13．For centuries.people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about．Some psychologi——青夏教育精英家教网—

13．For centuries，people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about．Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning．Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives．In fact，many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person's mind and emotions．
Before modern times，many people thought that dreams contained messages from God．It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way．
The Austrian psychologist，Sigmund Freud，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically．He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings，thoughts，and fears that they are afraid to express in real life．
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung，once a student of Freud's．Jung，however，believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer．He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams．For example，people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves．On the other hand，people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves．
Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams．For example，psychologist William Domhoff from UCSC （the University of California，Santa Cruz），believes that dreaming is a mental （精神的） skill that needs time to develop．His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults．
Another psychologist Adam Schneider，also from UCSC，has found that the dreams of men and women are different．For example，the people in men's dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting．This is not true of women's dreams．
Can dreams help us understand ourselves？Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways．However，one thing they agree on is this：If you dream that something terrible is going to occur，you shouldn't panic．The dream may have meaning，but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place．

32．Before the 1900s，B．
A．people considered dreams meaningless
B．there were no scientific studies of dreams
C．psychologists had no idea about dreams
D．dreams were thought to happen only at night
33．We can infer from Carl Jung's research thatA．
A．he disagreed with Freud's idea about dreams
B．dreams are an expression of a person's wishes
C．he proved that Freud's idea about dreams was true
D．how people think of themselves is affected by their dreams
34．Who found a connection between dreams and age？D
A．Carl Jung
B．Adam Schneider
C．Sigmund Freud
D．William Domhoff
35．What's the best title for the text？A
A．What's Dream？
B．Are Dreams Real？
C．Famous Dream Psychologists
D．Dreams'Influences on People's Life．

12．There is a problem discussed by people about whether parents should hit their children？Or should they ever beat them？
Research suggests many of us are likely to respond"no"，and public support for spanking（打屁股）has been falling over the years．But surveys also show that 75percent to nearly 90percent of parents admit to spanking their child at least once．
I was raised in a zero-tolerance home for disrespect，and my parents often turned to physical punishment．And，no，I don't feel I was damaged by it．
Nothing is more annoying than watching ill-mannered behavior from children．
But there is data to suggest that a return to old-school spanking isn't the answer．
Two years ago，Newsweek reported that it had found data suggesting that teens whose parents used physical punishment were more likely to become aggressive．
Murray Straus，professor at the University of New Hampshire in America，has studied the topic of children and spanking for decades．He said that children who were physically punished have lower IQs than their peers．It may be that children with lower IQs were more likely to get spanked，but the punishment may have been counterproductive（反作用的）to their mental development，as well．
Some researchers make the argument that occasional open-handed smacks（用巴掌打）on the bottom are not only harmless but can have some benefit．
Last year，Marjorie Gunnoe，a psychologist at Calvin College，studied teens who have never been spanked．There are a greater number of children growing up without ever having been physically punished．Gunnoe's research suggests they don't turn out any better than those who were sometimes spanked．
There are some parents who simply cannot control their tempers（脾气）．But I still believe that the best parents are the ones who are able to offer fair and firm discipline（纪律，约束） without ever turning to physical punishment．

25．According to the first three paragraphs，the author was probably hit by her parents whenC．
A．they were dissatisfied with her grade．
B．they cannot control their temper．
C．she showed no respect for the elder．
D．their discipline turns out to be not strict enough．
26．According to Murray Straus，children who are physically punishedB．
A．are less aggressive toward others when they get older
B．may develop lower IQs than their peers
C．benefit from occasional spanking
D．have slower physical development
27．The author seems to agree thatD．
A．parents should determine whether a child needs to be smacked or not
B．children who have been spanked tend to behave better than those who haven't
C．physical punishment should be the last resort（手段）of any parent
D．good parents discipline their children in a fair and reasonable way．

