2．Two new studies suggest that modern running shoes could increase the risk of injuries to runners．O——青夏教育精英家教网—

2．Two new studies suggest that modern running shoes could increase the risk of injuries to runners．
One study involved sixty-eight healthy young women and men who ran at least twenty-four kilometers a week．The runners were observed on a treadmill machine．Sometimes they wore running shoes．Other times they ran barefoot．
Researchers from the JKM Technologies Company in Virginia，the University of Virginia and the University of Colorado did the study．
They found that running shoes create more stress that could damage knees，hips and ankle joints than running barefoot．They observed that the effect was even greater than the effect reported earlier for walking in high heels．
The study appeared in the official scientific journal of the American Academy of Physical Medicine．
The other study appeared in the journal Nature．It compared runners in the United States and Kenya．The researchers were from Harvard University in Massachusetts，Moi University in Kenya and the University of Glasgow in Scotland．
They divided the runners into three groups．One group had always run shoeless．Another group had always run with shoes．And the third group had changed to shoeless running．
Runners who wear shoes usually come down heel first．That puts great force on the back of the foot．But the study found that barefoot runners generally land on the front or middle of their foot．That way they ease into their landing and avoid striking their heel．
Harvard's Daniel Lieberman led the study．He says the way most running shoes are designed may explain why those who wear them land on their heels．The heel of the shoe is bigger and heavier than other parts of the shoe，so it would seem more likely to come down first．Also，the heel generally has thick material under it to soften landings．

64．How many organizations are involved in the two studies？D
A．Three．          B．Four．
C．Five．           D．Six．
65．Why do running shoes increase the risk of injuries to runners？C
A．They create more stress．
B．They're too big and heavy．
C．They can affect the way the runners run．
D．Their heels can soften landings．
66．What can we learn from the text？A
A．Most running shoes are designed improperly．
B．The design of high heels is better than that of running shoes．
C．No one will run with running shoes in the future．
D．Both of the studies are done in America．
67．How did the researchers do the two studies？B
A．By practising．       B．By comparing．
C．By questioning．      D．By reasoning．

1．

Research shows that humans switch from selfish to unselfish behaviour when they are watched．Do you？
A picture of a set of eyes on a computer screen can cause a change in the way people act．Even images of eyes on a charity donation，collection box encourage people to be unselfish，because people put more money in a collection box that has a picture of eyes on it than they do when a flower symbol is on the box．
Manfred Milinski from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany and Bettina Rockenbach of the University of Berlin，the authors of a new study，found that people act better when they are being watched because they feel they will be rewarded for good behaviour．Their report also referred to other research showing that this response of behaving well when watched is somehow coded into humans and people respond this way unconsciously，or without realizing it．
It is not just humans that act unselfishly when they are being watched．A fish called the grooming fish cleans other fish．When other fish are around，it is gentler．When no other fish are around，however，the grooming fish bites chunks from the fish it is supposed to be cleaning．
The researchers suggest that the best way to get people to behave in the correct way is to make them feel watched．This could be the reason for the success of a famous American army poster．On it was a picture of an elderly man staring fiercely and pointing，it appeared，to the person who was looking at the poster．Under the picture was the caption'I Want You'It encouraged hundreds of thousands of young American men to join the army during the Second World War to fight the Germans and Japanese．

68．According to the report，why does a person behave better when he feels he is being watched？D
A．He does not want to be shamed by others．
B．He needs to show he is a good person．
C．He desires others to like him more．
D．He feels he will receive some social reward．
69．What is the text mainly about？A
A．It describes changed behaviour when observed．
B．It details ways to control people's behaviour．
C．It tells how to make people work harder．
D．It discusses different advertising methods．
70．Where would the study described in the text most likely be found？B
A．In a newspaper．
B．In a scientific journal．
C．In an advertising magazine．
D．In a science textbook．

