2．Plastic is one of the most important technological discoveries of the 20th century．However，it may soon be replaced．The new development-liquid wood-can replace plastics in all branches of modern-day industries．
Plastic as a material enjoys the biggest demand in the modern world，but it does have a number of drawbacks．First and foremost，plastic isn't recyclable．Secondly，it contains toxins （毒物） helping develop cancerous diseases．Finally，it's made of oil and oil reserves aren't endless．
The liquid wood technology is likely to replace plastic and providing mankind with new materials for many years ahead．Norbert Eisenfreich，a senior researcher at the Faunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology in Germany （ICT），said that arboform，the new material，is made of lignin（木素质），which can be obtained from soft tissues of wood．Once mixed with several other matenals，it turns into solid and non-toxic  alternative  for plastics．
ICT team leader Emilia Regina Inone-Kauffmann said the wood-working industry separates wood into three basic components，including lignin．Lignin isn't used for the production of paper．Specialists of ICT mixed lignin with several natural materials and thus invented the material which could be melted and molded （铸型）．
When solid，arboform looks like plastic and possesses tho qualitie of polished wood．It can be used for the production of any items．Arboform is already used for the production of car parts which require extra strength．In addition，liquid wood can be recycled repeatedly．The material preserved all of its qualities even if it's reprocessed ten times．
However，the new invention doesn't enjoy an extensive use due to the high content of sulfur（硫） in it．German researchers are sure to reduce the amount of sulfur by 90% very soon to make arboform usable for home needs．

71．According to the passage，plasticC．
A．helps us to reduce the use of petrol
B．helps to protect our environment in some way
C．does harm to our society in some way
D．has been replaced by the newly discovered material
72．What's the advantage of arboform over plastic？C
A．It is easier made from natural oil．
B．It is more widely used in household
C．It is recyclable and friendly to environment．
D．It contains no poisonous materials．
73．The underlined word"altemative"in Paragraph 3meansD．
A．lignin or arboform
B．soft tissues of wood
C．plastics or wood
D．mixture of several materials
74．It can be concluded that German researchers will focus their future work firstly onB．
A．the material's extensive use
B．the content of sulfur in arboform
C．the production cost of arboform
D．the qualities of liquid wood
75．The main purpose of the text is toA．
A．introduce liquid wood which will replace plastic
B．show readers how to produce arboform
C．advertise the new material-arboform
D．advertise new products made of arboform．
1．None of our early ancestors could digest milk as adults because their bodies never had to----milk drinking simply wasn't an option．As people began to extract milk from animals，though，some people developed the ability to keep drinking it throughout their lives．
Scientists now know of a milk-related mutation （ 变异） in our genes--the chemical instructions for life that we carry in almost every cell in our bodies．People who have a mutated form of one particular gene can drink milk just fine．People without the mutation tend to get sick from milk．
To figure out where，and possibly why，milk drinking started，some scientists have been looking at who has the milk-digesting mutation today．Patterns are striking．
Most adults in Northern and Central Europe are able to digest milk--and they do．Cheese and butter and other dairy products are popular in countries such as Sweden，Denmark，Germany and England．Because European settlers dominated North America，most people here can handle milk just fine，as well．That may explain why ice cream is such a popular dessert in the United States．
In much of Africa，Asia and South America，on the other hand，people tend to avoid dairy products because they lead to diarrhea （腹泻） and other stomach problems．（That's why you won't typically find cheese on the menu at a Chinese，Japanese or Ethiopian restaurant．） Native
Americans are also unable to digest milk．
Based on these genetic patterns，scientists have long thought that-milk drinking started inNorthern Europe，where dairy is an institution and the milk-digesting mutation is everywhere．
A recent study painted a different picture．With a computer medal，Thomas and colleagues looked at the spread of the milk-drinking mutation，farming and other related factor．Working backward，the scientists concluded that the first milk-thinkers lived in Central Europe around what's now Hungary about 7，500years ago．The practice didn't start farther north，as scientists had thought before．

66．Which of the following is the proper order of events according to the passage？C
a．Their children were able to digest milk as adults．
b．They got sick from the milk．
c．Some people got a mutation in their genes．
d．Some people tried drinking milk from animals．
e．Some people started to drink milk from animals on a regular basis．
A．c→d→b→e→a     B．d→e→b→c→a    C．d→b→e→c→a     D．e→d→b→c→a
67．Most people in the USA can digest milk becauseB．
A．they have strong stomachs                  B．their ancestors were Europeans
C．that's where milk drinking stinted        D．farmers raise a lot of cows there
68．Which of the following is LEAST likely to appear on the menu in a Japanese restaurant？A
A．Butter．        B．Vinegar．
C．Fish．          D．Beef．
69．Which of the following is the author most likely to agree with？B
A．Milk drinking first started in Northern Europe．