11．Selfies （自拍） have become an increasingly common way to capture memorable moments．When it comes to taking selfies，knowing the following tips can directly affect the quality of your final product．
The use of light is vital to improving image quality．Lights can help avoid shadows and create soft features on your face，so turn your face toward the main light source．If you want to be creative，play with light angles by turning your body，but make sure the photo is properly exposed and your face is lit from the front or the side．Besides，avoid taking selfies against the main light source or with overhead lighting．In addition，natural light possesses a warmth that makes you look like you're glowing．（发光）
When taking selfies，angles also matter a lot．Hold the camera away from your face，and try to take photos both horizontally（水平地） and vertically（垂直地）．If not，your face might look bigger than usual．Ideally，the universal selfie angle is 45degrees above your head．But you should study your face at different angles because finding your best angle requires you having seen all of them．
One problem with selfies is that most have distracting backgrounds．You can always do more to show others your best side．Try to simplify the background by taking selfies outdoors or in spacious areas．Document yourself engaging in interesting activities---hiking with family members，visiting landmarks，or working out with friends．At least，you can make the photo appealing by getting rid of your outstretched arm or a background that's too busy．
You can also download some photo apps that allow you to adjust the lighting and contrast．Some apps offer useful filters，which can change your skin tone and remove pimples （粉刺） on your face．

1．To get an image of high quality，you need toC．
A．be under the light source
B．be against the main light
C．face the main light source
D．have the photo fully exposed
2．How can you find the angle that suits you most？A
A．Study your face at different angles．
B．Hold the camera far enough from you．
C．Keep the camera lower than your face．
D．Place the camera 45degrees above your head．
3．Which of the following should be avoided when taking selfies？D
A．The use of natural light．
B．A landmark as a background．
C．Changes of the skin tone．
D．A busy background．

10．Eating too much fatty food，exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease．But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately：the air you breathe．
Previous studies have linked high exposure （暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem，but two analyses（分析） now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke （中风）within as little as a few hours after exposure．In one review of the research，scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants （污染物）were up to 5% more likely（可能的） to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure．A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U．S．Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） considers to be of"moderate"（良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12to 14hours of exposure．
The authors of both studies stress（强调）that these risks are relatively（相对的）small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure．However，it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices．So stricter regulation（规章制度）by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health．

32．The text mainly discusses the relationship betweenA．
A．heart problems and air quality
B．heart problems and exercising
C．heart problems and smoking
D．heart problems and fatty food
33．The underlined word"modest"in Paragraph 3most probably meansC．
A．relatively high
B．extremely（极大地）low
C．relatively low
D．extremely high
34．What can we learn from the text？D
A．Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart．
B．The EPA conducted many studies on air quality．
C．Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking，
D．Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made．
35．The author's purpose of writing the text is most likely toA．
A．inform
B．persuade（说服）
C．describe
D．entertain（娱乐）

9．When talking about humor，people often refer to famous humorists such as Samuel Langhorne Clemens，better known by the pen-name Mark Twain．
Samuel Langhorne Clemens，America's famous writer，journalist and humorist，was born in Florida on November 30，1835．He was the sixth of the seven children in the family．As a child，Samuel was often kept indoors because of his poor health．
When Samuel was 12，his father died of a deadly disease and at the age of 13，Samuel had to leave school to make a living．He became a printer's apprentice（学徒）．A year later，he became skilled at printing by working and studying hard．Samuel was then employed as a printer with pay．After two years，he became an editorial assistant．It was then that young Samuel became aware of his fondness for writing．
When he was 17years old，Samuel left Hannibal for a printer's job in St．Louis．While staying in St．Louis，Samuel became a river pilot in 1858．His pen-name，Mark Twain，came from his days as a river pilot．It is a river term meaning"safe to sail"．
Because the river trade was brought to a stop by the Civil War in 1861，Samuel began working as a newspaper reporter for several newspapers all over the United States．Samuel's career took off and he became famous when his story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country appeared in the New York Saturday Press on November 18，1865．Samuel's first book，The Innocents Abroad was published in 1896．The two novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （in 1876）and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn （in 1885）brought him worldwide popularity．He wrote 28books and numerous humor stories，letters and plays．
Mark Twain passed away on April 21，1910．To remember him，his childhood home was open to the public as a museum in Hannibal．

28．What do we know about Samuel Langhorne Clemens？C
A．He was an unknown American writer．
B．He had 7sisters and brothers altogether．
C．He was weak when he was young．
D．He lived a rich life in his childhood．
29．When did Samuel Langhorne Clemens realize his interest in writing？D
A．When he studied at school
B．When he went to St．Louis
C．When he worked on a ship
D．When he was sixteen years old
30．Samuel got his pen-name from the job as a（n）C．
A．printer
B．editorial assistant
C．river pilot
D．newspaper reporter
31．Which made Mark Twain become famous？A
A．The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Country
B．The Innocents Abroad
C．The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
D．The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn．