20．If you have a chance to go to Finland，you will probably be surprised to find how"foolish"the Finnish people are．
Take the taxi drivers for example．Taxis in Finland are mostly high-class Benz with a fare of two US dollars a kilometer．You can go anywhere in one，tell the driver to drop you at any place，say that you have some business to attend to，and then walk off without paying your fare．The driver would not show the least sign of anxiety．
The dining rooms in all big hotels not only serve their guests，but also serve outside diners．Hotel guests have their meals free，so they naturally go to the free dining rooms to have their meals．The most they would do to show their good faith is to wave their registration card to the waiter．With such a loose check，you can easily use any old registration card to take a couple of friends to dine free of charge．
The Finnish workers are paid by the hour．They are very much on their own as soon as they have agreed with the boss on the rate．From then on they just say how many hours they have worked and they will be paid accordingly．
With so many loopholes（漏洞） in everyday life，surely Finland must be a heaven to those who love to take"petty advantages"．But the strange thing is，all the taxi passengers would always come back to pay their fare after they have attended to their business； not a single outsider has ever been found in the free hotel dining rooms．And workers always give an honest account of the exact hours they put in．As the Finns always act on good faith in everything they do，living in such a society has turned everyone into a real"gentleman"．
In a society of such high moral practice，what need is there for people to be on guard against others？

56．While taking a taxi in Finland，a passengerC．
A．can go anywhere without having to pay the driver
B．only pays two US dollars for a taxi ride
C．can never be turned down by the taxi driver wherever he wants to go
D．needs to provide good faith demonstration before leaving without paying
57．We can know from the passage that in FinlandB．
A．both hotel guests and outside diners are served food free of charge
B．big hotels provide meals for all kinds of diners
C．guests can enjoy free food once they stayed in the hotel
D．big hotels are mostly poorly managed
58．Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage？D
A．Generally speaking，in Finland，workers can get more pay by working long hours．
B．The workers and their bosses will make an agreement in advance about the pay．
C．The workers are always honest with their working hours．
D．The bosses are too busy to check the working hours of their employees．
59．It can be concluded thatC．
A．Finnish people are really foolish in daily life
B．Finland has been a good place for cheats
C．the Finnish society is of very high moral level
D．all the Finns are rich and therefore honest．

19．When we think about happiness，we usually think of something extraordinary，a top great delight．
For a child，happiness has a magic quality．I remember playing police and robbers in the woods，getting a speaking part in the school play．Of course，kids also experience lows，but their delight at tops of pleasure is easily seen，such as winning a race or getting a new bike．
For teenagers，or people under 20the concept of happiness changes．Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement，love，and popularity．I can still feel the pain of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to．I also recall the great happiness of being invited at another event to dance with a very handsome young man．
In adulthood the things that bring great joy-birth，love，marriage-also bring responsibility and the risk of loss．Love may not last； loved ones die．For adults，happiness is complex．
My dictionary explains"happy"as"lucky"or"fortunate"，but I think a better explanation of happiness is"the ability to enjoy something"．The more we can enjoy what we have，the happier we are．It's easy for us not to notice the pleasure we get from loving and being loved，the company of friends，the freedom to love where we please，and even good health．Nowadays，with so many choices and much pleasure，we have turned happiness into one more thing we have．We think we own the right to have it，which makes us extremely unhappy．So we try hard to get it and consider it to be the same as wealth and success，without noticing that the people who have those things aren't necessarily happier．
While happiness may be more complex for us，the answer is the same as ever．Happiness isn't about what happens to us．It's the ability to find a positive for every negative，and view a difficulty as a challenge．Don't be sad for what we don't have，but enjoy what we do possess．

60．According to the passage，happiness lies in the ability toD．
A．think of something extraordinary
B．experience delight at an old age
C．feel the magic quality of pleasure
D．enjoy what one has at the moment
61．In paragraph 3，a teenager looks at happiness mainly in terms ofC．
A．material gains                    B．social honor
C．spiritual satisfaction             D．academic achievement
62．The author implies that when one dreams wealth and finally gets it heB．
A．can realize what happiness is
B．may not end up with happiness
C．may consider it extreme happiness
D．should not feel content with himself
63．The passage aims to tellB．
A．the great importance of happiness
B．the real meaning of happiness
C．the constant dream of happiness
D．the changing concept of happiness．

18．BEIJING-The rescue operations at a coal mine accident have ended with 105miners dead．The State Council has organized an investigation team to probe （调查） into what caused the disaster in the city of Linfen，North China's Shanxi Province．Preliminary（初步的） investigations show the illegal mining of an unauthorized seam（未经授权的煤层），and the number of miners who had been sent down the shaft far exceeded its capacity．
This mine was found to have long ignored the rules to steal state coal，and did not have a list of miners employed to check the number of miners missing after the accident．
How did such a coal mine get all the necessary licenses for production？How did it pass the three safety inspections the local government organized last month？
In response to this disaster，the Shanxi governor promised to set up hotlines for people to report illegal coal mines and rewards as high as 100，000yuan for tip-offs．
We appreciate the action this governor has taken to solving the coal mining problems，and we believe that the reporting scheme will help to stop the existence of illegal coal mines．
But at the same time we have reason to question how governments at various levels supervise these mines．
The sad fact that such a mine with serious safety problems could pass three consecutive （连续的）local government safety inspections in a month is enough to tell us how ineffective the safety inspections were．
What if these inspections were just a formality（形式）？What if the inspectors were bribed by the mine owners to turn a blind eye to the safety dangers？We can well imagine what would happen if reports about mine problems were handled by such officials．
So a thorough probe must find out who are responsible for the death of so many miners．A real safety inspection and management system must be established to guarantee that safety dangers will be removed．