B．Milk drinking first started in Central Europe．
C．North American Indians were able to digest milk．
D．Dairy products are very popular in North Korea．
70．The main focus of the scientists'research wasD．
A．mutation of human genes                B．development of the human stomach
C．why milk drinking started              D．where milk drinking first started．
20．Jack lay quiet and unmoving，for thirty minutes while a stranger repeatedly stabbed（刺）him  with sharp needles，causing blood to pour steadily out of his leg．Jack was getting a tattoo．His friend Tony had recently gotten a tattoo，and Jack was so impressed by it that he decided to get one too．Peer pressure，media influence．and personal expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos today．
The desire to be accepted by one's friends or peers can have a great influence on what a person does．Sometimes wearing a tattoo can be sign that you belong to a certain group．Gangs often use special clothes and tattoos to identify their particular group．Some of these groups wear only brand-name clothes．Others wear tattoos．When a person's friends are all doing something，that person is more likely to do the same thing．
The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos in North America．A wide variety of media images （人物，图象）show tattoo-people appearing in commercials selling expensive cars，famous sports heroes with tattoos in magazine，fashion models wearing designer cloths that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and colorful patterns．These media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth，success，and status．As a result，many people decide to get a tattoo fir its fashion and status value．
Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature，their beliefs，or their feelings-in other words，to show their individuality（个性）．A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo of a guitar on the arm．Some environmentalists may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on their shoulders．A tattoo can be a public sign to show what is important in a person's life．
As you can see，there are many reasons why young North American get tattoos．A tattoo can be part of a group's uniform，a sign of fashion or an expression of individuality．The decision to get a tattoo is most often a result of the influence of friends or media or the desire to express oneself．For Jack，it was a mixture of all three．

66．Jack has got tattoos in order toD．
A．show his great bravery      B．gain a special experience
C．make himself more healthy   D．be different from others
67．According to the passage，media image are linked toB．
A．traditional life style    B．social position
C．cultural background       D．public interest
68．We can infer from the passage thatA．
A．some people get tattoos out of pressure
B．tattoo is related to religious belief
C．getting tattoos costs a lot of money
D．most people with tattoos are artist
69．What is the best title of the text？C
A．Peer pressure，media influence，and personal expression
B．The advantages of getting tattoos
C．Why people getting tattoos
D．The popularity of tattoos
70．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage？D
CP：Central Point P：Point  Sp：Sub-point（次要点）  C：Conclusion
19．Every culture has it own ways to show friendship．On the island of Hawaii，friendship is part of the"aloha spirit"．In the language of the Hawaiians who first settled the islands long ago，aloha had a very special meaning．That is"to be with happiness"．
Hawaiians believe that once somebody loves the land，they are ready to love their people or community．This is the second most important thing of friendship．It is called lokahi in the Hawaiian language，which means"oneness with all people"．To enjoy the land you should not be selfish．The land is for everyone who lives on．Today many different people call Hawaii their home．Indeed，Hawaii is a place where people make one big community from many smaller communities．Each person gives kokua（help） to other people so that all feel stronger．It is believed that the islands can be a paradise（天堂） when people live in peace．People are told that their actions should be as gentle as the wind that blows from the sea．When problems happen，people are asked to solve them with understanding．So when people of Hawaii talk about ohana（family），they are really talking about all those who live on the island．
Living in peace，Hawaiians have developed a third sign of friendship．This personal friendship is shown by giving leis to one another．The lei，a string of flowers，is put over a friend's neck．Then the friend is given a kiss on the cheek．Visitors to the islands are also given leis．When they hear aloha，visitors began to feel at home．Aloha also means"goodbye"，so visitors will hear it again when they leave．It can mean"our hearts singing together"．Perhaps this is how most visitors will remember their new friendship．
51．Which of the following can be the proper title for this text？D
A．People in Hawaii                          
B．Visitors to Hawaii
C．Traveling in Hawaii                    
D．Friendship in Hawaii
52．How do you understand the underlined sentence in the first paragraph？B
A．Happiness matters most for Hawaiians．
B．Friendship is always together with happiness．
C．Friendship is every thing in Hawaiian culture．
D．Friendship has special meanings for Hawaiians．
53．Which of the following proverb can best express the idea of friendship by Hawaiians？B
A．Practice makes perfect
B．Love me，love my dog．
C．A penny saved is a penny gained
D．An apple a day keeps a doctor away．
54．Which of the following is a sign to show friendship by Hawaiians？C
A．A warm handshake