8．Scientists find that hard-working people live longer than  average men and women．Career women are healthier than housewives．Evidence shows that the jobless are in poorer health than jobholders．An investigation shows that whenever the unemployment late increases by 1%，the death rate increases by 2%．All this comes down to one point，work is helpful to health．
Why is work good for health？It is because work keeps people busy away from loneliness．Researches show that people feel unhappy，worried and lonely when they have nothing to do．Instead，the happiest are those who are busy．Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when they are working hard．Work serves a bridge between man and reality．By work people come into contact with each other．By collective activity they find friendship and warmth．This is helpful to health．The loss of work means the loss of everything．It affects man spiritually and makes him ill．
Besides，work gives one a sense of fulfillment and a sense of achievement．Work makes one feel his value and status in society．When a writer finishes his writing or a doctor successfully operates on a patient or a teacher sees his students grow，they life happy beyond words．
From the above we can come to the conclusion that the more you work the happier and healthier you will be．Let us work hard and study hard and live a happy and healthy life．

29．The underlined word"average"in Paragraph 1meansB．
A．healthy
B．ordinary
C．lazy
D．poor
30．The reason why housewives are not as healthy as career women is thatA．
A．housewives have less chance to communicate with others
B．housewives haVe more children than career women
C．housewives are poorer than career women
D．housewives eat less food than career women
31．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 2？C
A．Busy people have nothing to do at home．
B．High achievers don't care about their families．
C．A satisfying job helps to keep one healthy．
D．There is no friendship and warmth at home
32．The best title for this passage may beD．
A．People Should Find a Job
B．The Loss of Work Means the Loss of Everything
C．People Should Make More Friends by Work
D．Working Hard Is Good for Health．

7．As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information，are people remembering less？If you know your computer will save information，why store it in your own personal memory，your brain？Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how．
In a recent study，Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments．She and her research team wanted to know the Internet is changing memory．In the first experiment，they gave people 40unimportant facts to type into a computer．The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information．The second group understood that the computer would not save it．Later，the second group remembered the information better．People in the first group knew they could find the information again，so they did not try to remember it．
In another experiment，the researchers gave people facts to remember，and told them where to find the information on the computer．The information was in a specific computer folder （文件夹）．Surprisingly，people later remember the folder location （位置） better than the facts．When people use the Internet，they do not remember the information．Rather，they remember how to find it．This is called"transactive memory （交互记忆）"
According to Sparrow，we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet．Instead，computer users are developing stronger transactive memories； that is，people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access（获取） it at a later date．This doesn't mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent，but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing．

58．The passage begins with two questions toA．
A．introduce the main topic
B．show the author's altitude
C．describe how to use the Interne．
D．explain how to store information
59．What can we learn about the first experiment？C
A．Sparrow's team typed the information into a computer．
B．The two groups remembered the information equally well．
C．The first group did not try to remember the formation．
D．The second group did not understand the information．
60．In transactive memory，peopleC．
A．keep the information in mind
B．change the quantity of information
C．remember how to find the information
D．organize information like a computer
61．What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow's research？B
A．We are becoming more intelligent．
B．We are using memory differently．
C．We have poorer memories than before．
D．We need a better way to get information．

6．Now that newsrooms are becoming less popular in the US，young people have begun to tell their own stories．
GlobalGirl Media，a nonprofit organization that teaches teenage girls digital storytelling skills，was started by award-winning filmmakers Amie Williams and Meena Nanji in Los Angeles in 2010．
"By giving girls a voice，you introduce a different story，and change the existing one，"said Danny Glover，a member of the GlobalGirl Media advisory board．
"When the camera's in my hands，I feel like I can't lose，"Said Cheyenne Grisez，14．"It makes me happy and I feel like I can do anything．"
On the final day of the summer academy in California，Williams worked with Grisez and Camila Prado，15，on a short film about Prado's fight against an eating disorder．In the film，Prado bravely interviewed her parents and sister about how she was able to beat her depression and eating disorder．This film and others the girls had made were shown to parents and friends on the last day of the academy，celebrating their hard work．
"It's their story，and nobody knows how to tell it better than they do，"Williams said．
"These girls are from really difficult backgrounds．They feel trapped sometimes．They feel alone．"Williams said．"The camera gives them a way to look at their world in a different way and get out of that feeling．''
Girls in the program practice their skills and build confidence by going out in the community and interviewing people for the short films．Many of them had no experience，but found they had good storytelling skills．
"I work with these girls．Every day I leave inspired and completely grateful，because I know that．due to the work we're doing with them，things will be better，"said GlobalGirl Media summer academy project director Heather Faison．

