Beach game，we sit down to eat and go over things to work  （51）Cin the future．Usually he only tells me how proud he is of me．（52）C all those early-morning games and later-afternoon skates with Dad，I realize how lucky I am to  （53）B him．It's not easy getting up and driving to rinks （溜冰场） at all hours．My dad not only does that，but also helps me realize my dreams．I make sure that every game he attends，I play my  （54）A，just to show him those 6a．m．（55）D did me some good．

36．A．giftB．jobC．behaviorD．hobby
37．A．anyB．noneC．allD．some
38．A．EncouragementmB．PromiseC．AdviceD．Instruction
39．A．goalB．resultC．purposeD．effect
40．A．comfortableB．confidentC．carefulD．clear
41．A．runB．practiceC．learnD．play
42．A．SupportB．HelpC．LoveD．Trust
43．A．allowingB．forbiddingC．forcingD．wishing
44．A．taughtB．guidedC．orderedD．pushed
45．A．positionB．conditionC．directionD．competition
46．A．joinsB．playsC．attendsD．presents
47．A．rocksB．jumpsC．swingsD．trembles
48．A．quietB．stillC．coolD．happy
49．A．thereforeB．becauseC．soD．but
50．A．BeforeB．AfterC．BeyondD．Over
51．A．withB．forC．onD．off
52．A．RecognizingB．RemindingC．RememberingD．Enjoying
53．A．getB．haveC．meetD．know
54．A．bestB．worstC．quickestD．cleverest
55．A．exercisesB．sportsC．movementsD．games
12．You，re in a department store and you see a couple of attractive young women looking at a sweater．You listen to their conversation：
"I can't believe it-a Lorenzo Betrolla！They are almost impossible to find．Isn't it beautiful？And it's a lot cheaper than the one Sara bought in Rome"．
They leave and you go over to see this incredible sweater．It's nice and the price is right． You've never heard of Lorenzo Bertolla，but those girls looked really stylish．They must know．So，you buy it．You never realize that those young women are employees of an advertising agency．They are actually paid to go from store to store，talking loudly about Lorenzo Bertolla clothes．
Every day we notice what people are wearing，driving and eating．If the person looks cool，the product seems cool，too．This is the secret of undercover（暗中进行的）marketing．Companies from Ford to Nike are starting to use it．
Undercover marketing is important because it reaches people that don't pay attention to traditional advertising．This is particularly true of the MTV generation-consumers between the age of 18 and 34．It is a golden group．They have a lot of money to spend，but they don't trust ads．
So advertising agencies hire young actors to"perform"in bars and other places where young adults go．Some people might call this practice misleading，but marketing executive Jonathan Ressler calls it creative．"Look at traditional advertising．Its effectiveness is decreasing"．
However，one might ask what exactly is"real"about of young women pretending to be enthusiastic about a sweater．Advertising executives would say it's no less real than flu ad．The difference is that you know an ad is trying to persuade you to buy something．You don't know a conversation you overhear is just a performance．

64．The two attractive young women were talking loudly so that they could．B
A．get the sweater at a lower price
B．be heard by people around
C．be admired by other shoppers
D．decide on buying the sweater
65．Lorenzo Bertolla isD．
A．a very popular male singer   B．an advertising agency
C．a clothing company in Rome   D．the brand name of a sweater
66．Which of the following can be inferred from the passage？C
A．The two girls are in fact employed by the Lorenzo Bertolla Company．
B．The MTV generation tends to be more easily influenced by ads．
C．Traditional advertising is becoming less effective because it's too direct．
D．Undercover marketing will surely be banned soon by the government．
67．Which of the following would be the best title for the text？D
A．Two Attractive Shopperb  B．Lorenzo Bertolla Sweaters
C．Ways of Advertising      D．Undercover Marketing．
11．Xiangzi-Lucky，in English-is appropriately named．His owner Qiu Hong，a sports marketer，lets the dog enjoy two daily walks，a collection of imported American toys，$300 worth of monthly food and treats and his own sofa in her high-rise apartment．When Ms．Qiu feels bored，she takes Xiangzi out for a long run in her car．