B．A kiss on the cheek
C．A string of flowers
D．A big hug．
55．According to the text，which of the following Hawaiian word expresses more good wishes？A
A．aloha              B． lokahi               C．kokua                D．ohana．
18．It is one of the greatest mysteries of nature．In case you haven't noticed，all living things follow very definite，individual rhythms，all as regular as a clock，but what makes them regular？
    Though many scientists maintain that these rhythms are the result of some outside force like gravity or radiation or both，the results of most scientific researches agree with other scientists who believe that each living thing has its own built-in biological"time clock．"
    Take the mystery of migration for example．Scientists can't really explain why many species of birds migrate in the autumn even though the temperature is still summery．The birds just seem to snub the comfortable weather that they are having．When a certain time comes，they travel south by the thousand．In spring time，they migrate northwards even though there probably is snow still covering the ground when they finally arrive．Something said"go，"and they did．
    Animals that hibernate （冬眠） are obeying individual time clocks，too．When their clock indicates the time to take a winter's nap，they do，and nothing can stop them．At a certain time in the spring，they wake up and come out regardless of the weather outside．
    Plants appear to have yearly rhythms，such as the sprouting of seeds，and they also have daily rhythms．Notice sometimes that plants raise their leaves in daylight and lower them at night．
    If you live along the California coast，you can easily observe a demonstration of this mysterious clock functioning regularly．There，from February to September，the highest tides occur exactly every fourteen and four-fifths days，and during these high tides，but at no other time，small silvery fish called grunions surf-ride a wave to the beach．There the female deposits her eggs in the sand and the male fertilizes them； then both hitch a wave-ride back to the sea．Exactly fourteen and four-fifths days later，never before or after，the tiny eggs hatch，and the high tide carries the new babies out to sea．

72．According to the passage，the mysterious rhythms result fromD．
   A．the influence of gravity on living species
   B．the effect of radiation on living species
   C．the influence of a mysterious outer force on living species
   D．the internal mechanism inside the living species
73．The underlined word"snub"in the third paragraph probably meansB．
   A．fight          B．ignore          C．symbolize         D．criticize
74．Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE？D
   A．Hibernating animals are obeying an internal time clock．
   B．The positioning of the leaves of some plants is due to the daily rhythms．
   C．The internal clock functioning is demonstrated in the reproducing habits of grunions．
   D．The yearly hibernation is more because of the weather influence than the biological functioning．
75．The passage is mainly aboutA．
   A．the rhythms of life              
   B．the reasons of mysterious hibernation
   C．strange behaviors of species     
   D．the timing for different events in the world of species．
17．In Singapore，most of us love window-shopping while some others enjoy having a picnic at East Coast Park or Changi Beach on sunny days．Singaporeans are never bothered by the occasional thunderstorm．However，we know that if it rains for long continuous periods，there will be more serious effects．Just recently the main shopping street of Orchard Road was flooded and some part of Bukit Timah was impassable to traffic．People reacted by writing in to the newspaper to complain about this!We forget that other countries suffer much worse effects．Elsewhere，heavy tropical（热带的）storms often result in floods that ruin erops especially in Thailand and Malaysia．This in turn usually means that the price of rice and vegetables here in Singapore will rise because we import these products from them．If there is a typhoon or tsunami，thousands of lives are lost too．This happened in Indonesia and Phuket in Thailand in 2004 and it serves to remind us of how Mother Nature can cause great damage．
Weather patterns in general have changed dramatically in recent years．Scientists believe that global warming and the resulting melting of the polar ice-cap has caused the level of the ocean to rise．This in turn causes flooding of low-lying areas in countries where the land is rather flat and some parts of which is below water level．It is believed that human activities have caused Mother Nature to show her extreme anger，so it is now important that we really work together to cut down on harmful activities，for example，illegal logging（伐木）or irresponsible forest-burning to clear land for farming．
56．From Paragraph 1，we can see that most Singaporeans loveC．
A．making complaints       
B．going out for picnics
C．doing window-shopping   
D．traveling along the coast
57．What will happen in Singapore if there are floods in its neighboring countries？B
A．Heavy tropical storms will follow shortly．
B．The price of rice and vegetables will go up．
C．Many people will write in to the newspaper．
D．More rice and vegetables will be imported．
58．The underlined word"it"in Paragraph 2 refers toD．
A．the arrival of heavy tropical storms
B．the import of rice and vegetables
C．the rising price of rice and vegetables
D．the loss of lives in natural disasters
59．Which of the following shows how the low-lying areas are flooded？A
a．global warming
b．the rise in ocean level
c．harmful human activities
d．the flooding of low-lying areas
e．the melting of the polar ice-cap