25．Why do many American girls like to tell stories using the camera？B
A．Their parents hate to give them a hand．
B．The camera can help them out of their trouble．
C．They can make profits from their documentaries．
D．They desire to improve their photo skills．
26．What do we learn about GlobalGirl Media from the text？A
A．It gives girls digital storytelling skills．
B．It gets much money from girl students．
C．It was founded by the government．
D．It has newsrooms in California．
27．What difficulty did Prado overcome by making her film？B
A．Self-harm．
B．An eating disorder．
C．Poor school scores．
D．Teenage depression．
28．Who directed GlobalGirl Media summer academy project in California？D
A．Meena Nanji．
B．Amie Williams．
C．Danny Glover．
D．Heather Faison．

5．Emoji-a small digital image or icon used to express an idea，emotion，etc．in electronic communications，are everywhere．The little illustrated characters that are on Smartphone keyboards （33）are taking （take） over the world now．There are shoes with emoji on them，pants with emoji on them，emoji stickers，emoji yoga，and the list goes on and on with no sign of ending．As emoji spreads into our culture，I've actually heard the following question：Is emoji moving to replace the written word in communication？
To find out，I communicated by iMessage using only emoji for five days．That meant
（34）everytime someone sent me a text or I wanted to send a text，I could only use the popular tiny picture characters （35）to respond （respond） to or start a conversation．
I wasn't allowed to cheat by moving the conversation to Facebook or Twitter，etc．，but I could send a phone emoji to indicate to the recipient of my texts that they should call me instead； I could not encourage the phone call myself．I wanted to see if it was （36）easier （easy） than I expected it to be，yes，but I also wanted to see if I could influence （37）those I was communicating with to overthrow their use of text and start using emoji while talking to me．
（38）Communicating （communicate） with emoji was a way more difficult than I expected．There were people who were annoyed with me．There were people who gave up after a few back-and-forths．There were missed messages，（39）mixed （mix） messages，and messed up plans．There were people who immediately just called my phone to get the conversation （40）moving （move） faster．And there was my mother who doesn't have an iPhone and texts me often．

4．Change is everything in the case of mobile phones．Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture，but our very bodies as well．
First，let's talk about culture．The difference between the mobile phone and the fixed-line phone，is that a mobile number corresponds to a person，while a fixed-line phone goes to a place．If you call my mobile，you get me．If you call my fixed-line phone，you get whoever answers it．
This has several implications（含义）．The most common one，however，and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever，is the"meeting"influence．People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet．Twenty years ago，a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance．You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place．Now，however，a night out can be arranged on the run．It is no longer"see you there at 8"，but"text me around 8and we'll see where we all are．"
Texting changes people as well．In their paper，"Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS （Short Message Service） Text Messaging"，two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users：the"talkers"and the"texters"-those who prefer voice to text messages and those who prefer text to voice．
They found that the mobile phone's individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality．Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts．This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well．
Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language．There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone．There is the"speakeasy"：the head is held high，in a self-confident way，chatting away．And there is the"spacemaker"：these people focus on themselves and keep out other people．
Who can blame them？Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude（侵入）on people's privacy．So，it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous．But perhaps you needn't worry so much．After all，it is good to talk．
21．The"meeting"influence of a mobile phone refers to the fact thatC．
A．people are able to meet someone at any place and any time
B．people have to make a firm plan about when and where to meet
C．people can arrange their meeting place and time more flexibly
D．people have to attend more phone meetings than ever before
22．According to the two British researchers，the Social and Psychological Effects are most likely to be seen onB．
A．talkers
B．texters
C．the"spacemaker"
D．the"speakeasy"
23．According to the passage，who is afraid of being heard while talking on the mobile？B
A．talkers
B．the"spacemaker"
C．the"speakeasy"
D．texters
24．Which of the following can be the best title of the passage？B
A．The Influence of Short Message Service 　　
B．Changes in the Use of the Mobile
C．Body Language and the Mobile Phone 　　　
D．Changes Caused by Mobile Phone Use．

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