In a sense，Xiangzi is not just a dog，but a social phenomenon-and，perhaps，a marker of how quickly the Chinese nation is booming through its transformation from poor farmer to first-world citizen．Twenty years ago，there were hardly any dogs in Beijing，but now there're 900，000 registered dogs with countless thousands of others unlicensed．How this came to be is，in some ways，the story of modern China as well．
"People used to be focused on improving their own lives，and they weren't really acquainted with raising dogs，"said Ms．Qiu．"But with the improvement in the economy，people's outlooks （观念） have changed．"
Having a dog can be a way to relieve the stress in people's lives，but mostly Beijing dogs have，as in the West，become objects of affection-even devotion-by their owners．It's easy to find dog-treat stores，dog Web sites，dog social networks，dog swimming pools-even，for a time recently，a bring-your-dog cinema and a bring-your-dog bar on Beijing's downtown nightclub row．
The doglike devotion of pet owners here seems to have softened the city government heart．In 1994，Beijing officials relaxed their no-dog policy to"severely restrict"dogs．In 2003，it was changed again to allow anyone to own a dog，but to limit city dogs to no more than 35 centimeters  in height．And nowadays the restriction seems to be loosely carried out．
As for stir-fried Pekingese （京叭狗）-well，that dog，too，may have seen its day．A formal suggestion to ban the eating of dogs has been made by a law professor named Chang Jiwen，who considered himself"not so much a dog lover as a China lover"．"With China developing so quickly，more people should know how to treat animals properly，"he said in a telephone interview．
 
66．What's the main idea of the first paragraph？B
A．Xiang Zi is a clever dog
B．Xiangzi lives a happy life．
C．Qiu Hong has a lot of money
D．Qiu Hong is very busy．
67．Paragraph Four mainly shows that BeijingersB．
A．live under too much pressure                                
B．love dogs very much
C．are good at making money                                     
D．have modernized their city
68．Judging from the article，we can know thatA．
A．pet owners can be as devoted as the dog
B．there were no dogs in Beijing before 2003
C．Beijing strictly bans dogs above 35cm high in practice
D．Chang Jiwen spoke for dog lovers only
69．Which is NOT mentioned in the article？D
A．China's economical development．
B．The psychological problems in modern society．
C．People's attitude towards animals．
D．The problems caused by dog keeping．
70．Which can be the best title of the article？C
A．Chinese Dogs Are Lucky                                          
B．Dogs Help Humans Live Better
C．Dogs Reflect China's Rise                                       
D．Dogs Enjoy More Freedom In Beijing．
10．When I was a teenager I volunteered to work at the water station at a 10，000m race．My job was to（36）Bwater to the runners．I remember being so（37）Ato see all the different kinds of people who passed by and grabbed a cup of water．Some ran past，some walked past and a few wheeled past．I saw so many types of people doing it．I thought maybe I could do it too!So the next year I（38）Cup for the race and gave it a shot．
       That first 10，000m race was quite an（39）D．I jogged，I walked，I jogged and I walked．（40）A，I didn't know if I could finish．Then came a defining （决定性）（41）C．
       At one point near the end，a 70-year-old man ran past me，very，very fast，and I felt（42）Athat I was 50 years younger than he and I couldn't even keep up with him．I felt （43）Bfor a second．
       But then I（44）Asomething．He was running his race and I was running mine．He had （45）Dabilities，experience，training and goals for himself．I had mine．Remember my （46）Cwas only to finish．
       After a minute，it （47）Bme that this was a lesson I could draw from．I learned something about myself in that moment．I turned my embarrassment into（48）C．
I （49）Cthat I would not give up on running races．In fact，I would run even more races and I would learn how to train and prepare（50）Dand one day I would be one of those 70-years-olds who were still running．As I crossed the finish line，I was proud of my（51）B．