64．What is NOT one of the causes of this coal mine accident？A
A．The workers didn't operate properly．
B．The mine didn't obey the rules to mine for coal．
C．A lot more miners than allowed were working under the mine．
D．The safety inspections were ineffective．
65．According to the writer，who should be further investigated？C
A．Mine owners and miners．
B．Miners'families and mine staff．
C．Government officials and safety inspectors．
D．The Shanxi governor and miners．
66．What can we infer from the passage？B
A．More than 105miners died in the disaster．
B．Some other coal mines like this one exist in Shanxi province．
C．Safety inspectors just turned a blind eye to hidden dangers．
D．The three inspections were only a formality．
67．What does the underlined word"tip-offs"probably mean in Paragraph 4？C
A．Some warnings．
B．Some money for one's service．
C．Some secret information．
D．Some pieces of advice．

17．Are  morning people  born or made？In my case it was definitely made．In my early 20s，I rarely went to bed before midnight，and I would almost always get up late the next morning．
But after a while I couldn't ignore the high relationship between success and rising early．On those rare occasions where I did get up early，I noticed that my productivity was almost always higher．So I set out to become a habitual early riser．But whenever my alarm went off，my first thought was always to stop that noise and go back to sleep．Eventually some sleep research showed me that I was using the wrong strategy．
The most common wrong strategy is this：You assume that if you're going to get up earlier，you'd better go to bed earlier．It sounds very reasonable，but will usually fail．
There are two main schools（流派） of thought on sleep patterns．One is that you should go to bed and get up at the same time every day．The second school says you should go to bed when you're tired and get up when you naturally wake up．However，I have found both of them are wrong if you care about productivity．If you sleep at set hours，you'll sometimes go to bed when you aren't sleepy enough．You're wasting time lying in bed awake and not being asleep．
If your sleep is based on what your body tells you，you'll probably be sleeping more than you need．Also，your mornings may be less predictable if you're getting up at different times．
The solution for me has been to combine both methods．I go to bed when I'm sleepy and get up with an alarm clock at a fixed time．So I always get up at the same time （in my case 5am），but I go to bed at different times every night-sometimes at 9：30pm，and other times at midnight．Most of the time I go to bed between 10-11pm．
However，going to bed only when I'm sleepy，and getting up at a fixed time every morning is my way．If you want to become an early riser，you can try your own．

60．According to the passage，the underlined phrase refers toB．
A．people who stay up until the next morning．
B．people who get up early in the morning．
C．people who feel sleepy in the morning．
D．people whose productivity is the highest in the morning．
61．Why did the author want to become a habitual early riser？B
A．Because he/she wanted to form the habit of going to bed early and getting up early．
B．Because he/she had found that his/her productivity was higher when he/she got up
early．
C．Because he/she wanted to see which of the two main schools of thought on sleep
patterns was right．
D．Because he/she was told the high relationship between success and rising early．
62．The author experienced all the following EXCEPTD．
A．going to bed after midnight
B．getting up early occasionally
C．pressing off the alarm to go on sleeping
D．asking scholars for advice on sleeping habits
63．The passage is mainly aboutA．
A．how to become an early riser
B．how to have good sleep
C．wrong strategies for getting up early
D．main schools of thought on sleep patterns．