A．c→a→e→b→d       
B．a→c→e→b→d       
C．c→a→b→e→d       
D．d→a→c→b→e
60．What should we do in order not to make Mother Nature angry？B
A．Clear more land for farming
B．Reduce harmful human activities．
C．Bring down the price of food
D．Improve the quality of weather．
16．A U．S man found 3 00 letters to God floating in the Atlantic Ocean last week．He said on Friday he would（1）Athem to a church instead of selling them on eBay following protests from religious people．
The letters，sent to a late Baptist clergyman （牧师），were（2）Cput in a sealed plastic shopping bag near a（3）Din Atlantic，New Jersey．
Bill Lacovara，an insurance adjuster from Ventnor，New Jersey，said he got the bag while on a fishing trip last week．
The letters were（4）Cto the clergyman，who died in 2004．Someone cleaning his house may have（5）Bthe bag，which Lacovara found about 100 miles （160km） from Cooper's house．
They include one from a teenage girl asking God to（6）Aher for her wrongdoing，one from a prisoner who said he was（7）Cand someone had set a trap for him，and（8）Dfrom a man who wanted God's help winning the lottery，according to media reports．
Lavovara said he could have（9）Athem on eBay for up to $15，000（7，889 pounds） according to his prediction of the compete price and would have given the money to charity．But he has changed his mind because he said the move caused（10）Bto some religious people．
"They said they were（11）Din me，and I didn't want to do something that's going to create（12）Dresults．"he told Reuters．
Some（13）Bhim to burn the letters，throw them back in the ocean or give them to a church，Lacovara said．
Lacovara said about a dozen clergymen have offered to take the letters，and he is evaluating the（14）Ato make sure the letters don't fall into the（15）Ahands．
1．A．donateB．showC．sellD．owe
2．A．hurriedlyB．privatelyC．mysteriouslyD．occasionally
3．A．riverB．lakeC．hillD．beach
4．A．takenB．offeredC．addressedD．given
5．A．collectedB．thrownC．openedD．destroyed
6．A．forgiveB．punishC．adjustD．charge
7．A．friendlyB．correctC．innocentD．energetic
8．A．othersB．anotherC．the otherD．one
9．A．auctionedB．boughtC．donatedD．discounted
10．A．damageB．offenceC．injuryD．worry
11．A．absorbedB．involvedC．interestedD．disappointed
12．A．finalB．directC．sameD．bad
13．A．forcedB．urgedC．questionedD．pleased
14．A．requestsB．ordersC．commandsD．invitations
15．A．wrongB．poorC．tightD．firm
15．When an ant dies，other ants take it out of the nest，often within an hour after its death．This behavior interests scientists and they wonder how ants know for sure-and so soon-that another ant is dead．
One scientist recently came up with a way to explain this ant behaviour．Dong-Hwan Choe is a biologist，a scientist who studies animals and plants．He found that ants have a chemical on the outside of their bodies that signals to other ants，"I'm dead-take me away"when it is dead．
But there's a question to answer：As we know，if an ant is dead，it stops moving．But when an ant is sleeping or knocked unconscious，it is also not moving．However，other ants don't move the living ant out of the nest．How do they know this ant is not dead？Choe found that ants have another chemical on their bodies，which tells nearby ants something like，"Wait-I'm not dead yet"when it is not dead．Choe suspects that when an ant dies，the chemical that says，"Wait I'm not dead yet"quickly goes away．When other ants detect the"dead"chemical without the"not dead yet"chemical，they move away the body．
To test his theory，Choe and his team put different chemicals on ants．When the scientists used the"I'm dead"chemical，other ants quickly moved the treated ant away．When the scientists used the"Wait-I'm not dead yet"chemical，other ants left the treated ant alone．Choe believes this behavior shows that the"not dead yet"chemical overrides the"dead"chemical when picked up by other ants．And that when an ant dies，the"not dead yet"chemical fades away．Other nearby ants then detect the remaining"dead"chemical and remove the body from the nest．
 Understanding this behavior can help scientists figure out how to stop ants from invading new places and causing problems．
57．What is the function of the first paragraph？C
A．Leading the following paragraphs．
B．Showing the main idea of the passage．
C．Introducing the background of the passage．
D．Giving a summary of the passage．
58．Which of the following has the closest meaning to the underlined word"overrides"in the fourth paragraph？B
A．is weaker than        B．is stronger than    C．is better than    D．is worse than
59．What can we learn from the passage？B
A．Living ants can also be taken away when they are not moving．
B．When an ant dies，it can tell others using a certain chemical．
C．A living ant can pretend to be dead using a special chemical．
D．Ants often use chemicals to communicate with each other．
60．Which of the following descriptions about Dong-Hwan Choe is right？C
A．Choe did this study in order to stop ants from invading new places．
B．Choe is a biologist who is only interested in animals，especially in ants．
C．Choe first came up with an idea to explain this ant behavior，and then did some tests to prove his theory．
D．Choe did the research on this ant behavior on his own．
14．A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains．
When you look at something，your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain．Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send．Cells in your brain called neurons（神经元） are responsible for this processing．
　　The fMRI （functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging功能性磁共振造影） brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at．