In life we all have those moments where we（52）Dourselves to others．It's only （53）B．Don't allow those moments to（54）Ayou．Turn them into motivation and let them inspire you．With the proper preparation and training，you can improve your result to（55）Danything you want in life．
 
36．A．bring outB．pass outC．take outD．pick out
37．A．excitedB．curiousC．concernedD．anxious
38．A．gaveB．madeC．signedD．dressed
39．A．achievementB．encouragementC．instructionD．experience
40．A．At timesB．In timeC．In allD．After all
41．A．victoryB．decisionC．momentD．conclusion
42．A．embarrassedB．annoyedC．movedD．thrilled
43．A．amusedB．defeatedC．puzzledD．inspired
44．A．realizedB．lostC．noticedD．remembered
45．A．specialB．evidentC．commonD．different
46．A．mottoB．planC．goalD．direction
47．A．worriedB．hitC．reachedD．hurt
48．A．attractionB．devotionC．inspirationD．expectation
49．A．hopedB．promisedC．decidedD．suggested
50．A．slightlyB．hardlyC．clearlyD．properly
51．A．arrangementB．accomplishmentC．movementD．judgement
52．A．introduceB．relateC．presentD．compare
53．A．importantB．naturalC．strangeD．ridiculous
54．A．weakenB．woundC．amuseD．cheer
55．A．reserveB．deliverC．abandonD．achieve
9．Five years ago，David Smith wore an expensive suit to work every day．"I was a clothes addict，"he jokes．"I used to carry a fresh suit to work with me so I could change if my clothes got wrinkled．"Today David wears casual clothes-khaki pants and sports shirt-to the office．He hardly ever wears a necktie．"I'm working harder than ever，"David says，"and I need to feel comfortable．"
       More and more companies are allowing their office workers to wear casual clothes to work．In the United States，the change from formal to casual office wear has been gradual．In the early 1990s，many companies allowed their employees to wear casual clothes on Friday，but only on Friday．This became known as"dress-down Friday"or"casual Friday．""What started out as an extra one-day-a-week benefit for employees has really become an everyday thing．"said business consultant Maisly Jones．
       Why have so many companies started allowing their employees to wear casual clothes？One reason is that it's easier for a company to attract new employees if it has a casual dress code．"A lot of young people don't want to dress up for work，"says the owner of a software company，"so it's hard to hire people if you have a conservative dress code．"Another reason is that people seem happier and more productive when they are wearing comfortable clothes．In a study conducted by Levi Strauss and Company，85 percent of employers said that they believe that casual dress improves employee morale （士气）．Only 4 percent of employers said that casual dress has a negative effect on productivity．Supporters of casual office wear also argue that a casual dress code helps them save money．"Suits are expensive，if you have to wear one every day，"one person said．"For the same amount of money，you can buy a lot more casual clothes．"
66．David Smith refers to himself as having been"a clothes addict，"becauseC．
A．he often wore khaki pants and a sports shirt
B．he couldn't stand a clean appearance
C．he wanted his clothes to look neat all the time
D．he didn't want to spend much money on clothes
67．David Smith wears casual clothes now，becauseA．
A．they make him feel at ease when working
B．he cannot afford to buy expensive clothes
C．he looks handsome in casual clothes
D．he no longer works for any company
68．According to this passage，which of the following statements is FALSE？D
A．Many employees don't like a conservative dress code．
B．Comfortable clothes make employees more productive．
C．A casual clothes code is welcomed by young employees．
D．All the employers in the U．S．are for casual office wear．
69．According to this passage，which of the following statements is TRUE？C
A．Company workers started to dress down about twenty years ago．
B．Dress-down has become an everyday phenomenon since the early 1990s．
C．"Dress-down Friday"was first given as a favor from employers．
D．Many workers want to wear casual clothes to impress people．
70．In this passage，the following advantages of casual office wear are mentioned exceptB
A．saving employees'money
B．making employees more attractive
C．improving employees'motivation
D．making employees happier．
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