16．The days of a pain-free visit to the dentist may not be far off．This is thanks to a little Japanese woman in a pink sweater，named Simroid．With a limited vocabulary，Simroid，the 160cm-tall robot is happy to feel your pain．
Simroid is designed to be used at medical colleges．She has realistic looking skin，eyes，and a mouth fitted with replica （仿制） teeth．Her chest also rises and falls as if she is breathing．Simroid releases a clear"ouch!"whenever a trainee dentist presses her teeth too hard with a tool．And she gives a reassuring"that's better"when the drill hits the right place．
"We want to use the robots to train dentists to worry about whether patients are comfortable，and not just focus on medical techniques，"said Naotake Shubui，a professor at Nippon Dental University in Japan who helped develop Simroid．
The robot was one of hundreds of cutting-edge devices on display at the world's biggest robot exhibition last week in Japan．
As scientists improve the design of robots，they could soon be serving tea to office workers or directing shoppers．Today's robots look and act much like the humans who invented them．
In Japan，robots can already be found working as home helps，office receptionists and security guards，as well as on the factory floor．There were more than 370，000industrial robots in use in Japan in 2005，according to a report by Macquarie bank，40percent of the world total，with 32robots for every 1，000workers．The economy ministry believes that the Japanese robot market will be worth more than﹩52billion by 2025．
Human work is being helped，and even replaced，by mechanical efficiency in almost every area，from golf-bag carriers to public toilet cleaners．
But many scientists believe the age of the service robot is not far off．It will arrive once machines are capable of connecting with humans on an emotional level．Judging by the Tokyo exhibition，that process has already begun．

56．Simroid is designed toB．
A．aid dental trainees to focus on their medical techniques
B．train dentists to be able to share patients'feelings
C．help patients relax during dental surgery
D．serve as the dentists'assistance during dental surgery
57．Which of the following about Simroid is NOT true according to the text？C
A．She is a robotic dental patient with a realistic appearance．
B．She will let out a scream whenever she feels a pain．
C．She can communicate a lot with dentists．
D．She is able to react in a human-like way to mouth pain．
58．We can learn from the text thatA．
A．robots are widely used in Japan
B．Japan has taken the lead in developing robots
C．the Japanese robot market has greatest potential in the world
D．the world's biggest robot exhibition is held in Japan every year
59．The phrase"that process"in the last paragraph refers toD．
A．replacing human work with robots
B．improving mechanical efficiency
C．entering the age of the service robot
D．producing a robot capable of connecting with humans on an emotional level．

15．Having one of those days or weeks-when everything seems to trouble you？Even if you do nothing about it，your bad mood will probably go away after some time．But with a little effort，you can forget it much faster-often within a day or two．
Walk it off
Exercise is the most popular bad-mood buster（破坏者）．A person who's in a bad mood has low energy and high tension．Taking a fast ten-minute walk，or doing some quick exercises can do wonders towards changing that bad mood．
Tune it out
Listening to your favorite music for a while can also make tension go away quickly，because music starts associations with past positive experiences we've had．
Give yourself a pep talk
Stop and listen to what's on your mind．Bad moods are often started by too many negative thoughts．Write them all down on paper； the pessimistic （悲观的） messages you've been giving yourself and then give optimistic answers．（"I still don't have a job．"vs"I have two interviews next week．"）
Reduce your stress
Relaxation techniques are wonderful mood-lifters．These include deep breathing，stretching and visualizing （想象），all of which sound complicated but aren't．One easy way to visualize：close your eyes and picture a favorite place，such as the beach．Another simple way to clear up worries is to make a to-do list．One reason for being in a bad mood is feeling you have no options （选择权）．By taking control over certain areas，you realize you're not helpless．You can make changes in your mood and life．
Avoid things that won't improve your mood
TV may not help much：You need to increase your energy level and stimulate something in your mind-that the TV show"Neighbors"won't do．And before you reach for that piece of cake and coffee，think about how mood and food are linked．Sugar and caffeine contribute to depressed moods．The better choice？Research shows that carbohydrates，such as potatoes and pasta，produce a calming effect in people who have a desire for them．

72．We learn from the passage that it might help rid us of a bad moodC．
A．to do nothing about it
B．to take a slow walk on the beach
C．to do some exercises with light music
D．to talk it to neighbours
73．Why is it suggested that you close your eyes and picture the beach？C
A．It is not complicated to do so．
B．It is an area to be easily controlled．
C．It helps beat a bad mood．
D．It brings us a new technique．
74．TV may not improve your mood becauseB．
A．it sometimes shows what happens around you
B．it keeps you stay unmoved
C．it reminds you of eating and drinking
D．it produces a calming effect
75．This passage most probably appears inD．
A．a book on physical exercises B．a doctor's handbook
C．a notice about amusement D．a magazine on health．