　　Like cells anywhere else in your body，active neurons use oxygen．Blood brings oxygen to the neurons，and the more active a neuron is，the more oxygen it will consume．The more active a region of the brain，the more active its neurons，and in turn，the more blood will travel to that region．And by using fMRI，scientists can visualize which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood--and therefore，which parts are working to process information．
　　An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain．The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks，looks at something，or carries out an activity like speaking or reading．By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images，fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images．
　　The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects，like people，animals，and fruits．The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers'brain activity with each photograph they looked at．Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers'brains to light up on the scan，indicating activity．The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see．
In a second test，the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures．Like before，their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image．This time，the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image．For example，if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly，related to pictures of apples in the first test，their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples．
51．What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes？C
A．A small region of the brain．
B．The central part of the brain．
C．Neurons in the brain．
D．Oxygen-rich blood．
52．Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer？D
A．Cells in your brain are called neurons．
B The more oxygen a neuron consumes，the more blood it needs．
C fMRI helps scientists to discover which parts of the brain process information．
D fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently．
53．"Highlighting the areas of the brain at work"meansA
A．"marking the parts of the brain that are processing information"
B．"giving light to the parts of the brain that are processing information"
C．"putting the parts of the brain to work"
D．"stopping the parts of the brain from working"
54．What did the researchers experiment on？B
A Animals，objects，and fruits．
B Two volunteers．
C fMRI machines．
D Thousands of pictures．
55．What is the best title for the passage？A
A．Mind-reading Machine
B．A Technological Dream
C．Device that can Help You Calculate
D．The Recent Development in Science and Technology．
13．Eat healthier．Exercise twice a week．Read more books．Lose weight．We make the same resolutions（决心） every year，but most of us fail，dying out after only a few days or，at best，weeks．Even the most successful among us crash and burn when it comes to personal change．President-elect Barack Obama struggles to remove his cigarette habit．
 Professionals who help people make changes in their lives suggest the change is determined not by one's surroundings，but one's mind．Beginning with small goals or steps usually leads to a bigger payoff later，they say．But they caution that the experience is different for everyone．
"People are more likely to make positive changes in their lives not only when their friends do，but when their friends of friends do，and when their friends of friends of friends do，"said Nicholas Christakis，a professor of medical sociology at Harvard University．"People are better able to make changes in their lives-lose weight，quit smoking，become happy-when they do this with a large number of other people，and so taking advantage of your social network ties can result in a magnification of your own efforts．"
    Jhonny Augustin understands that well．His resolution for 2008 was to shed 30 pounds from his 237-pound frame．But the change didn't come easily．He said，"I'm a huge procrastinator，I kept putting it off until tomorrow．I didn't get to do it until the summer．"However，Augustin got inspired when he saw his older brother working out．Today，Augustin weighs 190 pounds．
"Of course，change can happen only if people don't set their expectations too high or try to tackle too many changes at once； one of the biggest mistakes we make is setting unrealistic goals，"said Dalia Llera，a psychologist and associate professor of counseling and psychology at Lesley University．"You can't accomplish in a few weeks what you haven't accomplished in a few years，"said Llera．
46．From the first paragraph we can infer that．A
A．change for a person is challenging
B．famous people have great determination
C．most people don't want to change themselves
D．personal change is beyond belief
47．It is known from Nicholas christkis that．B
A．making a change is easier with support from a cheerful group of friends
B．social networks have great effect on one's change
C．people who have the same attitude often get together
D．people's mood can contribute to their efforts
48．The word"procrastinator"in Paragraph 4 refers to those who．C
A．have great determination to make a change
B．have no desire to do something great
C．put off work especially because of laziness
D．have habitual carelessness and laziness
49．According to the passage，Dalia Liera suggested that．D
A．people should understand their goals well
B．people should try their best to change themselves
C．people should have confidence and positive habits
D．people should start with setting small goals to meet
50．The passage is mainly about．D
A．the reason why losing weight is so hard
B．the effect of the positive change
C．the attitudes towards change in life
D．the ways of making a change．
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