14．It is common to consider learning as something that takes place in school，but much of human learning occurs outside the classroom，even from birth and people continue to learn throughout their lives．
Even before they enter school，young children learn to walk，to talk，and to use their hands to use toys，food，and other objects．They use all of their senses to learn about the sights，sounds，tastes，and smells in their environments．They learn how to communicate with their parents，grandparents， siblings，friends，and other people important to their world．When they enter school，children learn basic academic subjects such as reading，writing，and mathematics．They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom．They learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished．They learn social skills for communicating with other children．After they finish school，people must learn to deal with many major changes that affect their lives，such as getting married，raising children，and finding and keeping a job．
Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do，the study of learning is important in many different fields．Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children．Psychologists，social workers，criminologists，and other human?service workers need to understand how certain experiences change people's behaviors．Employers，politicians，and advertisers make use of the principles of learning to affect the behaviors of workers，voters，and consumers．
Learning is closely related to memory，which is the storage of information in the brain．Psychologists who study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge，where this storage takes place，and how the brain later outputs knowledge when we need it．In contrast，psychologists who study learning are more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person's experiences．

68．The underlined"siblings"in the second paragraph probably meansD．
A．teachers     B．classmates
C．doctors      D．brothers or sisters
69．Which period of children's life does they begin to know to behave well according to the passage？C
A．After they go into society          B．Before they enter school
C．When they are at school            D．Before they are born
70．Which of the following is WRONG according to the passage？A
A．As a matter of fact，learning begins with formal school education．
B．Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate their students．
C．People need to understand how certain experiences change their behaviors．
D．Employers should study the principles of learning to manage their workers well．
71．The author mainly tries to tell usDin the last paragraph．
A．learning is only related to memory and experiences
B．psychologists are interested in how the brain stores knowledge
C．psychologists are more interested in a person's behavior
D．how the relationship between learning，brain and behavior works．

13．The announcements by the NASA，in the form of several Web site postings and a video posted on YouTube，were in response to worries that the world will end on Dec．21，2012．
The doomsday（末日） rumour reached a high point with the release of the new movie"2012"，directed by Roland Emmerich．In the movie，Yellowstone blows up，showering the continent with black ash．Tidal waves wash over the Himalayas，where the governments of the planet have secretly built a ship which a select 400，000people can ride out the storm．There are hundreds of hooks devoted to 2012，and millions of Web sites，depending on what combination of"2012"and"doomsday"you type into Google．All of it，astronomers say，is nonsense．"Most of what's claimed for 2012relies on wishful thinking and ignorance of astronomy．"Ed Krupp，an expert on ancient astronomy，wrote in an article in the November issue of Sky&Telescope．
"I get angry at the way people are being influenced and frightened to make money，"Morrison said．"There is no right to frighten children to make a buck．"suggested David Morrison，an astronomer at the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Field，Calif．He said he had been getting about 20letters and e-mail messages a day from people as far away as India scared out of their wits．Morrison said he did not blame the movie for all this，as much as many other supporters of the Mayan prediction．But then，he said，"my doctorate is in astronomy，not psychology．"
In an e-mail exchange，Krupp said："We are always uncertain about the future，and we always consume representations of it．We are always attracted by the romance of the ancient past．"A NASA spokesman，Dwayne Brown，said the agency did not comment on movies，leaving that to movie critics．But when it comes to science，Brown said，"we felt it was careful to provide a resource．"
If you want to worry，most scientists say，you should think about global climate change or nuclear war．But if ancient prophecies（预言）get you going，here are some things Morrison and the others think you should know．

64．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage？D
A．Dr．Morrison blamed the Movie"2011"for the panic it aroused in the public around the world．
B．People who watched the movie were seared and firmly believed that the end of the world was coming．
C．In terms of science it was better to provide evidence and theory at the same time．
D．Dr．Morrison thought it was not right to make money by frightening people．
65．It can be inferred from the text thatD．
A．astronomers think that doomsday is likely to happen in the near future
B．the reason why the NASA posted web site postings was to make people interested in astronomy
C．scientists think we shouldn't worry about doomsday but show concern about environment protection
D．most astronomers agree that the world is not ending-at least anytime soon
66．Which of the following would be the best title？B
A．A New Movie"2012"
B．Is Doomsday Coming？
C．End-of-the-World Stories
D．Astronomers Comment on Movies
67．What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows？C
A．Evidence that the Mayans thought something special would happen in 2012．
B．What will really happen in 2012．
C．The reason why there is no need to worry about doomsday．
D．Ancient stories about the end of the world．

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